李錦秀楊琨吳莎華清泉
·實(shí)驗(yàn)研究·
長(zhǎng)期注射水楊酸鈉對(duì)大鼠聽(tīng)皮層酪氨酸受體激酶B及c-fos基因表達(dá)的影響*
李錦秀1楊琨1吳莎1華清泉1
目的 通過(guò)觀察長(zhǎng)期注射水楊酸鈉后大鼠聽(tīng)皮層中酪氨酸受體激酶B(Trk B)及c-fos基因的表達(dá),探討其在水楊酸鈉耳毒性機(jī)制中的作用。方法 健康成年Wistar大鼠36只,分為正常組(不做任何處理)、慢性組(肌肉注射水楊酸鈉175 mg/kg,2次/天,時(shí)間間隔8小時(shí),連續(xù)注射14天)、慢性恢復(fù)組(前期處理同慢性組,停藥后恢復(fù)28天),每組12只。造模結(jié)束后各組大鼠均行聽(tīng)性腦干反應(yīng)(ABR)檢測(cè),然后斷頭處死并迅速取出聽(tīng)皮層,運(yùn)用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù)及Western-blot技術(shù)分別檢測(cè)三組大鼠聽(tīng)皮層中TrkB及c-fos的表達(dá)。結(jié)果正常組ABR反應(yīng)閾為36±2.23 dB SPL,慢性組反應(yīng)閾升高為41.3±3.31 dB SPL,與正常組比較,差異有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);慢性恢復(fù)組ABR反應(yīng)閾為38.6±5.51 dB SPL,與正常組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。慢性組聽(tīng)皮層c-fos mRNA表達(dá)為1.24±0.09,蛋白的表達(dá)為0.70±0.12,慢性恢復(fù)組聽(tīng)皮層c-fos mRNA的表達(dá)為1.23±0.04,蛋白的表達(dá)為0.68±0.08,兩組均高于正常組(分別為1.12±0.05、0.50±0.04),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。慢性組聽(tīng)皮層TrkB mRNA表達(dá)為1.26±0.10,蛋白的表達(dá)為1.85±0.17,慢性恢復(fù)組聽(tīng)皮層Trk B m RNA表達(dá)為1.23±0.07,蛋白的表達(dá)為1.80±0.08,均高于正常組(分別為1.11±0.03,1.53 ±0.16),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 長(zhǎng)期注射水楊酸鈉后大鼠聽(tīng)皮層c-fos基因表達(dá)升高,可能與聽(tīng)覺(jué)中樞神經(jīng)活動(dòng)增強(qiáng)有關(guān);長(zhǎng)期注射水楊酸鈉可能通過(guò)上調(diào)大鼠聽(tīng)皮層Trk B的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)聽(tīng)皮層神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子的功能促進(jìn)聽(tīng)皮層功能重塑。
水楊酸鈉; 酪氨酸受體激酶B; c-fos基因
水楊酸鈉制劑在臨床上被廣泛用于治療慢性炎性疾病,但其大劑量使用時(shí)可產(chǎn)生明顯的耳毒性副作用。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)學(xué)者們對(duì)水楊酸鈉的耳毒性進(jìn)行了大量的研究,從聽(tīng)覺(jué)系統(tǒng)的不同層面(包括中樞和外周)探討了水楊酸鹽耳毒性及其導(dǎo)致耳鳴的機(jī)制[1~3]。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),急性水楊酸鈉注射后動(dòng)物畸變產(chǎn)物耳聲發(fā)射(DPOAE)幅值出現(xiàn)可逆性降低,而長(zhǎng)期水楊酸鈉注射的耳鳴模型動(dòng)物DPOAE幅值逐漸升高且為可逆性的[4],耳蝸神經(jīng)電生理活動(dòng)平均譜(ASECA)幅值逐漸上升[5];慢性注射水楊酸鈉使大鼠耳蝸prestin表達(dá)上調(diào)[6]。這些研究從外周機(jī)制上對(duì)慢性注射水楊酸鈉致耳鳴的機(jī)制作了深入探討。然而,水楊酸鈉的中樞效應(yīng)同樣不可忽視。研究表明,水楊酸鈉能引起動(dòng)物聽(tīng)覺(jué)通路神經(jīng)元電活動(dòng)的一系列改變[7~9],同時(shí),在對(duì)耳鳴患者的研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了聽(tīng)皮層神經(jīng)元代謝活動(dòng)增加和功能重組的證據(jù)[3],說(shuō)明聽(tīng)覺(jué)中樞尤其是聽(tīng)皮層功能活動(dòng)的變化可能在耳鳴的產(chǎn)生中具有更為重要的作用。因此,本研究采用長(zhǎng)期大劑量注射水楊酸鈉建立耳鳴動(dòng)物模型,通過(guò)觀察其聽(tīng)皮層中與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的功能可塑性密切相關(guān)的c-fos基因以及與神經(jīng)元修復(fù)再生密切相關(guān)的酪氨酸受體激酶B(Trk B)的表達(dá)及變化,進(jìn)一步探討水楊酸鈉耳毒性的中樞機(jī)制。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料 水楊酸鈉購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司,以生理鹽水溶解,配成10%溶液;Trizol試劑購(gòu)自美國(guó)Invitrogen公司;Revert Aid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit購(gòu)自美國(guó)Thermo公司;定量PCR試劑盒購(gòu)自日本TOYOBO公司;Trk B、c-fos多克隆抗體均購(gòu)自美國(guó)Santa公司,HRP標(biāo)記山羊抗兔二抗購(gòu)自KPL公司;ECL(enhanced chemiluminescence)化學(xué)發(fā)光底物購(gòu)自武漢谷歌生物科技有限公司。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物分組及處理 選擇健康成年Wistar大鼠36只(由湖北省預(yù)防科學(xué)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供),雌雄不限,體重200~300 g,耳廓反射靈敏,無(wú)中耳感染、強(qiáng)噪聲暴露及耳毒性藥物應(yīng)用史。