曹 鍇,楊 榮,李笑弓,郭宏騫
(南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇南京 210008)
·臨床研究·
伴鱗狀分化的膀胱高級別尿路上皮癌的臨床特點
曹 鍇,楊 榮,李笑弓,郭宏騫
(南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇南京 210008)
目的 比較伴鱗狀分化的膀胱高級別尿路上皮癌與單純膀胱高級別尿路上皮癌在病理分期及預(yù)后上的差異。 方法 我們回顧性分析了從2005年1月至2014年12月的64位接受膀胱根治性切除術(shù)的高級別尿路上皮癌患者,其中20例伴有鱗狀分化。兩組間的病理分期差異采用Fisher精確檢驗。相關(guān)生存期生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,Log-rank檢驗用來比較兩組間的差異。 結(jié)果 伴鱗狀分化組占31%(20例),其中pT1期4例,pT2期4例,pT3期10例,pT4期2例。對照組(非鱗狀分化組)44例,其中T1期13例,T2期21例,T3期6例,T4期4例。兩組間在病理分期上存在著差異(P<0.05),其中伴鱗狀分化組T3或T4期占60.0%,顯著高于對照組(22.7%)。伴鱗狀分化組與對照組的3年總體生存率分別為44.1%和77.3%(P<0.05),3年無復(fù)發(fā)生存率分別為29.7%和74.5%(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 伴鱗狀分化的高級別尿路上皮癌與單純高級別尿路上皮癌相比,具有更高的病理分期,更強的浸潤性,腫瘤總體生存率較差,復(fù)發(fā)率較高。
尿路上皮癌;鱗狀分化;根治性膀胱切除;病理分期;預(yù)后
膀胱癌是泌尿系統(tǒng)最常見的惡性腫瘤之一。截止2014年美國膀胱癌估計新發(fā)病例約74 690例,死亡15 880例[1]。膀胱癌的組織學(xué)類型很多,最多見的是尿路上皮癌。近年來,伴有不同類型分化的尿路上皮癌也較為多見[2]。其中伴鱗狀分化的尿路上皮癌最為常見,約占尿路上皮癌的10%~60%[3]。目前對于伴鱗狀分化的膀胱尿路上皮癌特性的研究越來越多,掌握其臨床特點有助于制定相關(guān)的診療方案。
1.1 臨床資料 本研究回顧性分析了64例膀胱高級別尿路上皮癌患者,其中伴鱗狀分化的高級別尿路上皮癌組20例,男16例,女4例。年齡53~85歲,平均69.6歲。單純高級別尿路上皮癌組例,男35例,女9例。年齡47~83歲,平均66.3歲。64例患者均接受根治性膀胱切除術(shù)。其中15例術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)陽性或T3期以上患者接受了輔助化療,化療方案GC方案。3例患者接受了輔助放療。
1.2 研究方法 兩組病理切片均由我院病理科醫(yī)生重新閱片,若腫瘤組織中除了有尿路上皮成分,還發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的細胞間橋或角化成分時,則認為伴有鱗狀分化?;颊唠S訪采用電話隨訪或門診復(fù)診。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析 采用SPASS16.0軟件處理數(shù)據(jù)。應(yīng)用Fisher精確檢驗比較兩組間病理分期差異,相關(guān)生存期生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,Log-rank檢驗則被用來比較兩組間的差異。以P<0.05有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 伴鱗狀分化組與對照組病理分期的比較 患者平均年齡67.4歲(47~85歲)。男51例,女13例。同時合并原位癌患者占12.5%,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者占18.7%。伴鱗狀分化組20例,其中pT1期4例(20%),pT2期4例(20%),pT3期10例(50%),pT4期2例(10%),淋巴結(jié)侵犯4例,合并原位癌患者3例。對照組44例,其中T1期13例(29%),T2期21例(48%),T3期6例(14%),T4期4例(9%),淋巴結(jié)侵犯例8例,同時合并原位癌患者5例。兩組間在病理分期上存在著差異(P<0.05),其中伴鱗狀分化組T3或T4期占60%,顯著高于對照組(22.7%)。
圖1 伴鱗狀分化組與對照組患者的總體生存率比較(P<0.05)
2.2 生存分析 伴鱗狀分化組術(shù)后隨訪2.3~94.7個月,中位隨訪18.3個月。對照組術(shù)后隨訪2.5~97.6個月,中位隨訪32.8個月。伴鱗狀分化組與對照組相比,3年總體生存率分別為44.1%和77.3%(P<0.05,圖1),3年無復(fù)發(fā)生存率分別為29.7%和74.5%(P<0.05,圖2)。
圖2 伴鱗狀分化組與對照組患者的無復(fù)發(fā)生存率比較(P<0.05)
尿路上皮腫瘤具較強的異向分化能力,了解這些異向分化形式的特點,能使我們更好的了解其預(yù)后以及采取個體化的診療措施。膀胱尿路上皮癌各種分化形式中最常見的是鱗狀上皮分化。ANTUNES等[3]對113位根治性膀胱切除術(shù)患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其中22.1%的患者伴有鱗狀上皮分化。在腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率方面,鱗狀上皮分化組與無鱗狀上皮分化組分別為64%和34%(P=0.001)。并且通過多因素分析認為伴鱗狀上皮分化是獨立的預(yù)后指標,它的存在與膀胱尿路上皮癌患者預(yù)后較差有著密切的聯(lián)系。BILLIS等[4]隨機選取 165名經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤切除患者,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)伴鱗狀分化者具有更大的侵襲性和更高的臨床分期。本研究中伴鱗狀上皮分化組與非鱗狀分化組相比,腫瘤3年總體生存率分別為44.1%和77.3%,3年無復(fù)發(fā)生存率分別為29.7%和74.5%,且兩者T3期以上分別占60.0%和22.7%。由此可見,伴鱗狀分化的膀胱尿路上皮癌的惡性程度更高。
