余逸超,張 健(綜述),龍明智(審校)
(1.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心臟科,南京 210011; 2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院心臟科,南京 210029)
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依折麥布及其聯(lián)合治療的研究進(jìn)展
余逸超1△,張健2(綜述),龍明智1※(審校)
(1.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心臟科,南京 210011; 2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院心臟科,南京 210029)
摘要:依折麥布作為小腸膽固醇吸收抑制劑,在降低總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、三酰甘油及載脂蛋白B的同時(shí),可提升高密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平;此外,依折麥布尚有抗炎、抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等作用,可進(jìn)一步降低心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn);且依折麥布在具有較高安全性的同時(shí),不升高血清前蛋白轉(zhuǎn)化酶枯草溶菌素9的水平,故而不影響血清低密度脂蛋白膽固醇的代謝。該文就依折麥布的作用機(jī)制、單用及與他汀聯(lián)合用藥的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:依折麥布;藥理學(xué)機(jī)制;藥理作用;安全性
國家膽固醇教育計(jì)劃成人治療小組Ⅲ方針已推薦將有高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的心血管患者的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)降至1.82 mmol/L以下[1]。然而有試驗(yàn)表明,在單用他汀治療的患者中,僅有2/3的患者有心血管高危因素,其LDL-C可降至2.6 mmol/L 以下,并且僅不到1/3 的患者LDL-C可降至目標(biāo)值1.82 mmol/L以下[2]。有薈萃分析顯示,諸如貝特類、煙酸類、依折麥布等非他汀治療,也可在降低LDL-C的同時(shí),減少冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心病)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。這些結(jié)果顯示,在他汀治療基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)用其他降脂藥可更進(jìn)一步降低LDL-C水平。而他汀類與貝特類、他汀類與煙酸類聯(lián)用均未得到廣泛應(yīng)用,是因?yàn)闈撛诘募〔?、肝毒性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或患者的低耐受性。依折麥布因其特殊代謝途徑而具有較高的安全性和耐受性,成為當(dāng)前與他汀類聯(lián)合治療策略的理想選擇?,F(xiàn)就依折麥布及其聯(lián)合治療的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
1藥理學(xué)機(jī)制
1.1依折麥布的作用途徑依折麥布對(duì)膽固醇吸收的選擇性抑制靶點(diǎn)為空腸刷狀緣Ni-emann-Pick C1樣蛋白(NPC1L1)[4]。藥物代謝實(shí)驗(yàn)幾乎未發(fā)現(xiàn)依折麥布經(jīng)細(xì)胞色素P450途徑代謝,故極少干預(yù)其他藥物代謝[5]。
1.2依折麥布與他汀聯(lián)合治療的優(yōu)勢他汀類藥物可顯著降低LDL-C水平,通過劑量依賴方式最高使其下降60%[6]。然而,他汀類藥物阻止肝膽固醇合成的同時(shí),亦可代償性增加肝LDL-C受體水平,增加血漿LDL-C吸收入肝,增加腸道對(duì)膽固醇的吸收。在動(dòng)物模型中,依折麥布單一治療組3-羥基-3-甲基戊二酰輔酶A還原酶表達(dá)呈代償性增加趨勢[7]。因此,依折麥布與他汀聯(lián)合治療高脂血癥將起到協(xié)同調(diào)脂作用[8]。
2依折麥布的藥理作用
2.1依折麥布與腸道內(nèi)膽固醇的吸收依折麥布可通過抑制NPC1L1蛋白來減少膽固醇的吸收,NPC1L1蛋白能促進(jìn)腸膽固醇的吸收,它的缺乏可導(dǎo)致膽固醇吸收減少約70%[9]。Stitziel等[10]根據(jù)基因測序,發(fā)現(xiàn)了15種使NPC1L1蛋白功能缺失的基因突變,這些基因突變攜帶者血清中LDL-C的水平明顯低于非基因突變攜帶者血清中的LDL-C水平。目前認(rèn)為,NPC1L1蛋白是依折麥布的主要作用靶點(diǎn),高密度脂蛋白受體與CD36可能是依折麥布的潛在作用位點(diǎn)[11]。依折麥布在胰島素抵抗的個(gè)體中,其減少膽固醇吸收的效果還不是特別清楚。然而,研究顯示,對(duì)一種有代謝綜合征和胰島素抵抗的大鼠(JCR:LA大鼠)用依折麥布治療8周,無論是單用還是和他汀類聯(lián)用,與未經(jīng)治療的JCR:LA大鼠相比,膽固醇吸收明顯減少[12]。
2.2依折麥布與膽固醇的積累Mangat等[12]用熒光動(dòng)脈灌注研究發(fā)現(xiàn),JCR:LA-cp大鼠與體型較瘦的無胰島素抵抗大鼠相比,動(dòng)脈壁更易形成脂蛋白(伴隨大量膽固醇)的積聚;且依折麥布治療組的JCR:LA-cp大鼠,相比未經(jīng)依折麥布治療組,頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)脂蛋白(伴隨大量膽固醇)有明顯減少,而且與單用依折麥布組相比,依折麥布聯(lián)合他汀類治療組對(duì)抗動(dòng)脈壁膽固醇的沉積作用更強(qiáng)[13]。以上發(fā)現(xiàn)均證實(shí),依折麥布能夠減少動(dòng)脈壁膽固醇的沉積,同時(shí)也表明依折麥布聯(lián)合他汀類藥物治療可更有效降低動(dòng)脈壁膽固醇水平。此外,VYCTOR 試驗(yàn)也有類似結(jié)果,依折麥布聯(lián)合他汀類藥物治療,其頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜厚度明顯減少[14]。
