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枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢對(duì)豬扁桃體內(nèi)樹突狀細(xì)胞的影響

2015-03-22 10:51:26申育萌
畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào) 2015年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:軟腭咽鼓管枯草

申育萌,楊 倩

(南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)部動(dòng)物生理生化重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,南京 210095)

枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢對(duì)豬扁桃體內(nèi)樹突狀細(xì)胞的影響

申育萌,楊 倩*

(南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)部動(dòng)物生理生化重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,南京 210095)

擬研究滴鼻給予豬鼻枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢對(duì)咽鼓管扁桃體和軟腭扁桃體內(nèi)樹突狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量的影響。10頭2月齡杜長(zhǎng)大三元雜交仔豬隨機(jī)分為2組,分別用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢和PBS進(jìn)行鼻腔滴鼻,3 h后打開鼻腔取出咽鼓管扁桃體和軟腭扁桃體。選用MHCII、CD11b和CD16三種豬樹突狀細(xì)胞(DCs)抗體,對(duì)咽鼓管扁桃體和軟腭扁桃體內(nèi)DCs進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,通過共聚焦顯微鏡觀察滴鼻前后DCs的變化情況。結(jié)果表明:應(yīng)用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻后,咽鼓管扁桃體固有層和淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)CD11b+CD16+DCs和CD11b+MHCII+DCs的數(shù)量顯著增加(P<0.05),是正常對(duì)照的2~3倍;軟腭扁桃體固有層和淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)CD11b+CD16+DCs和CD11b+MHCII+DCs的數(shù)量也顯著增加(P<0.05);并且CD11b+MHCII+DCs數(shù)量比CD11b+CD16+DCs多,但差異不顯著。筆者的研究提示枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻能夠誘導(dǎo)樹突狀細(xì)胞在扁桃體內(nèi)聚集,并促進(jìn)樹突狀細(xì)胞成熟,從而有效提高扁桃體抵抗病原微生物入侵的能力。

豬;咽鼓管扁桃體;軟腭扁桃體;枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢;樹突狀細(xì)胞

豬的上呼吸道中分布有較多的淋巴組織,尤其是咽鼓管扁桃體和軟腭扁桃體,它們位于呼吸道和消化道的入口處,是機(jī)體防御病原微生物入侵機(jī)體的第一道防線[1]。正常狀態(tài)下,樹突狀細(xì)胞(dendritic cells,DCs)在豬的扁桃體內(nèi)呈散在分布,有CD11b+CD16+DCs和CD11b+MHCII+DCs兩種不同類型[2]。黏膜DCs可伸出突起跨過上皮細(xì)胞攝取抗原,將抗原呈遞給T 、B淋巴細(xì)胞[3]。因此,DCs在啟動(dòng)黏膜免疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要作用。

枯草芽孢桿菌(Bacillussubtilis)是廣泛存在于土壤和植物中的優(yōu)勢(shì)生物種群[4]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),枯草芽孢桿菌是Toll樣受體2(Toll-like receptors,TLR)的配體,它可與上皮細(xì)胞或與DCs的表面TLR2和TLR4結(jié)合,通過誘導(dǎo)上皮細(xì)胞分泌細(xì)胞因子,促進(jìn)DCs的成熟從而提高局部和全身免疫水平[5]。芽孢型的枯草芽孢桿菌比滋養(yǎng)型枯草芽孢桿菌具有更多的抗原位點(diǎn),可引起更廣泛的免疫反應(yīng),是滋養(yǎng)型枯草芽孢桿菌的良好替代品[6]。如果枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢也能誘導(dǎo)扁桃體中DCs的分化和成熟,將會(huì)提高鼻腔局部黏膜免疫水平。因此,本研究選用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢給仔豬滴鼻,探討扁桃體內(nèi)樹突狀細(xì)胞分布和變化,為提高仔豬鼻腔免疫提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 菌株

枯草芽孢桿菌RJGP16(BacillussubtilisRJGP16)由南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院高學(xué)文教授贈(zèng)送。用肉湯培養(yǎng)基[加入1 mmol·L-1Ca(NO3)2,10 nmol·L-1MnCl2,1 nmol·L-1FeSO4]37 ℃振蕩培養(yǎng)48 h,80 ℃水浴30 min殺滅未形成芽孢的滋養(yǎng)體。分光光度計(jì)測(cè)其濃度后3 000×g離心,再用無菌PBS懸浮至1.0×109CFU·mL-1洗5遍后保存于-70 ℃冰箱。

