王春林, 胡乃琴, 陳 弘
(江蘇省蘇北人民醫(yī)院 麻醉科, 江蘇 揚(yáng)州, 225001)
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丙泊酚-芬太尼-維庫溴銨麻醉誘導(dǎo)插管期間熵指數(shù)、雙頻指數(shù)和血流動力學(xué)的變化
王春林, 胡乃琴, 陳弘
(江蘇省蘇北人民醫(yī)院 麻醉科, 江蘇 揚(yáng)州, 225001)
摘要:目的探討丙泊酚-芬太尼-維庫溴銨麻醉誘導(dǎo)期間熵指數(shù)(RE、SE)、雙頻指數(shù)(BIS)和血流動力學(xué)的變化。方法選擇ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級擇期行腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)患者20例。麻醉誘導(dǎo):丙泊酚1.5~2 mg/kg、芬太尼3~4 μg/kg和維庫溴銨0.1~0.15 mg/kg,當(dāng)BIS<60、四個成串刺激(TOF)計數(shù)以及TOF%均為0時,行氣管插管。觀察麻醉誘導(dǎo)前即基礎(chǔ)值(T1)、病人對指令性反應(yīng)消失(T2)、氣管插管即刻(T3)、插管后1 min(T4)、3 min (T5)和5 min(T6)共6個時點RE、SE、△RE-SE、BIS、平均動脈壓(MAP)和心率(HR)的變化。結(jié)果插管后MAP 顯著高于插管時(P<0.01), 但顯著低于基礎(chǔ)值(P<0.01); 插管前后HR無顯著變化(P>0.05)。RE、SE、△RE-SE和BIS在插管前后差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。結(jié)論丙泊酚-芬太尼-維庫溴銨麻醉誘導(dǎo)能減輕氣管插管時的心血管反應(yīng)。在此麻醉誘導(dǎo)方式下, BIS, RE和SE無明顯變化,患者對氣管插管過程無知曉。
關(guān)鍵詞:熵指數(shù); 雙頻指數(shù); 丙泊酚; 芬太尼; 維庫溴銨; 氣管插管
氣管插管是麻醉誘導(dǎo)過程中最強(qiáng)烈的傷害性刺激,它不僅可引起血流動力學(xué)變化,而且可導(dǎo)致麻醉深度改變,引起病人的喚醒反應(yīng)[1], 甚至發(fā)生術(shù)中知曉[2]。腦電雙頻指數(shù)(BIS)已被用于氣管插管時麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜深度的監(jiān)測,氣管插管對BIS影響研究較多,但報道[3-7]不一致。熵指數(shù)[8]是近年來用于監(jiān)測麻醉深度的新指標(biāo),它包括狀態(tài)熵(SE) 和反應(yīng)熵(RE)兩個參數(shù),目前關(guān)于氣管插管對熵指數(shù)的影響報道較少。本研究主要觀察丙泊酚-芬太尼-維庫溴銨麻醉誘導(dǎo)期間,氣管插管對熵指數(shù)、BIS以及血流動力學(xué)的影響。
1資料與方法
選擇ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級在全麻下?lián)衿谛懈骨荤R膽囊切除術(shù)患者20例,男11例,女9例,年齡25~60歲,體質(zhì)量41~78 kg。排除患有心血管疾病、聽力障礙、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病以及困難氣道的患者。本研究經(jīng)蘇北人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),所有患者均簽署知情同意書。
所有患者入手術(shù)室后使用多功能監(jiān)測儀(S/5,Datex-Ohmeda,芬蘭)監(jiān)測心電圖、血壓、脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)、呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(PETCO2); 熵指數(shù)和BIS分別通過熵模塊和BIS模塊(S/5 M-Entropy、M-BIS,Datex-Ohmeda,芬蘭)測定。肌松監(jiān)測通過肌松模塊(S/5 M-NMT,Datex-Ohmeda,芬蘭)測定四個成串刺激(TOF)。熵指數(shù)電極(Datex Ohmeda Division,Instrumentariam Corp.Helsinki,F(xiàn)inland)和BIS電極(Aspect Medical Systems,Newton,MA)分別置于病人前額正中,兩側(cè)眉弓上方、外眼角處,熵指數(shù)電極在下,BIS電極在上[9]。
患者入室后開放上肢靜脈,輸入復(fù)方氯化鈉溶液,誘導(dǎo)期輸注速度為10~15 mL/(kg·h)。麻醉誘導(dǎo):丙泊酚1.5~2 mg/kg,待患者對指令性反應(yīng)消失 (警覺/鎮(zhèn)靜評分1~2分) 后給予芬太尼3~4 μg/kg,維庫溴銨0.1~0.15 mg/kg,當(dāng)TOF計數(shù)以及TOF%均為0、BIS<60時,行氣管插管,氣管插管要求一次成功,插管時間不超過30 s。插管后行機(jī)械通氣,呼吸頻率為12次/min,維持PETCO235~40 mmHg。誘導(dǎo)期間如患者出現(xiàn)低血壓或心動過緩需要使用麻黃堿、去氧腎上腺素或阿托品處理者退出本研究。
