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經(jīng)皮椎體后凸成形術(shù)單側(cè)與雙側(cè)椎弓根入路治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折效果比較

2015-03-12 01:36高駿
中國醫(yī)藥導報 2015年2期

高駿

高 駿

浙江省金華市中醫(yī)院骨三科,浙江金華 321000

[摘要] 目的 比較經(jīng)皮椎體后凸成形術(shù)(PKP)單側(cè)與雙側(cè)椎弓根入路治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折的效果。 方法 選擇2010年1月~2014年5月于浙江省金華市中醫(yī)院住院并行手術(shù)治療的骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折患者68例。采用隨機數(shù)字表將其分為單側(cè)組(34例,41個椎體)和雙側(cè)組(34例,42個椎體),分別采用單側(cè)與雙側(cè)椎弓根入路進行PKP治療。觀察并比較兩組患者手術(shù)時間、出血量和骨水泥灌注量及術(shù)后椎體壓縮率、Cobb's角恢復情況、疼痛緩解情況及并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。 結(jié)果 單側(cè)組患者的手術(shù)時間、出血量和骨水泥灌注量[(46.64±9.71)min、(5.14±1.42)mL、(3.24±0.72)mL]均明顯少于雙側(cè)組[(64.27±12.71)min、(7.29±1.78)mL、(4.38±0.94)mL],差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=2.32、2.37、2.29,P < 0.05);術(shù)后1個月,兩組患者椎體壓縮率、Cobb's角和VAS評分[(22.84±4.43)%、(15.31±3.07)°、(2.72±0.49)分、(21.73±4.12)%、(14.87±2.95)°、(2.60±0.45)分]均較術(shù)前[(35.82±6.48)%、(24.26±5.17)°、(8.16±1.37)分、(36.07±7.05)%、(23.92±4.97)°、(7.92±4.97)分]明顯改善,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=2.31、2.34、4.07、2.41、2.37、4.15,P < 0.05或P < 0.01),且兩組患者改善幅度比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05);兩組患者術(shù)中均未發(fā)生神經(jīng)及脊髓損傷,單側(cè)組和雙側(cè)組術(shù)后發(fā)生骨水泥滲漏5例和3例,兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=0.14,P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 單側(cè)與雙側(cè)椎弓根入路PKP均是治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折安全有效的微創(chuàng)方法,兩者在緩解腰背部疼痛、恢復椎體高度及Cobb's角上的療效相當,前者的手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、手術(shù)時間短、出血量少和骨水泥灌注量相對較少,不增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 經(jīng)皮椎體后凸成形術(shù);骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折;單側(cè)椎弓根;雙側(cè)椎弓根

[中圖分類號] R683.2 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2015)01(b)-0042-04

[Abstract] Objective To compare the curative effect of uni-extrapedicular approach and bipedicular approach of vertebroplasty by percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) on osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Methods 68 cases of patients with OVCFs, who were given the operational medical treatment in Jinhua Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Zhejiang Province, during the period from January 2010 to May 2014, were selected, and divided into uni-extrapedicular group (34 cases, 41 vertebrae) and bipedicula group (34 cases, 42 vertebrae) by table of random number, and were given uni-extrapedicular approach and bipedicular approach of vertebroplasty by PKP respectively. The operation time, amount of bleeding, bone cement perfusion amount, postoperative vertebral compression rate, Cobb's angle recovery, pain relief condition and complication occurrence rate of patients in two groups were observed and compared as well. Results The operation time, amount of bleeding and bone cement perfusion amount of patients in uni-extrapedicular group [(46.64±9.71) min, (5.14±1.42) mL, (3.24±0.72) mL] were much shorter or less than those in bipedicula group [(64.27±12.71) min, (7.29±1.78) mL, (4.38±0.94) mL], the differences were statistically significant (t=2.32, 2.37, 2.29,P < 0.05). The vertebral compression rate, Cobb's angle recovery and VAS one month after operation [(22.84±4.43)%, (15.31±3.07)°, (2.72±0.49) score, (21.73±4.12)%、(14.87±2.95)°, (2.60±0.45) score] were greatly improved than before operation [(35.82±6.48)%, (24.26±5.17)°, (8.16±1.37) score, (36.07±7.05)%, (23.92±4.97)°, (7.92±4.97) score], the differences were statistically significant (t=2.31, 2.34, 4.07, 2.41, 2.37, 4.15, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and after comparing the improvement rates of patients in the two groups, there was no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). No nerve and spinal cord injury were appeared on patients in the two groups during the operation, while 5 cases and 3 cases of leakage of bone cement were appeared in uni-extrapedicular group and bipedicula group respectively after the operation. Comparing the complication occurrence rates of patients in the two groups after operation, there was no statistically significant differences (χ2=0.14, P > 0.05). Conclusion Both uni-extrapedicular approach and bipedicular approach of vertebroplasty by PKP are the safe and effective minimally invasive methods to treat OVCFs, which has the equivalent curative effect on the relief of back pain, and recovery of vertebral height and Cobb's angel, and compared with the latter, the former has smaller operation damage, shorter operation time, less amount of bleeding, less amount of bone cement perfusion and no increase of complication occurrence rate after operation.

