劉文華,湯珊珊,鄧妙,張紅艷,張治芬
普通婦科疾病及相關(guān)研究 ·綜述·
普通婦科疾病及相關(guān)研究MCP-1與絕經(jīng)激素治療對心血管保護(hù)作用的研究進(jìn)展
劉文華,湯珊珊,鄧妙,張紅艷,張治芬△
多種疾病,包括心血管疾病,被廣泛認(rèn)為是炎癥性疾病。許多細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子參與心血管疾病的病理生理過程。絕經(jīng)的本質(zhì)是卵巢功能的衰竭,機(jī)體雌激素的缺乏,導(dǎo)致糖脂代謝異常,炎癥因子失衡,機(jī)體處于慢性炎癥狀態(tài)。單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)可誘導(dǎo)、調(diào)節(jié)其他炎性因子的形成和釋放,形成級聯(lián)反應(yīng),介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng),因此MCP-1被認(rèn)為是炎癥反應(yīng)的啟動因子。MCP-1趨化單核細(xì)胞在內(nèi)皮下聚集,轉(zhuǎn)變成泡沫細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致脂肪紋及動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的形成,被認(rèn)為是動脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)鍵因子。有研究表明,絕經(jīng)激素治療(menopause hormone therapy,MHT)可下調(diào)絕經(jīng)女性血清MCP-1水平,從而發(fā)揮心血管保護(hù)作用。綜述MCP-1與MHT的研究現(xiàn)況,特別是MCP-1與MHT的心血管保護(hù)作用研究進(jìn)展。
單核細(xì)胞化學(xué)吸引蛋白質(zhì)類;受體,CCR2;心血管疾病;絕經(jīng)激素治療
(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2015,42:485-487,491)
心血管疾病已成為威脅女性健康的主要疾病之一,絕經(jīng)前女性心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)度低于男性,絕經(jīng)后其危險(xiǎn)度增加,與男性相似。絕經(jīng)的本質(zhì)是女性卵巢功能的衰竭,機(jī)體雌激素的減少。婦女健康啟動計(jì)劃(Women's Health Initiative,WHI)及心臟與雌、孕激素補(bǔ)充治療研究(Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study,HERS)表明,圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)早期啟動絕經(jīng)激素治療(menopause hormone therapy,MHT)對心血管具有保護(hù)作用,其機(jī)制尚不十分明確[1]。2013年國際絕經(jīng)協(xié)會(International Menopause Society,IMS)指出,圍絕經(jīng)期和絕經(jīng)早期婦女啟動MHT,可改善其血管功能,降低膽固醇水平,調(diào)節(jié)血糖代謝和控制血壓,具有潛在心血管保護(hù)作用[2]。慢性炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激是心血管疾病病理生理的中心環(huán)節(jié)。單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)可誘導(dǎo)單核/巨噬細(xì)胞激活并使其在內(nèi)皮下聚集,是動脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)鍵因子[3]。近年研究表明,MHT可下調(diào)絕經(jīng)女性血清MCP-1水平,從而發(fā)揮心血管保護(hù)作用。
1.1MCP-1的結(jié)構(gòu)1989年美國馬里蘭州國家癌癥研究所首次從人單核細(xì)胞系THP-1純化提取出單核細(xì)胞趨化因子(monocyte chemotactic factor,MCF)[4]。此后,在腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞和激活的單核細(xì)胞中,克隆發(fā)現(xiàn)了由76個氨基酸和4個半胱氨酸殘基組成的同種因子,并首次命名為MCP-1。
MCP-1是趨化因子CC亞家族中的一員,人類MCP-1基因位于17號染色體(17q11.2),分子質(zhì)量為8.7 ku,趨化因子受體CC族受體2(chemokine receptor,CCR2)是MCP-1受體,分為CCR2A和CCR2B兩個亞型。
1.2MCP-1的表達(dá)及作用機(jī)制MCP-1在成纖維細(xì)胞、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、腎小球系膜細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等多種細(xì)胞中廣泛表達(dá),是首個被發(fā)現(xiàn)和研究的人類細(xì)胞因子CC家族趨化因子。氧化應(yīng)激、高脂血癥、脂質(zhì)氧化、細(xì)胞因子、代謝因素和切應(yīng)力等均可誘導(dǎo)MCP-1的表達(dá)[5]。MCP-1與CCR2結(jié)合,誘導(dǎo)、調(diào)節(jié)其他炎性因子的形成和釋放,形成級聯(lián)反應(yīng),介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng),因此被認(rèn)為是炎癥反應(yīng)的啟動因子。此外,MCP-1可誘導(dǎo) MCP誘導(dǎo)蛋白(MCP-1-induced protein,MCPIP)的激活,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡[6]。
心血管疾病的發(fā)病與多種炎性因子相關(guān),如MCP-1、白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)和腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)。其中,MCP-1與其受體CCR2結(jié)合啟動炎癥反應(yīng),炎癥反應(yīng)啟動后發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激,細(xì)胞因子又上調(diào)MCP-1的表達(dá),從而形成惡性循環(huán)[7]。