1.2 動(dòng)物及處理

10頭2月齡健康雄性杜長(zhǎng)大三元雜交豬(江浦農(nóng)場(chǎng)提供)隨機(jī)分成2組,每組5頭。每組單獨(dú)飼養(yǎng)于江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院,充足飲水,自由采食。第1組應(yīng)用PBS滴鼻作為對(duì)照;第2組應(yīng)用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻(芽孢數(shù)1.0×108CFU·mL-1·頭-1)。滴鼻3 h后處死實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物并即刻取下咽鼓管扁桃體和軟腭扁桃體。組織樣品經(jīng)0.9%氯化鈉溶液涮洗后放入新鮮配制的4%多聚甲醛溶液中進(jìn)行固定。

1.3 冰凍切片的制備及熒光染色

4 ℃固定組織24 h后用OTC(南京友樂博科學(xué)儀器有限公司)包被組織塊凍存于-20 ℃。制作8~10 μm的冰凍切片(冰凍切片機(jī),Leica CM 1850)。組織切片常規(guī)破膜和封閉后滴加一抗和相應(yīng)的熒光二抗進(jìn)行孵育(表1)。孵育結(jié)束后用0.01%PBS洗脫未結(jié)合的抗體。最后DAPI(Invitrogen)著色細(xì)胞核。制備好的組織切片用激光共聚焦顯微鏡(Axio LSM 710)觀察。每頭豬軟腭扁桃體和咽鼓管扁桃體各選取12張切片,其中6張共染CD11b、MHCII分子抗體,另外6張共染CD11b、CD16分子抗體。每張切片組織固有層和淋巴濾泡層各隨機(jī)選取10個(gè)視野進(jìn)行拍照。

表1 抗體信息

Table1 Information of antibodies

抗體Antibody名稱Name特異性Specificity稀釋倍數(shù)Dilution貨號(hào)Codenumber供應(yīng)商Supplier一抗PrimaryantibodyCD11b兔抗人Rabbitantihuman1∶100~1∶500Ab52478HMHC-II小鼠抗豬Mouseantiswine1∶400~1∶600ab20181CD16小鼠抗豬Mouseantiswine1∶60~1∶400ab124042Abcam,香港Abcam,Hongkong二抗SecondaryantibodyDylight649羊抗兔Gotaantirabbit1∶200LK-GAR6492Dylight488羊抗小鼠Goatantimouse1∶200LK-GAM4881聯(lián)科生物技術(shù)有限公司LiankeBioCo.Ltd

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)處理

采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0圖像分析系統(tǒng)對(duì)橘黃色的雙染陽性細(xì)胞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù),并用SPSS 16.0分析軟件(Chicago,IL)對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,差異顯著性試驗(yàn)采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。差異顯示性判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):P<0.01為差異極顯著,P<0.05為差異顯著。

2 結(jié) 果

2.1 枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢對(duì)咽鼓管扁桃體樹突狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量的影響

正常對(duì)照組的黏膜CD11b+CD16+DCs和CD11b+MHCII+DCs在咽鼓管扁桃體固有層和淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)均散在分布,CD11b+CD16+和CD11b+MHCII+陽性細(xì)胞細(xì)胞質(zhì)呈現(xiàn)黃色或橘黃色,形態(tài)不規(guī)則,呈多邊形或圓形,數(shù)量較少(圖1)。

應(yīng)用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻3 h后(圖1A、B) 陽性細(xì)胞形態(tài)不改變,呈黃色或橘黃色(箭頭所示)。CD11b+CD16+DCs和CD11b+MHCII+DCs分布在上皮細(xì)胞下層,聚集在固有層內(nèi)。從圖2A可見,應(yīng)用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻3 h后能夠顯著增加(P<0.05)咽鼓管扁桃體固有層內(nèi)CD11b+CD16+DCs和CD11b+MHCII+DCs的數(shù)量,CD11b+CD16+DCs數(shù)量增幅為1.5倍;CD11b+MHCII+DCs數(shù)量增幅為2倍。從圖2B可見,應(yīng)用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻3 h后咽鼓管扁桃體淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)CD11b+CD16+DCs和CD11b+MHCII+DCs的數(shù)量顯著增加(P<0.05),CD11b+CD16+DCs數(shù)量增幅為2倍;CD11b+MHCII+DCs數(shù)量增幅為2.7倍。咽鼓管扁桃體中CD11b+MHCII+DCs數(shù)量雖稍高于CD11b+CD16+DCs,但無較大差異。