近年來,免疫組化技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展為進一步認識尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀上皮分化提供了較大的幫助,尤其是在形態(tài)學(xué)上難以鑒別的情況下這種技術(shù)的作用顯得尤為突出。一項研究表明,MAC387是對于鱗狀分化的敏感性高達99%,特異性為70%,因此MAC387是對于鱗狀分化的診斷比較可靠的分子標志物[5]。LOPEZ-BELTRAN等[6]的研究也支持此觀點。另一項研究顯示,CK5/6、CK5/14陽性且CK20、UPⅢ陰性也有助于診斷膀胱腫瘤中的鱗狀上皮分化[7]。此外,GATA3對于區(qū)分單純尿路上皮腫瘤和尿路上皮腫瘤伴鱗狀分化也有潛在的作用[8]。橋粒是一種相鄰細胞之間連接的結(jié)構(gòu),多見于簡單或復(fù)層鱗狀上皮組織,包括橋粒芯和橋粒斑。橋粒膠蛋白是構(gòu)成橋粒芯的一種蛋白。HAYASHI等[9]對110例根治性膀胱切除的標本(鱗狀分化25例)進行免疫組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),橋粒膠蛋白2(DSC2)對于尿路上皮癌中鱗狀分化的檢測的敏感性達到96%,特異性為100%。而且DSC2的表達與腫瘤的高分級(P=0.0314)和預(yù)后不佳 (P=0.0477)相關(guān)。
膀胱尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀上皮分化的發(fā)病原因及機制還未完全闡明??赡芘c長期的刺激相關(guān),包括長期留置尿管、慢性尿路感染、膀胱結(jié)石等[10]。有人認為鱗狀上皮分化與HPV的感染有關(guān)[11],但也有觀點認為HPV在鱗狀上皮的分化過程中并沒有作用[12]。
本臨床資料顯示伴鱗狀分化的膀胱尿路上皮癌與單純的尿路上皮癌相比,在發(fā)現(xiàn)的時候臨床分期較晚,且預(yù)后較差,說明其惡性程度和侵襲性較高,因此對于其早期診斷顯得尤為重要。但是ABD EL-LATIF等[13]將302例行膀胱活檢或經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤切除的標本與之后相對應(yīng)根治性膀胱切除的標本病理結(jié)果相比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)最初的活檢或經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤切除在確定腫瘤多向分化的敏感性方面僅為39%。因此未來需要研究更為敏感和特異的分子標志物來幫助我們早期診斷和制定有效的治療措施。
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(編輯 王 瑋)
The clinical characteristics of high-grade urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation
CAO Kai, YANG Rong, LI Xiao-gong, GUO Hong-qian
(Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China)
Objective To explore the differences of pathological stage and prognostic value between high-grade urothelial carcinoma with and without squamous differentiation. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 64 patients treated with radical cystectomy between Jan. 2005 and Dec. 2014. Differences of pathological stages between cases with and without squamous differentiation were assessed byFishertests.Kaplan-Meiermethod was used to evaluate survival curves, and log-rank test was adopted to assess the statistical significance. Results Squamous differentiation was observed in 20 (31%) of the 64 patients, including 4 pT1, 4 pT2, 10 pT3 and 2 pT4. The control group consisted of 44 cases, including 13 pT1, 21 pT2, 6 pT3 and 4 pT4. There was significant difference in pathological stage between patients with and without squamous differentiation (P<0.05). The number of pT3 and pT4 in squamous differentiation group accounted for 60%, which was higher than that of the control group (22.7%). The 3-year survival rate and 3-year recurrence-free rate of patients with squamous differentiation were 44.1% and 29.7%, while those of the control were 77.3% and 74.5% (log-rank test,P<0.05). Conclusions High-grade urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation, compared with pure high-grade urothelial carcinoma, has a higher pathological stage and is more invasive. Moreover, the overall survival of cases with squamous differentiation is poorer, and the progression is faster. Further studies with a larger number of patients are necessary to confirm these results.
urothelia carcinoma; squamous differentiation; radical cystectomy; pathological stage; prognosis
2015-03-28
2015-06-26
江蘇省六大人才高峰(No.WSN-005);南京市衛(wèi)生局杰出青年基金(No.JQX12004)
郭宏騫,教授,主任醫(yī)師.博士生導(dǎo)師.E-mail:dr.ghq@163.com
曹鍇(1990-),男(漢族),碩士.研究方向:膀胱腫瘤.E-mail:caokai9001@126.com
R737
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2015.10.009