適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)一周后,將實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物隨機(jī)分為慢性組、慢性恢復(fù)組,正常對(duì)照組,每組12只。實(shí)驗(yàn)前均進(jìn)行ABR檢測(cè),排除ABR反應(yīng)閾大于40 dB SPL的動(dòng)物。將水楊酸鈉(Sigma公司,S2679)溶于生理鹽水中配成10%溶液,慢性組動(dòng)物肌肉注射水楊酸鈉175 mg/kg,2次/天,時(shí)間間隔8小時(shí),連續(xù)注射14天;慢性恢復(fù)組大鼠前期處理同慢性組,注射14天后停藥,并恢復(fù)28天;正常對(duì)照組不予任何處理。造模結(jié)束后,檢測(cè)各組大鼠ABR反應(yīng)閾,然后斷頭處死并迅速剝離下丘,其中每組6只用于檢驗(yàn)Trk B及c-fos mRNA的變化,另外6只用于檢測(cè)Trk B及c-fos蛋白的改變。
1.2.2 ABR檢測(cè) 大鼠經(jīng)2%戊巴比妥鈉50 mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉后,保持肛溫37℃并置于隔聲屏蔽室內(nèi)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。選用短聲(click)作為刺激聲,單耳刺激,耳機(jī)發(fā)聲窗距外耳道口1 cm,刺激速率為21次/秒,帶通濾波100~3 000 Hz,觀察時(shí)程為10 ms,疊加次數(shù)1 024次。記錄電極置于兩側(cè)外耳道口與顱正中線交叉處皮下,參考電極置于同側(cè)耳乳突皮下,接地電極置于鼻尖正中皮下。測(cè)試聲強(qiáng)從110 dB SPL開(kāi)始,以5 dB逐次遞減,以波Ⅲ最后消失的上一強(qiáng)度作為ABR反應(yīng)閾。
1.2.3 RT-PCR檢測(cè)聽(tīng)皮層Trk B及c-fos表達(dá) 各組大鼠處死剝離的聽(tīng)皮層立即放入液氮中,隨后轉(zhuǎn)入-80℃冰箱保存。樣品收集完后采用Trizol法分別提取總RNA,紫外分光光度計(jì)測(cè)定其濃度計(jì)純度。根據(jù)Revert Aid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit試劑盒說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行cDNA的合成,反應(yīng)條件為:42℃30分鐘,80℃5分鐘,將c-DNA產(chǎn)物置于-20℃保存。在Genbank數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中查找大鼠TrkB及c-fos基因序列,使用primer5.0軟件設(shè)計(jì)大鼠目的基因及內(nèi)參β-action引物,交由Invitrogen公司合成(表1)。RT-PCR反應(yīng)擴(kuò)增
條件為:95℃預(yù)變性1分鐘,95℃變性15秒,58℃退火15秒,72℃延伸20秒,進(jìn)行40個(gè)循環(huán)。各基因表達(dá)變化采用比較閾值法即2-△△Ct法計(jì)算。
表1 大鼠Trk B及c-fosβ-action引物序列
1.2.4 Western blot檢測(cè)聽(tīng)皮層Trk B及c-fos蛋白表達(dá) 標(biāo)本分別加入適當(dāng)體積組織裂解液后冰上徹底勻漿,離心后取上清液。采用Bradford方法測(cè)定蛋白濃度,各組取總蛋白40μg上樣經(jīng)10% SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳分離后轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜,用含5%脫脂奶粉的TBST封閉液室溫封閉1小時(shí),將PVDF膜分別浸泡于兔抗鼠Trk B多克隆抗體(1:1 000)、兔抗鼠GABAAα1多克隆抗體(1: 1 000)、兔抗鼠c-fos多克隆抗體(1:1 000)4℃過(guò)夜,TBST洗滌5 min×3次,加入HRP標(biāo)記羊抗兔二抗(1:3 000)室溫下孵育30分鐘,TBST洗滌5 min×3次,在暗室內(nèi)加入ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光底物曝光,最后用顯影、定影試劑進(jìn)行顯影和定影。選用βaction的表達(dá)量為參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并用Alpha軟件處理系統(tǒng)分析結(jié)果,以光密度比值作為相對(duì)表達(dá)量。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)樣本t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 ABR檢測(cè)結(jié)果 造模完成后,慢性組ABR反應(yīng)閾升高為41.3±3.31 dB SPL,與正常組比較,差異有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);慢性恢復(fù)組ABR反應(yīng)閾為38.6±5.51 dB SPL,與正常組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2)。
表2 三組大鼠ABR反應(yīng)閾、c-fos和TrkB mRNA及其蛋白的表達(dá)(±s)
表2 三組大鼠ABR反應(yīng)閾、c-fos和TrkB mRNA及其蛋白的表達(dá)(±s)
注:與正常組比較,△P<0.01,*P<0.05
組別ABR反應(yīng)閾(dB SPL)c-fos mRNA c-fos蛋白TrkB mRNA TrkB 蛋白正常組36.0±2.23 1.12±0.05 0.50±0.04 1.11±0.03 1.53±0.16慢性組41.3±3.31△1.24±0.09*0.70±0.12*1.26±0.10*1.85±0.17*慢性恢復(fù)組38.6±5.51 1.23±0.04*0.68±0.08*1.23±0.07*1.80±0.08*