A.咽鼓管扁桃體內(nèi)CD11b+CD16+DCs的分布,CD11b(紅色)與CD16(綠色)共染顯示DCs(橘黃色,箭頭所示);B.咽鼓管扁桃體內(nèi)CD11b+MHCII+DCs的分布,CD11b(紅色)與MHCII(綠色)共染顯示DCs(橘黃色,箭頭所示);C.軟腭扁桃體內(nèi)CD11b+CD16+DCs的分布(橘黃色,箭頭所示);D.軟腭扁桃體內(nèi)CD11b+MHCII+DCs的分布(橘黃色,箭頭所示);DAPI(藍(lán)色)著色細(xì)胞核;LP.固有層;L.淋巴濾泡;E.上皮細(xì)胞層;比例尺=50 μmA.The distribution of CD11b+CD16+DCs in tubal tonsils,DCs(orange,arrow) were labeled with antibodies against CD11b(red) and CD16(green);B.The distribution of CD11b+MHCII+DCs in tubal tonsils,DCs(orange,arrow) were labeled with antibodies against CD11b(red) and MHCII(green);C.The distribution of CD11b+CD16+DCs(orange,arrow) in soft palate tonsils;D.The distribution of CD11b+MHCII+DCs(orange,arrow) in soft palate tonsils;Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI;LP.Lamina propria;L.Lymphoid follicles;E.Epithelium;Bar=50 μm圖1 枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻3 h后扁桃體中DCs的分布Fig.1 Distribution of dendritic cells in tonsils after intranasal administration with Bacillus subtilis spores

A.滴鼻3 h后咽鼓管扁桃體固有層內(nèi)DCs數(shù)量;B.滴鼻3 h后咽鼓管扁桃體淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)DCs數(shù)量A.The numbers of DCs in lamina of tubal tonsil;B.The numbers of DCs in lymphoid follicles of tubal tonsil圖2 枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻后咽鼓管扁桃體中DCs數(shù)量的變化Fig.2 Changes in number of dendritic cells in tubal tonsils after intranasal administration with Bacillus subtilis spores

2.2 枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢對(duì)軟腭扁桃體樹突狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量的影響

正常對(duì)照組的黏膜CD11b+CD16+DCs和CD11b+MHCII+DCs在軟腭扁桃體固有層和淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)散在分布,CD11b+CD16+DCs和CD11b+MHCII+DCs呈黃色或橘黃色,形態(tài)不規(guī)則,數(shù)量較少(圖1C、D)。

從圖3A可見,應(yīng)用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻3 h后能夠顯著增加(P<0.05)軟腭扁桃體固有層內(nèi)CD11b+CD16+DCs、CD11b+MHCII+DCs的數(shù)量。CD11b+CD16+DCs數(shù)量增幅為2.8倍;CD11b+MHCII+DCs數(shù)量增幅為3.2倍。從圖3B可見,應(yīng)用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻3 h后能夠顯著增加(P<0.05)軟腭扁桃體淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)CD11b+CD16+DCs、CD11b+MHCII+DCs的數(shù)量,CD11b+CD16+DCs數(shù)量增幅為2倍;CD11b+MHCII+DCs數(shù)量增幅為2.4倍。

A.滴鼻3 h后軟腭扁桃體固有層內(nèi)DCs數(shù)量的變化;B.滴鼻3 h后軟腭扁桃體淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)DCs數(shù)量的變化A.The numbers of DCs in lamina of soft palate tonsils;B.The numbers of DCs in lymphoid follicles of soft palate tonsils圖3 枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻后軟腭扁桃體中DCs數(shù)量的變化Fig.3 Changes in number of dendritic cells in soft palate tonsils after after intranasal administration with Bacillus subtilis spores