2.1MCP-1與肥胖肥胖是心血管疾病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,是脂肪細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和體積增加的結(jié)果。與瘦型人群對比,肥胖患者內(nèi)臟和皮下脂肪組織中MCP-1和CCR2基因表達(dá)水平升高[8]。且人體及動物的檢測結(jié)果均表明肥胖者血清MCP-1水平升高。此外,還有研究表明肥胖與慢性低水平炎癥狀態(tài)有關(guān)。脂肪組織是多種炎性細(xì)胞浸潤的靶點(diǎn),如T淋巴細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞。近期研究表明,脂肪組織是釋放MCP-1的主要場所,同時(shí)證實(shí)其由浸潤的單核細(xì)胞分泌[8-9]。因此,單核細(xì)胞浸潤是肥胖相關(guān)疾病發(fā)生的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,MCP-1可導(dǎo)致脂肪組織的增加與重構(gòu)[10]。
2.2MCP-1與2型糖尿病研究發(fā)現(xiàn)2型糖尿病患者血清MCP-1水平顯著增加[11]。生活方式改變、藥物治療控制血糖、改善胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)后,血清MCP-1水平下降。IR是2型糖尿病病理生理的中心環(huán)節(jié),研究表明,持續(xù)給予大鼠MCP-1灌胃可誘發(fā)IR[12]。CCR2拮抗劑可削減這種負(fù)性作用,同時(shí)抑制單核細(xì)胞向脂肪組織浸潤[13]。H?pe等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MCP-1啟動子-2518A/G基因多態(tài)性調(diào)節(jié)MCP-1的表達(dá),該研究同時(shí)表明MCP-1G-2518基因突變與胰島素抵抗、2型糖尿病呈負(fù)相關(guān)。
MCP-1主要由脂肪組織產(chǎn)生,脂肪細(xì)胞中的細(xì)胞因子(如生長激素、IL-6)可促進(jìn)MCP-1的表達(dá),MCP-1可誘導(dǎo)IR、脂肪細(xì)胞分化,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肥胖及2型糖尿病進(jìn)展[15]。因此,MCP-1是肥胖與2型糖尿病共同的分子機(jī)制[16]。
2.3MCP-1與動脈粥樣硬化MCP-1是首個被證實(shí)與動脈粥樣硬化密切相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子CC家族趨化因子[17]。臨床研究表明MCP-1與動脈粥樣硬化顯著相關(guān)[18],隨后的研究也證實(shí)MCP-1升高與動脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)疾病(如缺血性腦梗死、心肌梗死)有關(guān)。高脂血癥、脂質(zhì)氧化、血管切應(yīng)力等均可導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞釋放大量MCP-1,從而趨化單核細(xì)胞在血管內(nèi)皮下炎癥反應(yīng)區(qū)域聚集,誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞遷移至動脈壁形成泡沫細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致粥樣斑塊形成[19]。敲除MCP-1或其受體CCR2基因,可明顯延緩大鼠動脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)展,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)MCP-1與動脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)[20]。
目前MCP-1參與動脈粥樣硬化形成可能的機(jī)制有:①趨化單核細(xì)胞在血管內(nèi)皮下的浸潤;②誘導(dǎo)局部細(xì)胞因子[包括IL-1β、IL-6、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)等]大量釋放,促進(jìn)持續(xù)性炎癥反應(yīng);③促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞遷移至動脈壁形成泡沫細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致粥樣斑塊的形成。因此,MCP-1可能成為新的心血管疾病預(yù)測因子及治療靶點(diǎn)。
3.1臨床資料Tani等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)圍絕經(jīng)期及絕經(jīng)女性血清MCP-1水平顯著高于育齡女性。Koh等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)MHT組女性血清MCP-1水平顯著低于未治療組,且MCP-1水平與雌激素劑量呈負(fù)相關(guān),未治療組女性MCP-1水平與同齡男性相近。Miyatani等[23]進(jìn)一步研究表明,雌激素下調(diào)絕經(jīng)女性血清MCP-1,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)脂聯(lián)素表達(dá),從而起到心血管保護(hù)作用。
Tani等[21]和Tasci等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MHT可降低膽固醇水平、調(diào)節(jié)血糖和控制血壓、體質(zhì)量,降低絕經(jīng)女性血漿IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平,與以往研究一致。Tasci等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),MHT可降低絕經(jīng)早期女性MCP-1及同型半胱氨酸水平,這與MHT“時(shí)間窗”意義相符。
