吳曉莉,江建寧,蘇明華,鐘少華,李仕華,王保健,盧愛連,莫燕燕,梁鵬
(廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,南寧530000)
核苷(酸)類似物阻斷HBV母嬰傳播的效果及安全性
吳曉莉,江建寧,蘇明華,鐘少華,李仕華,王保健,盧愛連,莫燕燕,梁鵬
(廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,南寧530000)
目的 探討核苷(酸)類似物(NAs)用于阻斷慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)感染孕婦乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)母嬰傳播的安全性和有效性。方法 在知情同意的情況下對(duì)40例CHB孕婦孕前和(或)于孕期采用NAs行抗病毒治療。其中孕前或妊娠早期開始治療時(shí)間為妊娠早期18例,中期17例,晚期5例;服用拉米夫定(LAM)15例、替比夫定(LDT)23例、替諾福韋(TDF)2例。每日口服1片至分娩。孕婦孕期定期檢測(cè)HBV DNA、HBV血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物。新生兒出生后24 h內(nèi)注射乙肝疫苗聯(lián)合乙肝免疫球蛋白,于12月齡內(nèi)檢測(cè)血清HBV DNA和HBsAg。結(jié)果 40例孕婦共產(chǎn)嬰兒44例,母嬰均平安。經(jīng)抗病毒治療后,37例(92.5%)孕母產(chǎn)時(shí)HBV DNA<106拷貝/mL,30例(75%)孕母HBV DNA定量檢測(cè)結(jié)果測(cè)不出(轉(zhuǎn)陰)。治療期間未發(fā)生NAs不良反應(yīng)。44例嬰兒中39例HBV DNA和HBsAg為陰性(另5例未檢測(cè)),阻斷率為100%。除1例確診先心臟病、1例左手六指畸形(2例均有家族史)外,其余均發(fā)育正常。結(jié)論 妊娠早、中、晚期應(yīng)用NAs阻斷HBV母嬰傳播均有效果,且較為安全。
核苷(酸)類似物;乙型肝炎病毒;妊娠;母嬰傳播
我國是乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染的高發(fā)區(qū),據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),1~59歲人群乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)攜帶率為7.18%,5歲以下兒童為0.96%[1]。母嬰傳播是HBV感染的一個(gè)主要傳播途徑,我國約有40%~50%的HBV感染為母嬰傳播所致[2],新生兒感染HBV后,約95%會(huì)成為慢性HBV攜帶者[3],母嬰阻斷是減少HBV感染的一個(gè)重要途徑。核苷(酸)類似物(NAs)是HBV感染的主要治療藥物,2010年6月~2014年6月,我們觀察了其阻斷HBV母嬰傳播的效果效及安全性。現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1 臨床資料 40例CHB孕婦,年齡20~35歲,平均30.3歲。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照2010年《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》[4]?;€HBV DNA為1.45×103~8.45×107拷貝/mL,平均1.37×107拷貝/mL;谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)為(114.6±22.5)μmol/L,HBsAg陽性21例。排除孕期合并HCV、HDV、HIV、梅毒、弓形蟲、巨細(xì)胞病毒、單純皰疹病毒等感染者?;颊呔炇鹬橥鈺?0例孕婦共產(chǎn)44例嬰兒,其中1例妊娠2次,3例育雙胞胎,母嬰均平安。
1.2 抗病毒治療 全程或妊娠早期開始抗病毒治療18例,妊娠中期治療17例,妊娠晚期治療5例;服用拉米夫定(LAM)15例、替比夫定(LDT)23例、替諾福韋(TDF)2例。每日口服1片至分娩。
1.3 相關(guān)指標(biāo)觀察 ①阻斷效果:孕婦在孕期HBV DNA轉(zhuǎn)陰(HBV DNA<103拷貝/mL)前每個(gè)月、HBV DNA轉(zhuǎn)陰后每2個(gè)月檢測(cè)HBV DNA及HBV血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物。新生兒出生24 h內(nèi)注射乙肝免疫球蛋白及乙肝疫苗進(jìn)行聯(lián)合免疫,出生后12月齡內(nèi)檢測(cè)HBV DNA和HBV血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物判定阻斷效果。新生兒HBV DNA和HBsAg均為陰性為阻斷成功。②安全性:觀察孕婦孕期NAs不良反應(yīng)(CHB急性發(fā)作、肝衰竭、肌酸激酶升高、腎功能損害、流產(chǎn)等)發(fā)生情況及新生兒情況。