3 討 論

樹突狀細(xì)胞是機(jī)體功能最強(qiáng)大的抗原遞呈細(xì)胞(antigen presenting cell,APC),也是唯一能激活幼稚型T細(xì)胞的APC[7]。黏膜DCs可伸出跨上皮突起攝取抗原,并將抗原信息傳遞給T、B淋巴細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)局部和全身的免疫反應(yīng)[8]。DCs家族的共同特征是表達(dá)CD11c和MHCII分子。豬的呼吸道存在3種不同表型的DCs:CD11b+CD16+DCs、CD16+MHCII+DCs 和CD11b+MHCII+DCs[9],扁桃體內(nèi)的DCs主要為CD11b+MHCII+DCs和CD11b+CD16+DCs,它們散布在扁桃體固有層和淋巴小結(jié)中,時(shí)刻監(jiān)視病原微生物入侵[10]。

枯草芽孢桿菌可激活Toll樣受體2(TLR2),是一種良好的免疫佐劑和免疫增強(qiáng)劑[11]。飼喂枯草芽孢桿菌能提高腸上皮細(xì)胞釋放細(xì)胞因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β等,同時(shí)還能增加小腸內(nèi)IgA的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)局部黏膜對(duì)病原微生物的清除能力[12-13]。芽孢形式的枯草芽孢桿菌免疫活性更好,且運(yùn)輸和存儲(chǔ)都更加便利,是滋養(yǎng)型枯草芽孢桿菌的良好代替品[14]。本試驗(yàn)中枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻后扁桃體上皮細(xì)胞下DCs數(shù)量增加,可能是枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢誘導(dǎo)鼻腔上皮細(xì)胞(尤其是扁桃體處)分泌一些細(xì)胞因子,后者促使DCs在黏膜處聚集。此外,枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢能夠在動(dòng)物腸道中萌發(fā)和繁殖,甚至還可形成芽孢排出體外[15-16],推測(cè)在鼻腔中滴入的枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢也可能在鼻腔中進(jìn)行繁殖,長(zhǎng)期誘導(dǎo)更多的DCs遷移到黏膜下,時(shí)刻防御病原微生物的入侵。

正常生理狀態(tài)下扁桃體淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)存在許多固有DCs和幼稚型的T、B淋巴細(xì)胞,是黏膜免疫的誘導(dǎo)位點(diǎn)[17]。應(yīng)用抗原可誘導(dǎo)黏膜下的DCs表達(dá)歸巢受體,遷移至T、B淋巴細(xì)胞富集的淋巴小結(jié),進(jìn)而促使淋巴細(xì)胞增殖,增強(qiáng)局部黏膜免疫力[18]。例如應(yīng)用枯草芽孢桿菌配合滅活流感病毒鼻腔免疫小鼠可誘導(dǎo)DCs歸巢受體CCR6和細(xì)胞因子IL-6、IL-10的表達(dá),從而激活Th1/Th2混合型免疫應(yīng)答,提高免疫效果[19]。本試驗(yàn)枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻后,扁桃體淋巴小結(jié)內(nèi)DCs數(shù)量顯著上升,表明芽孢型的枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢可能與滋養(yǎng)型枯草芽孢桿菌類似,也會(huì)促進(jìn)DCs表面歸巢受體和細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)黏膜下攝取抗原的DCs遷移至淋巴小結(jié),發(fā)揮遞呈功能。P.E.Makidon等研究表明,DCs對(duì)抗原的攝取和遞呈過程是十分迅速的,3 h內(nèi)即可完成對(duì)抗原的攝取和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[20]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果也表明,應(yīng)用枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻3 h即能誘導(dǎo)DCs完成對(duì)其的攝取,并回流至淋巴小結(jié),與P.E.Makidon等的研究結(jié)果相一致。

MHCII分子是機(jī)體內(nèi)重要的抗原遞呈分子,它與DCs的成熟密切相關(guān)[21]。未成熟DCs表面MHCII分子表達(dá)量低,隨著DCs的成熟,其抗原遞呈能力逐步提升,MHCII分子表達(dá)量也不斷上升,因而MHCII分子是評(píng)價(jià)DCs成熟和抗原遞呈能力的指標(biāo)之一[22]??莶菅挎邨U菌芽孢滴鼻后促進(jìn)了咽鼓管扁桃體和軟腭扁桃體內(nèi)DCs表面MHCII分子的表達(dá),促使DCs成熟,而DCs的成熟則會(huì)進(jìn)一步誘導(dǎo)T、B淋巴細(xì)胞的增殖和分化,提高細(xì)胞免疫水平,增強(qiáng)局部黏膜免疫力。

