許欽瑜 華 靜
上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科 上海市消化疾病研究所(200001)
瞬間彈性成像技術(shù)在肝硬化及其并發(fā)癥中的臨床應(yīng)用*
許欽瑜#華靜&
上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科上海市消化疾病研究所(200001)
瞬間彈性成像(transient elastography, TE,即FibroScan)是一項(xiàng)快速、無創(chuàng)檢測肝硬度值(liver stiffness measurement, LSM)的新型超聲技術(shù),已廣泛應(yīng)用于肝纖維化的定性和定量診斷[1]。肝硬化是各種慢性肝病發(fā)展的晚期階段,近年來,諸多研究顯示LSM與肝硬化及其并發(fā)癥如門靜脈高壓、食管胃底靜脈曲張、肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)之間存在良好的相關(guān)性,可作為評估肝硬化及其并發(fā)癥的無創(chuàng)性指標(biāo)。本文就TE與肝硬化及其并發(fā)癥的相關(guān)性和臨床應(yīng)用作一綜述。
一、TE與肝硬化
TE能準(zhǔn)確診斷各種病因所致慢性肝病患者的肝硬化及其嚴(yán)重程度。一項(xiàng)基于40項(xiàng)研究的meta分析指出,TE對肝硬化(纖維化4期)具有良好的診斷價值,總體敏感性為83%(95% CI: 0.79~0.86),總體特異性為89%(95% CI: 0.81~0.91),LSM最佳臨界值為(15.0±4.1) kPa[2]。另一項(xiàng)基于50項(xiàng)研究的meta分析指出,肝纖維化越顯著,LSM越高,診斷肝硬化的最佳臨界值為LSM≥13.0 kPa[3]。一項(xiàng)基于22項(xiàng)研究的meta分析得出類似結(jié)論,LSM臨界值取15.08 kPa,診斷肝硬化的敏感性和特異性分別為88.5%和94.7%[4]。
然而,TE診斷不同病因所致肝硬化的LSM臨界值存在一定差異。有研究顯示,TE診斷丙型肝炎肝硬化的LSM臨界值為14.5 kPa,HIV/HCV合并感染為14.6 kPa,肝移植后HCV感染再發(fā)為14.5 kPa,乙型肝炎為18.2 kPa,慢性膽汁淤積性肝病為17.3 kPa,酒精性肝病為22.7 kPa,非酒精性脂肪性肝病為11.5 kPa。上述臨界值的差異主要與不同肝病肝組織炎癥壞死、膽汁淤積、脂肪變性等程度不同有關(guān)[5]。
二、TE與肝硬化并發(fā)癥
1. TE與門靜脈高壓:門靜脈高壓是肝硬化患者經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的臨床綜合征,最近多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TE測得的LSM與門靜脈高壓[以肝靜脈壓力梯度(HVPG)為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]顯著相關(guān)[6-11],可用于預(yù)測門靜脈高壓的存在。Vizzutti等[6]對61例丙型肝炎肝硬化患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LSM與HVPG呈正相關(guān)(r=0.81),取LSM≥13.6 kPa為臨界值,預(yù)測臨床顯著門靜脈高壓(clinically significant portal hypertension, CSPH,定義為HVPG≥10 mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)的敏感性和特異性分別為97%和92%。但該研究樣本量偏小,結(jié)論有待驗(yàn)證。Bureau等[7]對150例不同病因所致慢性肝病患者的研究亦證實(shí)LSM與HVPG顯著相關(guān)(r=0.858)。但該研究預(yù)測CSPH的LSM臨界值為21 kPa,高于其他研究結(jié)果,可能與納入的研究對象發(fā)生肝硬化失代償?shù)谋嚷瘦^高有關(guān)。Reiberger等[8]對695例患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LSM與HVPG顯著相關(guān)(r=0.794),且在病毒性肝病(r=0.838)中的相關(guān)性強(qiáng)于酒精性肝病(r=0.756),篩查CSPH的陽性預(yù)測值(PPV)為86%,陰性預(yù)測值(NPV)為80%。在HIV/HCV合并感染患者中,LSM與HVPG同樣顯著相關(guān),可用于預(yù)測CSPH和嚴(yán)重門靜脈高壓(定義為HVPG≥12 mm Hg)[9]。Shi等[10]對18項(xiàng)研究、共3 644例慢性肝病患者的meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),TE診斷CSPH的總體敏感性和特異性分別為90%(95% CI: 0.81~0.95)和79%(95% CI: 0.58~0.91),受試者工作特征曲線下面積(AUROC)為0.93。TE作為篩查CSPH的有效方法,可減少有創(chuàng)性HVPG測定的使用,有利于簡化門靜脈高壓患者的隨訪和管理。