記錄麻醉誘導(dǎo)前即基礎(chǔ)值(T1)、病人對指令性反應(yīng)消失(T2)、氣管插管即刻(T3)、插管后1 min(T4)、3 min (T5)和5 min(T6)共6個時點平均動脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)、RE、SE、△RE-SE(RE與SE之差)和BIS的數(shù)值。術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)隨訪,詢問患者對氣管插管過程有無知曉。
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,不同時點比較采用配對t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
血流動力學(xué)參數(shù)及熵指數(shù)和BIS的變化:與T1時比較, T2~T6時MAP顯著下降(P<0.01); 與T3時比較,T4~T6時MAP顯著升高(P<0.01)。與T1時比較, T3~T6時HR減慢(P<0.01或P<0.05); 與T3時比較,T4~T6時HR無顯著變化(P>0.05)。與T1時比較, T2~T6時患者RE、SE、△RE-SE和BIS均顯著下降(P<0.01); 與T3時比較,T4~T6時RE、SE、△RE-SE和BIS均無顯著變化(P>0.05)。見表1。術(shù)后隨訪,所有患者對氣管插管過程均無知曉。
表1 各時點MAP、HR、RE、SE、△RE-SE和BIS的變化
與T1時比較, *P<0.05, **P<0.01; 與T3時比較,△P<0.05, △△P<0.01。
3討論
氣管插管引起心血管反應(yīng)的機(jī)制可能是由于喉鏡和氣管導(dǎo)管刺激咽喉和氣管內(nèi)感受器,激活交感-腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)所致。臨床上常用丙泊酚和芬太尼誘導(dǎo)來抑制氣管插管對血流動力學(xué)的影響[3,10]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,麻醉誘導(dǎo)后由于丙泊酚和/或芬太尼的作用導(dǎo)致MAP和HR的顯著下降,氣管插管后MAP比插管時顯著升高,但仍顯著低于基礎(chǔ)值,這些變化均在臨床可接受的范圍以內(nèi);氣管插管后的HR與插管時相比無顯著變化。說明常用劑量丙泊酚-芬太尼-維庫溴銨麻醉誘導(dǎo)能夠減輕氣管插管引起的血流動力學(xué)的改變,與文獻(xiàn)報道一致[10]。
盡管氣管插管引起的神經(jīng)反射主要發(fā)生在皮層下水平,好像與大腦皮層活性無關(guān),但外周傷害性刺激到達(dá)大腦是通過腦干的上行網(wǎng)狀激活系統(tǒng),導(dǎo)致腦電圖(EEG)激活[3],引起病人的喚醒反應(yīng),甚至發(fā)生插管過程的知曉,這往往被人們所忽視。氣管插管對腦電參數(shù)的影響,由于麻醉誘導(dǎo)所用藥物種類、劑量、觀察的時點、指標(biāo)不同,結(jié)果也不盡相同[1, 4-7, 11-13]。
Messner等[14]已經(jīng)證實肌電的活動能夠影響EEG和BIS。EEG和EMG的信號范圍分別是0.5~30 Hz和30~300 Hz, 而BIS處理的信號低于47 Hz,有部分的重疊,傷害性刺激激活EMG, EMG活動可能被BIS運算法則誤認(rèn)為是EEG活動,引起B(yǎng)IS升高的假象,此種情況下使用NMBD將減少假象,使得BIS降低。熵指數(shù)中SE反映皮層EEG的活性,頻率范圍為0.8~32 Hz,RE是反映皮層EEG和額肌電圖(fEMG)的活性,頻率范圍是0.8~47 Hz, 故△RE-SE主要反映的是fEMG的活性[8]。在丙泊酚-笑氣麻醉時,未使用NMBD行氣管插管,RE、SE和△RE-SE均升高[11]。丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼麻醉未使用NMBD時,氣管插管也引起RE和SE的升高[13]。應(yīng)用NMBD能減輕置入喉鏡引起的RE和△RE-SE增加[5], 而且呈劑量依賴性抑制氣管插管導(dǎo)致熵指數(shù)的升高[15]。NMBD對麻醉深度監(jiān)測的影響很可能與麻醉水平有關(guān),也許在深的麻醉水平不明顯,因為此時中樞傳入和肌電活性被麻醉劑所抑制[5]。
阿片類藥物可以通過降低對傷害性刺激的反應(yīng),從而影響B(tài)IS和熵指數(shù)。Guignard等[1]報道在丙泊酚持續(xù)靶控輸注時,阿片類藥物削弱了氣管插管時BIS增加的程度。Kawaguchi等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在丙泊酚-羅庫溴銨麻醉誘導(dǎo)時,未用雷米芬太尼組氣管插管后RE和△RE-SE顯著升高,而雷米芬太尼組能抑制氣管插管后RE和△RE-SE的升高。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)RE、SE、△RE-SE和BIS在氣管插管后均無明顯升高,與Sugiura[6]和Gao等[7]的研究結(jié)果一致。這可能與使用神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯藥(NMBD)和阿片類藥物有關(guān)。