3.2動物及細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)資料Seli等[25]運(yùn)用免疫組織化學(xué)半定量方法研究皮下安置17β-雌二醇(E2)緩釋微粒(0.5 mg)的去勢小鼠模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)15周后實(shí)驗(yàn)組較對照組主動脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞MCP-1陽性率下降50%。細(xì)胞研究也證實(shí)外源性給予17β-E2可下調(diào)人冠狀動脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞及平滑肌細(xì)胞MCP-1 mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá),且呈濃度依賴性。這提示下調(diào)MCP-1的表達(dá)是雌激素心血管保護(hù)作用的機(jī)制之一[26-27]。Xu等[28]研究表明,雌激素降低大鼠腹部脂肪組織瘦素、MCP-1水平,增加脂聯(lián)素水平,從而保護(hù)心血管。Yada-Hashimoto等[29]進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雌激素通過雌激素受體α(ERα)可顯著抑制MCP-1誘導(dǎo)的單核細(xì)胞遷移,進(jìn)而抑制泡沫細(xì)胞的形成。Jiang等[30]研究表明,17β-E2通過抑制p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶/核因子κB(MAPK/NF-κB)通路下調(diào)MCP-1,從而抑制脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的巨噬細(xì)胞遷移。但I(xiàn)shibashi等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)17β-E2上調(diào)人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(HUVECs)糖化終產(chǎn)物(advanced glycation endproducts,AGEs)和MCP-1基因及蛋白水平。
綜上所述,雌激素心血管保護(hù)作用機(jī)制主要是:①降低膽固醇水平、調(diào)節(jié)血糖代謝和控制血壓;②下調(diào)MCP-1基因及蛋白水平,抑制單核細(xì)胞活化、遷移及在血管內(nèi)皮下的聚集;③抑制其他炎癥因子(包括IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等)的釋放;④促進(jìn)保護(hù)性細(xì)胞因子(如脂聯(lián)素)的產(chǎn)生與釋放。
絕經(jīng)早期啟動MHT可改善血管內(nèi)皮功能、調(diào)節(jié)糖脂代謝和控制血壓,對心血管具有保護(hù)作用,但其機(jī)制尚不十分明確。慢性炎癥是心血管疾病病理生理的中心環(huán)節(jié)。MCP-1可誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞在血管內(nèi)皮下聚集,促進(jìn)局部炎癥反應(yīng),是動脈粥樣硬化等心血管疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因子。雌激素可通過抑制血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞MCP-1的表達(dá)與釋放,起到心血管保護(hù)作用。因此,進(jìn)一步研究雌激素與MCP-1相互作用機(jī)制能為MHT心血管保護(hù)作用提供理論依據(jù)。
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Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Menopause Hormone Therapy's Cardiovascular Protective Effect
LIU Wenhua,TANG Shan-shan,DENG Miao,ZHANG Hong-yan,ZHANG Zhi-fen.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Hangzhou 310006,China
ZHANG Zhi-fen,E-mail:zhangzf@zju.edu.cn
A variety of diseases,including cardiovascular disease,are widely recognized as inflammatory diseases.Many cytokines and chemokines are involved in the pathological processes of cardiovascular disease.Menopause is estrogen's deficiency,which leads to the glucolipid metabolic abnormality,inflammatory factors′imbalance,the state of chronic inflammation.Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)induces and regulates the formation and release of other inflammatory cytokines,mediating inflammation,therefore is considered as the start of the inflammatory factor.MCP-1 chemokines monocyte from the lumen to the subendothelial space,initiating foam cells and fatty streak formation that leads to atherosclerotic plaque formation,which is considered to be the key factor of atherosclerosis.Research has shown that menopause hormone therapy(MHT)can down regulate the level of postmenopausal women serum MCP-1,so as to exert its effect of cardiovascular protection.MCP-1 and the cardiovascular protective effect of MHT will be summarized.
Monocyte chemoattractant proteins;Receptors,CCR2;Cardiovascular diseases;Menopause hormone therapy
2015-02-28)
[本文編輯王昕]
國家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會科研基金(WKJ-2013-2-024);杭州市醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2011Z003);杭州市科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(20120533Q04)
310006杭州,南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬杭州醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科
張治芬,E-mail:zhangzf@zju.edu.cn
△審校者