2.2 聽(tīng)皮層TrkB及c-fos mRNA表達(dá) 三組大鼠聽(tīng)皮層中均可檢測(cè)到Trk B、c-fos m RNA的表達(dá),慢性組及慢性恢復(fù)組聽(tīng)皮層中c-fos及Trk B m RNA的表達(dá)均高于正常組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3 聽(tīng)皮層c-fos及Trk B蛋白表達(dá)情況 Western blot結(jié)果顯示,慢性組及慢性恢復(fù)組聽(tīng)皮層cfos及Trk B蛋白的表達(dá)量均高于正常組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖1,表2)。
動(dòng)物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),長(zhǎng)期注射水楊酸鈉是一種建立耳鳴動(dòng)物模型的有效方法[10,11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,慢性水楊酸鈉注射后動(dòng)物ABR反應(yīng)閾升高,而慢性恢復(fù)組動(dòng)物ABR反應(yīng)閾與正常組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明本實(shí)驗(yàn)所采用的慢性造模方法能夠引起實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物可逆性的聽(tīng)力損失。Hu等[11]運(yùn)用與本研究類似的方法(長(zhǎng)期腹腔注射水楊酸鈉,200 mg/kg,2次/天,間隔8小時(shí))建立動(dòng)物模型后,應(yīng)用聽(tīng)覺(jué)驚跳反射的間隔前沖動(dòng)抑制(gap pre-pulse inhibition of acoustic startle,GPIAS)法對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行耳鳴行為學(xué)檢測(cè),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性腹腔注射水楊酸鈉3、7和14天后的動(dòng)物有耳鳴行為學(xué)表現(xiàn)。
c-fos基因是一種快反應(yīng)基因,c-fos基因的表達(dá)可以反映中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能活動(dòng)的變化[12];在靜止細(xì)胞受到各種刺激時(shí)c-fos迅速表達(dá),已證實(shí)異常感覺(jué)刺激或神經(jīng)元的異常電活動(dòng)可以導(dǎo)致中樞相應(yīng)功能區(qū)c-fos基因表達(dá)增多,并認(rèn)為與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的功能可塑性有關(guān)[13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,長(zhǎng)期注射水揚(yáng)酸鈉的慢性組大鼠聽(tīng)皮層中c-fos的表達(dá)增加,結(jié)合類似造模方法的動(dòng)物行為學(xué)研究文獻(xiàn)[10,11],推測(cè)長(zhǎng)期大劑量注射水楊酸鈉能夠引起動(dòng)物聽(tīng)覺(jué)中樞神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)增強(qiáng),并出現(xiàn)類似耳鳴的表現(xiàn)。慢性恢復(fù)組中c-fos表達(dá)仍高于正常組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說(shuō)明長(zhǎng)期注射水楊酸鈉
導(dǎo)致的聽(tīng)力損失恢復(fù)后,聽(tīng)皮層有可能仍然處于興奮狀態(tài),從而表現(xiàn)出耳鳴的持續(xù)存在,此有待進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)是神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子家族中最重要的一員,酪氨酸受體激酶B(Trk B)是Trk受體的一種,BDNF與神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞膜特異性受體Trk B結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致受體二聚化和自身磷酸化,使受體具有生物活性,從而激發(fā)細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)瀑布,包括絲裂源活化蛋白激酶通路(MAPK)、磷酸肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)通路等,這些通路均在突觸活動(dòng)相關(guān)蛋白翻譯與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程中起著關(guān)鍵作用[14]。因此,BDNF-Trk信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路被認(rèn)為對(duì)神經(jīng)元的存活、生長(zhǎng)、形態(tài)和功能的可塑性等起著重要的作用。本研究結(jié)果顯示,慢性注射水楊酸鈉組Trk B mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)均高于正常組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說(shuō)明長(zhǎng)期注射水楊酸鈉后,聽(tīng)皮層中出現(xiàn)更多的Trk B受體,通過(guò)與BDNF結(jié)合,可能參與中樞重塑的過(guò)程。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大劑量注射水楊酸鈉后,聽(tīng)皮層中低頻特異性調(diào)諧區(qū)域的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞上移,而高頻特異性調(diào)諧區(qū)域的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞下移,從而導(dǎo)致聽(tīng)皮層中頻代表區(qū)域(10~20 k Hz)擴(kuò)大,表現(xiàn)出功能的重組,而這種重組與水楊酸鈉引起的可覺(jué)察耳鳴的頻率一致[15]。結(jié)合本研究結(jié)果,推測(cè)在給動(dòng)物慢性注射水楊酸鈉過(guò)程中,可能有更多的BDNF與神經(jīng)元軸突末梢Trk B結(jié)合并逆行運(yùn)輸至胞體,維持神經(jīng)元的生理功能及突觸傳遞,并促進(jìn)聽(tīng)皮層神經(jīng)元功能重塑,其具體機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步設(shè)計(jì)更加完善的實(shí)驗(yàn)加以驗(yàn)證。
