劉英煒,黃叢春
(安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬空軍臨床學(xué)院,北京100142)
經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)在過(guò)去30 a得到極大發(fā)展,但支架內(nèi)再狹窄(ISR)仍是PCI后較為嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率約為12%[1~4]。ISR是指PCI后冠狀動(dòng)脈造影發(fā)現(xiàn)支架植入段及支架邊緣5 mm內(nèi)管腔丟失≥50%[3,4]。出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀的 ISR定義[5,6]為冠脈造影發(fā)現(xiàn)管腔直徑狹窄≥50%,而且具有下列之一臨床癥狀者:①再次出現(xiàn)心絞痛癥狀,且懷疑與靶血管有關(guān);②靜息或運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)下心電圖出現(xiàn)心肌缺血改變,且懷疑與靶血管有關(guān);③壓力導(dǎo)絲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)靶血管血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)(FFR)<0.80或血管內(nèi)超聲(IVUS)發(fā)現(xiàn)靶血管段最小管腔面積<4 mm2。內(nèi)膜過(guò)度增殖是ISR發(fā)生的主要機(jī)制之一,但確切發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不明了。目前,基于ISR病理生理機(jī)制及危險(xiǎn)因素的治療方法較多,各具優(yōu)劣勢(shì),現(xiàn)將相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展情況綜述如下。
PCI過(guò)程中球囊擴(kuò)張血管及支架釋放會(huì)導(dǎo)致斑塊、內(nèi)皮及血管壁內(nèi)膜、中膜撕裂,導(dǎo)致PCI后數(shù)周和數(shù)月內(nèi)發(fā)生細(xì)胞因子和生長(zhǎng)因子級(jí)聯(lián)釋放、黏附分子表達(dá)、巨噬細(xì)胞遷移和浸潤(rùn)、其他炎性細(xì)胞和血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)沉積,出現(xiàn)炎癥反應(yīng)及修復(fù)過(guò)度,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)膜過(guò)度增殖;在支架植入后數(shù)周或數(shù)月內(nèi),會(huì)發(fā)生血管重塑;以上兩種機(jī)制共同參與ISR的發(fā)生,前者起主要作用[7]。通常認(rèn)為,裸支架(BMS)內(nèi)發(fā)生ISR的高峰時(shí)間在PCI后3~6個(gè)月。藥物支架(DES)由于藥物涂層具有抗炎及抗增殖作用,能有效抑制內(nèi)膜增殖,延緩血管修復(fù)過(guò)程,因此,其ISR發(fā)生時(shí)間相對(duì)于BMS而言明顯延遲[8,9]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者PCI術(shù)后發(fā)生ISR的概率較高。Kastrati等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在相同 DES治療前提下,非糖尿病患者較糖尿病患者ISR的發(fā)生概率低。關(guān)于糖尿病引起ISR的原因是多方面的,如糖尿病合并冠心病的患者其冠狀動(dòng)脈病變通常為彌漫性長(zhǎng)病變、小血管病變等,促進(jìn)ISR的發(fā)生。通常認(rèn)為冠狀動(dòng)脈病變部位的管腔直徑、病變長(zhǎng)度及復(fù)雜病變特征是ISR發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。研究[3,10]證實(shí),冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔直徑小、長(zhǎng)病變和復(fù)雜病變患者PCI術(shù)后發(fā)生ISR的概率較高。包括患者對(duì)支架的金屬材質(zhì)過(guò)敏、對(duì)支架所載藥物抵抗,支架的重疊及聚合物涂層的損壞,支架植入后膨脹不全、斷裂,支架之間存在縫隙,支架未能完全覆蓋病變等因素均易導(dǎo)致ISR的發(fā)生[11]。
目前,臨床ISR治療的方法主要有普通球囊成形術(shù)、血管腔內(nèi)放射治療、切割球囊、藥物球囊、DES等,其適應(yīng)證、治療效果、并發(fā)癥等方面均不完全相同。
2.1 普通球囊成形術(shù) 普通球囊成形術(shù)是最早應(yīng)用于治療ISR的方法,該方法簡(jiǎn)單,即刻術(shù)后效果滿意,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低。但是,長(zhǎng)期隨訪結(jié)果顯示,ISR病變較為彌漫的患者其再狹窄發(fā)生率相當(dāng)高。而且,接受普通球囊治療的ISR患者發(fā)生再狹窄的危險(xiǎn)因素和初次接受PCI手術(shù)的患者一樣[12]。
2.2 血管腔內(nèi)放射治療 血管腔內(nèi)放射治療是通過(guò)專用導(dǎo)管將δ或β放射物送入血管病變部位,進(jìn)行內(nèi)照射治療,曾被認(rèn)為是一種能有效治療ISR的方法[13,14]。然而,目前放射治療在臨床上的應(yīng)用非常有限,因?yàn)樵擁?xiàng)技術(shù)的實(shí)施較為復(fù)雜,尤其是對(duì)術(shù)后放射物質(zhì)的處理。隨著DES的廣泛應(yīng)用及其表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的較好臨床效果,已逐漸取代血管腔內(nèi)放射治療。但不能否認(rèn)血管腔內(nèi)放射治療的療效,國(guó)外的一項(xiàng)關(guān)于血管腔內(nèi)放射治療的5 a隨訪研究認(rèn)為,放射治療與DES的療效相當(dāng)[15]。