2.1 阻斷效果 44例嬰兒中39例血清HBV DNA和HBsAg陰性(包括1例先天性心臟病和1例多指畸形嬰兒),5例嬰兒未檢測(cè)。阻斷率100%。
2.2 安全性 經(jīng)抗病毒治療后,30例孕婦HBV DNA在1~6個(gè)月內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)陰,平均1.6個(gè)月。37例(92.5%)孕母產(chǎn)時(shí)HBV DNA<106拷貝/mL。孕期孕婦均無NAs不良反應(yīng)。除1例嬰兒確診先天性心臟病(有先天性心臟病家族史)、1例嬰兒左手六指畸形(有多指畸形家族史)外,其余42例嬰兒均發(fā)育正常。
蔣佩茹等[5]報(bào)道CHB孕婦妊娠中晚期病死率、產(chǎn)后大出血率及新生兒早產(chǎn)、胎兒宮內(nèi)窘迫、敗血癥、死胎、新生兒死亡等發(fā)生率等均高于非妊娠肝炎患者。本組40例孕婦均為CHB患者,基線ALT均異常(平均為114.6 U/L),處于肝炎活動(dòng)期,有抗HBV治療適應(yīng)證,為減少妊娠期內(nèi)肝炎大發(fā)作、早產(chǎn)、流產(chǎn)、母嬰傳播等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),按指南[4]推薦使用妊娠B類藥物NAs抗HBV治療,在孕期未發(fā)現(xiàn)NAs相關(guān)不良反應(yīng),提示孕期應(yīng)用NAs進(jìn)行抗病毒治療不僅可減輕HBV對(duì)肝臟的損傷,還可盡早降低母親HBV DNA水平,實(shí)現(xiàn)HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換,保障孕婦及胎兒的安全。
目前多有報(bào)道妊娠中晚期使用LAM、LDT、TDF抗HBV治療的母嬰安全性較好[6~8]。新生兒先天畸形影響因素包括遺傳、環(huán)境等,國內(nèi)外報(bào)道有6%~8%新生兒有先天性心臟病,有2.4%新生兒有多指畸形。Han等[8]報(bào)道了妊娠早期與妊娠中晚期應(yīng)用NAs者新生兒畸形率無明顯差異。本組44例嬰兒中42例發(fā)育正常,1例先心病及1例六指畸形嬰兒均有家族史,嬰兒母親均為妊娠中晚期開始服用LAM,而此時(shí)胎兒心臟及手指已基本發(fā)育成型,故可排除藥物所致。本研究中35例孕婦在妊娠早、中期行抗HBV治療,其中早期治療的18例孕婦孕前或孕早期存在HBV DNA陽性、ALT升高的肝炎活動(dòng)癥狀,如不進(jìn)行抗HBV治療,HBV將繼續(xù)損傷肝臟,孕期可能出現(xiàn)肝炎大發(fā)作,危及孕婦及胎兒的生命健康,故與孕早期即開始抗病毒治療,抗病毒期間這些孕婦均未出現(xiàn)NAs藥物不良反應(yīng),其分娩18例嬰兒,嬰兒無畸形。提示在妊娠早、中、晚期應(yīng)用NAs抗HBV治療較為安全。
研究表明,新生兒行乙肝疫苗及乙肝免疫球蛋白聯(lián)合免疫和孕婦孕期行NAs抗HBV治療可有效降低母嬰傳播率[1,7,9,10],而孕婦孕期注射乙肝免疫球蛋白是否可以增加阻斷率尚有爭(zhēng)議[11,12]。我國自從1992年對(duì)新生兒注射乙肝疫苗,一般人群HBV感染率及構(gòu)成比明顯下降,但仍有約10%新生兒HBV免疫阻斷失敗[1]。主要原因?yàn)樘篐BV感染,感染后誘導(dǎo)胎兒免疫耐受,使乙肝疫苗阻斷無效。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道HBV宮內(nèi)感染主要在妊娠晚期,新生兒進(jìn)行聯(lián)合免疫后,孕婦HBeAg及HBV DNA陽性是母嬰阻斷失敗的主要因素[1,7,13,14],特別是HBV DNA大于106~108拷貝/mL的高載量孕婦及既往生育HBV感染嬰兒的孕婦[15];亞太肝病協(xié)會(huì)推薦應(yīng)對(duì)DNA>106拷貝/mL的妊娠晚期孕婦進(jìn)行抗病毒治療,歐洲肝病協(xié)會(huì)推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為HBV DNA高于107拷貝/mL106~107[16,17],我國指南[4]尚未明確說明。本組孕婦HBV DNA均較高,HBeAg陽性率為52.5%, 44例新生兒24 h內(nèi)均注射乙肝免疫球蛋白及乙肝疫苗進(jìn)行聯(lián)合免疫,其中39例(90.7%)12月齡內(nèi)檢測(cè)血清HBV DNA和HBsAg均為陰性結(jié)果。提示妊娠早、中、晚期采用B類藥物NAs行HBV抗病毒治療對(duì)阻斷母嬰傳播均有較好效果,且較為安全。但還需更大樣本進(jìn)行長期隨訪證實(shí)。
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Safety and efficacy of nucle(t)side analogues for blocking mother-to-child transmission of HBV
WUXiao-li,JIANGJian-ning,SUMing-hua,ZHONGShao-hua,LIShi-zhuang,WANGBao-jian,LUAi-lian,MOYan-yan,LIANGPeng
(TheFirstHospital,GuangxiMedicalUniversity,Nanning530021,China)