對于不同病因引起的門靜脈高壓,LSM的最佳臨界值亦有明顯差異。有研究[11]顯示,對于丙型肝炎肝硬化和酒精性肝硬化患者,TE預(yù)測CSPH的LSM最佳臨界值分別為20.5 kPa 和34.9 kPa。
最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TE尚可預(yù)測門靜脈高壓相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。有前瞻性研究[12]對100例慢性肝病患者進(jìn)行為期2年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)對于預(yù)測門靜脈高壓相關(guān)并發(fā)癥如食管靜脈曲張(esophageal varices, EV)、腹水、HCC、肝性腦病等,LSM與HVPG準(zhǔn)確性相當(dāng),AUROC分別為0.845和0.830;將患者按LSM低于和高于21.1 kPa分為兩組,兩組在2年隨訪中未出現(xiàn)任何門靜脈高壓相關(guān)并發(fā)癥者的比率分別為100%和47.5%。TE還可用于篩選門靜脈高壓相關(guān)并發(fā)癥低?;颊?,以避免對這些患者行HVPG、內(nèi)鏡等檢查,而僅對高危患者進(jìn)行密切隨訪和相關(guān)藥物治療。
2. TE與EV:EV是肝硬化門靜脈高壓最重要的并發(fā)癥,已有諸多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LSM與EV間存在明顯關(guān)聯(lián)[10,13-14],可預(yù)測2級以上大型食管靜脈曲張(large esophageal varices, LEV)[6,10,15]。LSM隨EV程度加重而升高,1級與2級以上LEV間LSM差異尤為顯著。對12項(xiàng)相關(guān)研究的meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),不同研究間TE預(yù)測EV的LSM臨界值差異較大,從15.1 kPa 至28.0 kPa不等,共同特點(diǎn)為敏感性較高(87%, 95% CI: 0.80~0.92),而特異性則較低(53%, 95% CI: 0.36~0.69);預(yù)測LEV的LSM臨界值在不同研究間亦差異顯著,但取值明顯較高,從17.8 kPa至48.0 kPa不等,同樣具有較高的敏感性(86%, 95% CI: 0.71~0.94)和較低的特異性(59%, 95% CI: 0.45~0.72)[10]。因此,TE對EV和LEV的預(yù)測效有待進(jìn)一步提高。Pineda等[16]對102例HIV/HCV合并感染肝硬化患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),27例(26.5%)LSM<21 kPa的患者內(nèi)鏡下均未發(fā)現(xiàn)需治療的EV,表明TE能可靠地排除有出血風(fēng)險的EV患者,根據(jù)LSM的提示,可減少約1/4肝硬化患者的內(nèi)鏡篩查。
與預(yù)測CSPH相似,肝硬化病因?qū)︻A(yù)測LEV的LSM臨界值有強(qiáng)烈影響。Nguyen-Khac等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),預(yù)測酒精性肝硬化出現(xiàn)LEV的LSM最佳臨界值為47.2 kPa,明顯高于肝炎后肝硬化的19.8 kPa。這或許可以解釋不同研究中的LSM最佳臨界值不盡相同,亦提示了調(diào)查在同類病因所致肝硬化患者中實(shí)施的必要性。上述多項(xiàng)研究除患者病因不同外,還存在樣本量不足、疾病嚴(yán)重程度不一等問題,不利于評估、驗(yàn)證和確定LSM最佳臨界值。
通過預(yù)測EV,TE可用于篩選需行內(nèi)鏡檢查和藥物預(yù)防性治療的患者。然而,由于不同研究得出的LSM臨界值及其準(zhǔn)確性不同,且僅依賴LSM單項(xiàng)指標(biāo)難以準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測EV及其出血風(fēng)險,TE在這方面的應(yīng)用價值仍存在爭議,需更多、更完善的臨床研究加以驗(yàn)證。Kim等[18]提出結(jié)合LSM、脾臟直徑和血小板計(jì)數(shù)構(gòu)成的新預(yù)測模型LSPS可提高診斷準(zhǔn)確性。對280例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),LSPS預(yù)測EV高?;颊叩臏?zhǔn)確性較高(AUROC=0.953),臨界值取3.5時NPV為94.7%,取5.5時PPV為93.3%,因此LSPS<3.5的低危患者可免于內(nèi)鏡檢查,而LSPS>5.5的高危患者應(yīng)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)念A(yù)防性治療。另一橫斷面研究[19]同樣認(rèn)為LSPS預(yù)測EV的準(zhǔn)確性明顯高于LSM單項(xiàng)指標(biāo)。