2.3 切割球囊 切割球囊側(cè)面有3或4個(gè)刀片,可在病變部位對(duì)增生的內(nèi)膜組織進(jìn)行縱行切割。從機(jī)械角度來(lái)說(shuō),其能有效解決球囊擴(kuò)張過(guò)程中發(fā)生的“西瓜子效應(yīng)”,阻止ISR進(jìn)展。國(guó)外的REDUCEⅢ研究證實(shí),血管內(nèi)超聲(IVRS)引導(dǎo)下切割球囊治療ISR病變并植入 BMS與單獨(dú)應(yīng)用 DES療效相當(dāng)[16]。然而,Albiero等[17]對(duì) 428 例 BMS 植入術(shù)后發(fā)生ISR患者隨機(jī)進(jìn)行切割球囊和普通球囊治療,臨床隨訪結(jié)果顯示,兩組ISR發(fā)生率、最小管腔直徑、主要不良心血管事件發(fā)生率差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但切割球囊組在球囊擴(kuò)張過(guò)程中發(fā)生球囊移動(dòng)的比例明顯低于普通球囊組。因此,切割球囊可減少由于球囊移動(dòng)造成周圍組織損傷,及其引起的不必要的支架植入的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Park等[18]研究認(rèn)為,切割球囊組與普通球囊組術(shù)后ISR發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但切割球囊組發(fā)生心肌梗死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。
2.4 藥物球囊 盡管藥物球囊在初次接受PCI治療的患者中的應(yīng)用存在爭(zhēng)議,但其在治療ISR有效性方面已被證實(shí)[19]。日本的一項(xiàng)研究[20]比較了藥物球囊與普通球囊在治療BMS-ISR和DES-ISR方面的療效,隨訪6個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn),藥物球囊組和普通球囊組再狹窄率分別為4.3%和31.9%。國(guó)外的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究[21]比較了藥物球囊與DES在治療BMS植入后ISR的效果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),DES植入組的最小管腔直徑優(yōu)于藥物球囊組,但在再狹窄率和臨床事件方面兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。國(guó)內(nèi)的一項(xiàng)多中心PEPCAD研究[22]共納入220例DES-ISR患者,隨機(jī)分為紫杉醇藥物洗脫球囊治療組和紫杉醇支架治療組,隨訪9個(gè)月時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組在狹窄段血管晚期管腔丟失方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,9個(gè)月時(shí)再狹窄率和12個(gè)月時(shí)復(fù)合臨床事件方面兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。目前,關(guān)于藥物球囊和DES在治療ISR的優(yōu)劣方面還存在爭(zhēng)議,但藥物球囊對(duì)治療已經(jīng)在狹窄段植入多個(gè)支架,以及延長(zhǎng)雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大的患者,還是有優(yōu)勢(shì)的。相反,DES在支架斷裂和再狹窄病變范圍超出支架邊緣的患者中的應(yīng)用要優(yōu)于藥物球囊。
2.5 DES DES的應(yīng)用顯著降低了ISR的發(fā)生,能有效抑制支架植入后內(nèi)膜增殖[23]。應(yīng)用DES治療BMS-ISR的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究結(jié)果顯示,雷帕霉素DES組再狹窄率為14.3%、紫杉醇DES組為21.7%、單純球囊擴(kuò)張成型組為44.6%,與單純球囊擴(kuò)張組相比,雷帕霉素DES組、紫杉醇DES組ISR發(fā)生率降低,且雷帕霉素DES組再狹窄率和靶血管血運(yùn)重建率均低于紫杉醇 DES組[24]。相對(duì)于 DES處理BMS-ISR,DES處理DES-ISR效果較差,主要與其晚期預(yù)后差有關(guān)[25,26]。關(guān)于治療 DES-ISR 是植入相同藥物涂層的洗脫支架還是植入不同藥物涂層的洗脫支架,目前還存在爭(zhēng)議。理論上來(lái)說(shuō),植入不同藥物涂層的支架能解決藥物抵抗引起的ISR問(wèn)題。然而,ISAR-DESIRE研究結(jié)果顯示,再次植入相同雷帕霉素支架組和植入紫杉醇DES組的再狹窄率、晚期管腔丟失、靶血管血運(yùn)重建差異沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[27]。
2.6 冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù) 冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)在臨床上通常被認(rèn)為是治療ISR的最后一種選擇方法,然而該方法對(duì)一些復(fù)雜病變來(lái)說(shuō)可作為一線治療,如多支血管發(fā)生ISR、ISR病變?yōu)閺浡?、有發(fā)生ISR的遺傳易感性及雙聯(lián)抗血小板出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大的患者。目前,臨床上還沒(méi)有關(guān)于冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)治療ISR的報(bào)道。
2.7 其他 已報(bào)道的ISR治療方法還包括基因治療、斑塊消融治療、生物可吸收支架治療等。其中生物可吸收支架目前研究較為熱門,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)為支架最終會(huì)從血管壁消失,避免了血管壁出現(xiàn)多層支架[28]。但是,生物可吸收支架壁較厚,影響支架植入后的管腔大小;靈活性不足,影響支架到達(dá)病變部位;縱向支撐力較差。
總之,隨著治療ISR的新技術(shù),如特殊涂層的DES、生物可降解支架、藥物球囊、基因治療等的應(yīng)用,以及個(gè)體化治療方法(即考慮到現(xiàn)有的證據(jù)和最佳的策略及最好的治療病變的方法)的不斷出現(xiàn),其治療效果將進(jìn)一步改善。
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