Objective To analyze the safety and efficacy of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) patients in pregnancy with nucle(t)side analogues (NAs) treatment to block mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV).Methods The 40 CHB patients before and/ during pregnancy were treated with the NAs with informed consent, included 18 patients were treated with the NAs in the whole pregnancy or from the first trimester pregnancy,17 patients were treated from the second trimester pregnancy, 5 patients were treated from the third trimester pregnancy.In drugs, 15 patients taked lamivudine (LAM), 23 patients taked telbivudine (LDT), 2 patients taked tenofovir (TDF)( without stopping treated before delivery with NAs dose of 1 capsule per day). HBV DNA and HBV serological markers were detected on a regular basis in pregnant women during pregnancy. The newborns were injected vaccine and immune globulin within 24 hours after birth, were detected HBV DNA and / HBsAg in serum within 12 months of age. Results The 40 pregnant women delivered 44 infants, mothers and infants were safe. All the pregnant women during pregnancy hadn't adverse reactions to the NAs.With the antiviral treatment,92.5% motherhood (37 women) intrapartum HBV DNA were equal or below 106 copies/ml,75%(30 women)were below 106 copies/ml. 39 infants were detected HBV DNA and/ HBsAg within 12 months of age,and they were all negative, 5 infants weren't detected. Except 1 infant had congenital heart disease diagnosis, 1 infant had malformation of six fingers on left hand (both had family history), the rest of infants development were normally.Conclusion In the first,second and third pregnancy, to block mother-to-child transmission of HBV by using pregnant class B NAs is effective and safety.
nucle(t)side analogues;hepatitis B virus;pregnancy;mother-to-child transmission
廣西自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2010GXNSFD013046,2014GXNSFDA118023);廣西醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中心開放基金資助項(xiàng)目(KFJJ2010-20)。
吳曉莉(1989-),女,碩士研究生,住院醫(yī)師,研究方向?yàn)槁砸倚透窝卓共《炯澳退?。E-mail:wuxiaoliglys@163.com
江建寧(1959-),女,碩士研究生,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向?yàn)槁砸倚透窝卓共《炯澳退?。E-mail:jjianning@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2015.06.007
R512.6
A
1002-266X(2015)06-0021-03
2014-11-13)