3. TE與HCC:HCC是最常見的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一,治療方法有限,臨床預(yù)后差,早期診斷對改善預(yù)后具有重要意義。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)生HCC的慢性肝病患者LSM顯著高于其他患者,LSM是HCC的獨(dú)立危險因子,可預(yù)測HCC發(fā)生和死亡風(fēng)險[20-25]。一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究[21]將1 130例慢性乙型肝炎患者按LSM≤8 kPa、8.1~13 kPa、13.1~18 kPa、18.1~23 kPa和>23 kPa分為五組,隨訪3年發(fā)現(xiàn)LSM越高的組別,HCC累積發(fā)病率越高。對866例慢性丙型肝炎患者的隨訪研究[22]得出相似結(jié)論。LSM預(yù)測慢性肝炎患者HCC風(fēng)險的準(zhǔn)確性顯著高于血小板指數(shù)、總膽紅素、AST/血小板比值、凝血酶原活性等指標(biāo),AUROC高達(dá)0.736和0.805,與甲胎蛋白無明顯差異[23-24]。臨床上通過隨訪LSM可動態(tài)觀察慢性肝病患者HCC風(fēng)險的變化,并可進(jìn)行風(fēng)險分層,對不同風(fēng)險患者實(shí)施不同HCC篩查和監(jiān)測程序。如按LSM<12 kPa、12~24 kPa、>24 kPa將慢性丙型肝炎患者的HCC風(fēng)險分為低、中、高三組,隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)三組間5年HCC發(fā)生率有顯著差異[25]。
4. TE與肝移植術(shù)后HCV感染再發(fā):肝移植術(shù)后HCV感染再發(fā)可引起纖維組織沉積加快,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致肝硬化和移植物衰竭,因此無創(chuàng)性LSM測定對肝移植術(shù)后患者的管理尤為重要。多項(xiàng)研究[26-27]認(rèn)為,對于肝移植術(shù)后HCV感染再發(fā)患者,TE測得的LSM與纖維化程度呈顯著正相關(guān),可準(zhǔn)確檢測明顯纖維化(≥2期)和肝硬化。Cholongitas等[28]對14項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評價,發(fā)現(xiàn)對于肝移植術(shù)后HCV感染再發(fā)患者,TE診斷明顯纖維化的AUROC高達(dá)0.88,優(yōu)于血清學(xué)檢測。另一項(xiàng)meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),TE診斷肝移植術(shù)后HCV感染再發(fā)患者明顯纖維化的敏感性和特異性分別為83%和83%,診斷肝硬化的敏感性和特異性分別為98%和84%,具有良好的診斷效能,可減少有創(chuàng)性肝活檢的應(yīng)用[29]。
此外,TE還可用于預(yù)測肝移植術(shù)后HCV感染再發(fā)患者的臨床預(yù)后,預(yù)測能力與HVPG、肝活檢相當(dāng)。Crespo等[30]通過前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后1年LSM<8.7 kPa的患者術(shù)后5年移植物和患者累積生存率分別為90%和92%,顯著高于LSM≥8.7 kPa 者的63%和64%,LSM預(yù)測術(shù)后5年移植物衰竭和患者存活的AUROC分別為0.724和0.752。
5. TE與肝病臨床結(jié)局:近年來,諸多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LSM與肝病患者的預(yù)后相關(guān),可準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測并發(fā)癥和死亡風(fēng)險,有助于早期評估患者臨床結(jié)局,作出臨床治療決策。Singh等[31]對17項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行meta分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)LSM與慢性肝病患者的肝功能失代償、HCC和死亡風(fēng)險顯著相關(guān),RR分別為1.07、1.11和1.22。Pang等[32]隨訪了2 052例慢性肝病患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥者LSM均值顯著高于無并發(fā)癥者(13.5 kPa對 6.0 kPa,P<0.000 05),LSM<10 kPa、10~19.9 kPa、20~39.9 kPa和≥40 kPa的患者,并發(fā)癥或死亡的2年累積發(fā)生率分別為2.6%、9%、19%和34%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.000 05),臨界值取LSM<20 kPa可有效排除并發(fā)癥(敏感性41%,特異性93%,準(zhǔn)確性90%),但PPV不佳(20%)。Vergniol等[33]對1 457例慢性丙型肝炎患者進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)LSM預(yù)測5年生存率的準(zhǔn)確性優(yōu)于肝活檢(AUROC分別為0.82和0.76)。Klibansky等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),LSM對于慢性肝病患者的綜合結(jié)局(死亡、肝功能失代償、HCC)具有良好的預(yù)測效能,AUROC為0.87。