綜上所述,常用劑量丙泊酚-芬太尼-維庫溴銨麻醉誘導(dǎo)能夠減輕氣管插管引起的血流動力學(xué)的改變。此麻醉誘導(dǎo)方式下,患者對氣管插管過程無知曉,插管后熵指數(shù)和BIS均無顯著變化。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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Changes of entropy, bispectral index and hemodynamics in tracheal intubation period of anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl and vecuronium
WANG Chunlin, HU Naiqin, CHEN Hong
(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,SubeiPeople′sHospital,Yangzhou,Jiangsu, 225001)
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of entropy, bispectral index and hemodynamics in tracheal intubation period of anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl and vecuronium.MethodsTwenty ASAⅠ~Ⅱpatients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled in this study. After simultaneous application of both the entropy and BIS electrode systems, anesthesia was induced with propofol 1.5~2 mg/kg, fentanyl 3~4 μg/kg and vecuronium 0.1~0.15 mg/kg.Endotracheal intubation was performed when the BIS<60 and the train of four stimulation(TOF)=0.The RE, SE, △RE-SE (the difference between RE and SE), BIS, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the heart rate (HR) were monitored and recorded respectively at the time points of pre-induction (baseline) (T1), loss of responses to command (T2), tracheal intubation (T3), and 1, 3, 5 minutes after intubation (T4, T5, T6).ResultsCompared with tracheal intubation value, MAP increased significantly after intubation (P<0.01), but significantly decreased when compared with baseline (P<0.01).HR decreased significantly after induction, but there were no significant changes during intubation.RE, SE, △RE-SE and BIS decreased significantly after induction, and there were no significant differences during intubation.ConclusionThe anesthesia induction with propofol, fentanyl and rocuronium can reduce cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation.In this way of anesthesia induction, BIS, RE and SE have no significant changes, and the patients have no awareness of tracheal intubation.
KEYWORDS:entropy; BIS; propofol; fentanyl; vecuronium; tracheal intubation
通信作者:陳弘
收稿日期:2015-05-16
中圖分類號:R 614
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1672-2353(2015)24-042-04
DOI:10.7619/jcmp.201524013