綜上所述,枯草芽孢桿菌芽孢滴鼻能促進(jìn)DCs向扁桃體內(nèi)聚集并誘導(dǎo)DCs成熟,是一種良好的黏膜免疫增強(qiáng)劑。本研究為豬鼻腔免疫奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

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[4] ZHAO Y,ZHANG W,XU W,et al.Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis T13 on growth,immunity and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumberApostichopusjaponicus[J].FishShellfishImmunol,2012,32(5):750-755.

[5] RAJPUT I R,LI L Y,XIN X,et al.Effect ofSaccharomycesboulardiiandBacillussubtilisB10 on intestinal ultrastructure modulation and mucosal immunity development mechanism in broiler chickens[J].PoultSci,2013,92(4):956-965.

[6] KIM H,HAHN M,GRABOWSKI P,et al.The Bacillus subtilis spore coat protein interaction network[J].MolMicrobiol,2006,59(2):487-502.

[7] CHANG S Y,KO H J,KWEON M N.Mucosal dendritic cells shape mucosal immunity[J/OL].ExpMolMed,2014,46:e84.[2015-3-23].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3972789/.

[8] RUANE D T,LAVELLE E C.The role of CD103+dendritic cells in the intestinal mucosal immune system[J/OL].FrontImmunol,2011,2:25.[2015-3-23].http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2011.00025/full.

[9] BIMCZOK D,POST A,TSCHERNIG T,et al.Phenotype and distribution of dendritic cells in the porcine small intestinal and tracheal mucosa and their spatial relationship to epithelial cells[J].CellTissueRes,2006,325(3):461-468.

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[13] 李云鋒,鄧 軍,張錦華,等.枯草芽孢桿菌對(duì)仔豬小腸局部天然免疫及TLR表達(dá)的影響[J].畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào),2011,42(4):562-566. LI Y F,DENG J,ZHANG J H,et al.The effects ofBacillussubtilison local innate immune and expression of TLR of pigs[J].ActaVeterinariaetZootechnicaSinica,2011,42(4):562-566.(in Chinese)

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(編輯 白永平)

Effects of Intranasal Administration withBacillussubtilisSpores on the Dendritic Cells in Porcine Tonsils

SHEN Yu-meng,YANG Qian*

(KeyLaboratoryofAnimalPhysioloyandBiochemistryofMinistryofAgriculture,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing210095,China)

Pigs were administrated by intranasal withBacillussubtilisspores.Three hours later,the numbers of dendritic cells (DC) in tonsils were studied.Ten crossed-bred(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshine) pigs aged 2 months were randomly divided into two groups,Nasal administration with PBS orBacillussubtilisspores respectively.Three hours later,the tube tonsils and soft palate tonsils were sampled and prepared tissue slices.Three anti-porcine dendritic cells antibodies,MHCII,CD11b and CD16 were used to examined the changes of tonsil DC in porcine tonsils.Our results showed that:after intranasal administration ofBacillussubtilisspores,the numbers of CD11b+CD16+DCs and CD11b+MHCII+DCs in tube tonsils have increased significantly(P<0.05),approximately two or three times higher than normal controls;the numbers of CD11b+CD16+DCs and CD11b+MHCII+DCs in soft palate tonsils have increased significantly also(P<0.05).Moreover,the numbers of CD11b+MHCII+DCs were higher than CD11b+CD16+DCs,but the difference was not significant.These results suggested that intranasal administration withBacillussubtilisspores could induce accumulation of dendritic cells in tonsils and promote dendritic cell maturation,therefore effectively improve the ability of tonsils to resist pathogens invasion.

porcine;tube tonsils;soft palate tonsils;Bacillussubtilisspores;dendritic cells

10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2015.05.023

2014-08-27

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31372465)

申育萌(1989-),女,海南海口人,碩士生,主要從事黏膜免疫及佐劑的研究,E-mail:sym_penguins@163.com,Tel:025-84395817

*通信作者:楊 倩,教授,E-mail:zxbyq@njau.edu.cn

S852.1

A

0366-6964(2015)05-0849-06

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