三、其他彈性成像技術(shù)與肝硬化
除TE外,其他肝臟彈性成像技術(shù)包括聲輻射力脈沖成像(ARFI)、實(shí)時超聲彈性成像(RTE)、實(shí)時剪切波彈性成像(SWE)和磁共振彈性成像(MRE)。ARFI、RTE、SWE的檢測設(shè)備與傳統(tǒng)超聲成像設(shè)備合為一體,可在傳統(tǒng)超聲檢查肝硬化、門靜脈高壓跡象以及識別局灶性病變后對肝纖維化、肝腫瘤等感興趣區(qū)域行定量彈性測量(RTE只能定性測量),可用于評估肝纖維化、肝硬化和檢查肝腫瘤[35]。ARFI還可用于預(yù)測肝硬化門靜脈高壓和EV[36]。MRE可用于肝纖維化分期,評估長期抗病毒、抗纖維化治療的應(yīng)答情況,以及輔助鑒別良惡性腫瘤[37]。較之TE,ARFI、RTE、MRE的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于可用于腹水患者。
四、結(jié)語
TE測得的LSM可用于診斷肝硬化及其并發(fā)癥(門靜脈高壓、EV、HCC等),評估疾病嚴(yán)重程度,預(yù)測并發(fā)癥和死亡風(fēng)險,動態(tài)隨訪病情進(jìn)展,不僅有助于減少有創(chuàng)性操作(HVPG、內(nèi)鏡檢查、肝活檢等),還有助于臨床治療決策的制訂和患者的隨訪管理。然而,各研究得出的用于各種肝病診斷/預(yù)測的臨界值和準(zhǔn)確性均存在差異,需開展更多針對不同病因、地區(qū)、人群的大樣本臨床研究加以驗(yàn)證。
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(2014-11-05收稿;2014-11-16修回)
·綜述·
摘要肝硬化是各種慢性肝病發(fā)展的晚期階段,其并發(fā)癥包括門靜脈高壓、食管胃底靜脈曲張、肝細(xì)胞癌等。瞬間彈性成像(TE)作為無創(chuàng)性肝硬度值(LSM)檢測技術(shù),已廣泛應(yīng)用于肝纖維化的定性和定量診斷。近年來,諸多研究顯示LSM與肝硬化及其并發(fā)癥之間存在良好的相關(guān)性。本文就此相關(guān)性以及TE的臨床應(yīng)用作一綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞肝硬化;瞬間彈性成像;肝硬度值;門靜脈高壓;食管和胃靜脈曲張;癌,肝細(xì)胞
Clinical Application of Transient Elastography in Liver Cirrhosis and its ComplicationsXUQinyu,HUAJing.DivisionofGastroenterologyandHepatology,RenJiHospital,SchoolofMedicine,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity;ShanghaiInstituteofDigestiveDisease,Shanghai(200001)
Correspondence to: HUA Jing, Email: hua-jing88@hotmail.com
AbstractLiver cirrhosis is the advanced stage of various chronic liver diseases, and its complications include portal hypertension, esophageal and gastric varices, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. Transient elastography (TE), a noninvasive method for liver stiffness measurement (LSM), has been used widely to detect liver fibrosis qualitatively and quantitatively. Recently, correlations were observed for LSM with liver cirrhosis and its complications. This article reviewed the studies focused on these correlations, as well as the clinical application of TE.
Key wordsLiver Cirrhosis;Transient Elastography;Liver Stiffness Measurement;Portal Hypertension;Esophageal and Gastric Varices;Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
通信作者&本文,Email: hua-jing88@hotmail.com
DOI:*基金項(xiàng)目:中國肝炎防治基金會王寶恩肝纖維化研究基金(2012);#Email: qinyuxu2012@126.com