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(2014-10-10收稿)
(本文編輯 雷培香)
Effects of Long Term Administration of Sodium Salicylate on the Expression of TrkB and c-fos in Rat Auditory Cortex
Li Jinxiu,Yang Kun,Wu Sha,Hua Qingquan
(The Department of Otolarygology Head and Neck Surgery,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Whuhan,430060,China)
Objective To study the expression of TrkB and c-fos in rat auditory cortex after long-term administration of sodium salicylate and the mechanisms of salicylate ototoxiclty.Methods Normal adult rats were divided into three groups:normal group without any treatment,long-term treatment group given i.m.injections,175 mg/kg,twice daily at 9:00 am and 6:00 pm for consecutive 14 days and the recovered group using the same method as the chronic group except that they were sacrificed 28 days after salicylate treatment ceased.After the detection of ABR,rats were sacrificed after deep anesthesia,and the auditory cortexes were dissected rapidly.Realtime PCR and Western-blot were explored to detect the expression of TrkB and c-fos.Results The average ABR threshold of normal rats was 36±2.23 dB SPL.The average ABR threshold of long-term group was 41.3±3.31 dB SPL,which was significantly increased than normal group(P<0.01).The average ABR threshold of the recovered
Sodium salicylate; Receptor tyrosine kinase pathway(TrkB); c-fos
10.3969/j.issn.1006-7299.2015.03.016
時(shí)間:2015-3-3 14:39
R764.5
A
1006-7299(2015)03-0276-04
* 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金(81100712)資助
1 武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科(武漢 430060)
李錦秀,女,湖北人,主治醫(yī)師,在職碩士,主要研究方向?yàn)槎茖W(xué)。
華清泉(Email:hqqrm@sina.com);楊琨(Email:bluee_kyoung@163.com)
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1391.R.20150303.1439.019.html
group was 38.6±5.51 dB SPL.There were no differences between the recovered group and normal group(P>0. 05).The expression of c-fos mRNA(1.24±0.09)and protein(0.70±0.12)in the long-term group were significantly increased,when compared with the normal group.The c-fos m RNA(1.23±0.04)and protein(0.68±0.08)expression in the recovered group were also significantly increased compared with the normal group.The expression of Trk B mRNA(1.26±0.10)and protein(1.85±0.17)in the long-term group were significantly increased,when compared with the normal group.The TrkB m RNA(1.23±0.07)and protein(1.80±0.08)expression in the recovered group were also significantly increased compared with the normal group.Conclusion The inereased expression of c-fos in the long-term group may be related to the enhancement of central auditory function.The inereased expression of Trk-B in the long-term group might be involved in instability of synaptic plasticity in tinnitus.