[Key words] Percutaneous kyphoplasty; Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures; Uni-Extrapedicular approach of vertebroplasty; Bipedicular approach of vertebroplasty

椎體壓縮骨折是常見的脊柱損傷之一,是骨質(zhì)疏松癥最常見的并發(fā)癥,好發(fā)于中老年患者[1]。經(jīng)皮椎體后凸成形術(shù)(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)是目前治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折最常用的術(shù)式,能明顯緩解患者的疼痛,而且能恢復椎體高度和緩解后凸畸形,在臨床上已廣泛應用[2-3]。但對PKP是單側(cè)還是雙側(cè)椎弓根入路治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折目前臨床上尚存爭議[4-5]。近年來浙江省金華市中醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)采用單側(cè)PKP手術(shù)治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折,效果滿意,現(xiàn)報道如下:

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選擇2010年1月~2014年5月于我院住院并行手術(shù)治療的骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折患者68例。納入標準:①通過X線、CT、磁共振(MR)和骨密度儀等檢查確診為新鮮或或亞急性期骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折;②伴明顯腰背部疼痛癥狀,有手術(shù)指征。排除標準:①脊柱原發(fā)性或轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤引起的骨折;②伴脊髓或神經(jīng)功能受損;③患者具有基礎(chǔ)疾病,估計無法耐受手術(shù)。采用隨機數(shù)字表將其分為單側(cè)組(34例,41個椎體)和雙側(cè)組(34例,42個椎體),分別采用單側(cè)與雙側(cè)椎弓根入路進行治療。兩組患者的性別、年齡、病程等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究經(jīng)我院倫理委員會批準,入組前均征得所有患者知情同意。

1.2 手術(shù)方法

兩組患者常規(guī)術(shù)前準備,取俯臥位,術(shù)前C臂機透視確定傷椎位置,選擇局部浸潤麻醉。單側(cè)組[6]:采用單側(cè)椎弓根入路,在C臂機透視下由后上向前下穿剌,將14G穿刺針于一側(cè)椎弓根外上緣鉆入,至針尖達到椎體前中1/3處退出針芯,依次置入擴張?zhí)坠堋⒐ぷ魈坠?,透視下使用精細鉆擴孔,置入球囊并擴張使骨折復位,使用壓力注射器將調(diào)制好的骨水泥注入椎體內(nèi),當骨水泥達椎體后壁時停止注射,待骨水泥硬化后拔除穿刺針,拔出套管, 縫合切口。雙側(cè)組[7]:采用雙側(cè)椎弓根入路,穿剌方法同單側(cè),先行一側(cè)椎弓根穿剌后行球囊擴張后同法處理另一側(cè),均在透視下雙側(cè)同時將骨水泥推注入椎體。術(shù)后臥床24 h,第2天可佩戴腰圍下床活動。觀察并比較兩組患者手術(shù)時間、出血量和骨水泥灌注量及術(shù)后椎體壓縮率、Cobb's角、視覺模擬評分(VAS)及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。

1.3 觀察指標

1.3.1 椎體壓縮率和Cobb's角測量[8] 椎體壓縮率:采用側(cè)位X線片測量椎體壓縮部位高度及相應部位上位椎體高度,計算椎體壓縮率。椎體壓縮率=[1-壓縮椎體壓縮部位高度/相應部位上位椎體高度]×100%。Cobb's角:采用測量側(cè)位X線片上壓縮椎體上終板與下終板的垂線夾角。

1.3.2 疼痛評分[9] 采用VAS評分,分值介于0~10分,其中,0分為無痛,10分為劇烈疼痛。

1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法

采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者手術(shù)時間、出血量和骨水泥灌注量的比較

單側(cè)組患者的手術(shù)時間、出血量和骨水泥灌注量均明顯少于雙側(cè)組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。

2.2 兩組患者手術(shù)前后椎體壓縮率、Cobb's角和VAS評分比較

2.3 兩組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較

兩組患者術(shù)中均未發(fā)生神經(jīng)及脊髓損傷,單側(cè)組和雙側(cè)組術(shù)后發(fā)生骨水泥滲漏5例(14.71%)和3例(8.82%),均為少量,未給予特殊處理,兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=0.14,P > 0.05)。

3 討論

隨著老年人口的增長和人均壽命的延長,骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)病率呈明顯的上升趨勢。椎體壓縮性骨折是骨質(zhì)疏松最常見及最嚴重的并發(fā)癥之一,既往多采取臥床休息進行保守治療,但約1/3患者會出現(xiàn)劇烈腰背部疼痛、脊柱畸形和活動障礙等癥狀,往往需手術(shù)治療[10-11]。傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)治療創(chuàng)傷大,脊柱需長節(jié)段內(nèi)固定,常由于患者骨質(zhì)疏松,易出現(xiàn)固定不牢,患者往往難以耐受。PKP的出現(xiàn),為這類患者提供了一種更為有效的微創(chuàng)治療方法,已成為目前治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折最常用的術(shù)式[12-13]。PKP通過對后凸的椎體進行球囊擴張和灌注骨水泥,能快速有效地緩解疼痛和穩(wěn)定脊柱,可以使椎體壓縮骨折部分恢復,減輕其腰背部后凸畸形,已廣泛應用于椎體溶骨性惡性腫瘤和骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折等所致的疼痛[14-15]。如何利用現(xiàn)有PKP技術(shù)治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折獲得更好的效果及安全性,已成為國內(nèi)外學者反復思考的問題[16-17]。

采用雙側(cè)椎弓根入路PKP治療是PKP經(jīng)典的操作方法,而近年來不少學者提出單側(cè)椎弓根入路PKP也能達到雙側(cè)椎弓根入路PKP相同的臨床效果[18-19]。其理論依據(jù)是PKP治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折的止痛作用在于傷椎體經(jīng)骨水泥強化后椎體穩(wěn)定性恢復,椎體強度和剛度恢復是疼痛緩解的決定因素,而與手術(shù)的穿刺入路和骨水泥灌注量無明顯的相關(guān)性[20-21]。常規(guī)PKP手術(shù)采用雙側(cè)穿刺雙球囊擴張,可保證骨水泥對稱分布,避免術(shù)后出現(xiàn)傷椎兩側(cè)不對稱,但存在手術(shù)時間較長、術(shù)者和患者長時間接觸X線、球囊使用次數(shù)有限、患者經(jīng)濟負擔較重等缺點[22-24]。

Steinmann等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),單側(cè)椎弓根入路PKP與雙側(cè)椎弓根入路手術(shù)效果及力學性能無顯著差異,這為單側(cè)穿刺治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折提供了相關(guān)生物力學的理論依據(jù)。楊建平等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),單球囊單雙側(cè)擴張PKP治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折均能有效緩解疼痛,在恢復傷椎高度和糾正脊柱畸形方面的療效基本相當,并發(fā)癥少。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),單側(cè)組患者的手術(shù)時間、出血量和骨水泥灌注量均明顯少于雙側(cè)組;術(shù)后1個月,兩組患者椎體壓縮率、Cobb's角和VAS評分改善幅度及并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。表明單側(cè)與雙側(cè)椎弓根入路PKP均是治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折安全有效的微創(chuàng)方法,兩者在緩解腰背部疼痛、恢復椎體高度及Cobb's角上的療效相當,前者的手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、手術(shù)時間短、出血量少和骨水泥灌注量相對較少,不增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。

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(收稿日期:2014-10-15 本文編輯:程 銘)

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