2.3依折麥布與血小板聚集盡管過去很多試驗(yàn)表明依折麥布可減少血小板聚集[15],但最近Camargo等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),依折麥布聯(lián)合辛伐他汀并沒有在阿司匹林或氯吡格雷的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步減少血小板聚集;該試驗(yàn)將冠心病的對(duì)象隨機(jī)分為4組接受1周的治療并加以評(píng)估,組1:阿司匹林100 mg/d;組2:阿司匹林100 mg/d+辛伐他汀40 mg/d+依折麥布10 mg/d;組3:氯吡格雷75 mg/d(首劑量負(fù)荷300 mg)+辛伐他汀40 mg/d+依折麥布10 mg/d;組4:氯吡格雷75 mg/d;結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),總膽固醇、LDL-C、三酰甘油水平在組2及組3中均<組1及組4(P<0.05);在經(jīng)過阿司匹林(花生四烯酸:組1<組3及組4,P=0.034)或氯吡格雷(腺苷:組3及組4<組1及組2,P<0.0001)治療后,血小板聚集均減弱;而辛伐他汀40 mg/d 加依折麥布10 mg/d并沒有改變血小板聚集情況。該研究推測,辛伐他汀加依折麥布的聯(lián)合療法減少心血管事件可能與其降脂及改善內(nèi)皮功能有關(guān)。
2.4依折麥布與抗炎Tobaru等[17]選擇了單用他汀治療未達(dá)標(biāo)的冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病患者,加用依折麥布10 mg治療12周, 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),加用依折麥布后,12周時(shí)水平與初始水平對(duì)比,總膽固醇[(4.5±0.9)mmol/L比(5.2±0.8) mmol/L,P<0.001],LDL-C[(0.14±0.8)mmol/L比(0.17±0.09) mmol/L,P<0.05],脂蛋白殘粒膽固醇[(0.14±0.8) mmol/L比 (0.17±0.09) mmol/L,P<0.05]均呈顯著下降;此外,LDL-C/高密度脂蛋白水平比值亦有明顯下降[(0.05±0.02) mmol/L比(0.06±0.02) mmol/L,P<0.001];LDL-C達(dá)標(biāo)患者的所占比重也明顯增加(65.4%比0%,P<0.001),但是高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白在治療前后并未有明顯變化;另一炎性標(biāo)志物——腫瘤壞死因子表達(dá)水平在治療后著顯下降[(0.96±0.24) ng/L比(1.36±1.06) ng/L,P<0.05]。該研究提示,他汀聯(lián)用依折麥布者LDL達(dá)標(biāo)人數(shù)顯著增加,腫瘤壞死因子表達(dá)水平顯著下降。Moutzouri等[18]選擇了153例高脂血癥患者,隨機(jī)分配到3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組,分別給予辛伐他汀40 mg/d、辛伐他汀10 mg/d 聯(lián)合依折麥布10 mg/d、瑞舒伐他汀10 mg/d,治療12周;并分別測定在治療開始前和治療12周后患者體內(nèi)的8異構(gòu)前列腺素F2α水平;結(jié)果治療后與治療前相比,3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組中8異構(gòu)前列腺素F2α水平均顯著下降(分別下降了10%、8%和6%,P<0.05),而下降程度在3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組中的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這一研究結(jié)果表明,依折麥布10 mg/d聯(lián)合辛伐他汀10 mg/d,和辛伐他汀40 mg/d及瑞舒伐他汀10 mg/d一樣,也可降低炎性標(biāo)志物8異構(gòu)前列腺素F2α的水平。此外,最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),給予非酒精性脂肪肝患者服用依折麥布10 mg/d,治療6個(gè)月,結(jié)果顯示,依折麥布可有效改善非酒精性脂肪肝患者的肝纖維化[19]。這一結(jié)果也鼓舞了更多學(xué)者進(jìn)一步研究依折麥布的其他藥理學(xué)作用。
3安全性
無論應(yīng)用依折麥布單一治療,或與他汀類調(diào)脂藥物聯(lián)合降脂治療,均具有較高安全性[20-21]。當(dāng)依折麥布單一治療時(shí),可能導(dǎo)致丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶或天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高,升高的程度一般為轉(zhuǎn)氨酶正常值上限的3倍以內(nèi),且與安慰劑對(duì)照組比較,這一影響差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[20]。而且,依折麥布和他汀類聯(lián)合降脂治療所導(dǎo)致的肝酶升高,與他汀類單獨(dú)降脂治療時(shí)所致肝酶升高相比,其差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[21]。Morrone等[22]薈萃分析了由14471個(gè)對(duì)象構(gòu)成的18個(gè)他汀/依折麥布+他汀/安慰劑的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示,肝酶升高的發(fā)生率在兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。致命性肝衰竭,無論單用依折麥布或是依折麥布聯(lián)合其他降脂藥物治療均罕見,僅有個(gè)別病例報(bào)道[23-25]。伴或不伴肌炎的肌痛以及肌酸激酶的升高在他汀治療中相對(duì)常見[26]。然而在他汀治療的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合使用依折麥布,與單用他汀治療相比,并不會(huì)增加肌酸激酶升高的發(fā)生率;一組含7個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)薈萃分析顯示,單用依折麥布治療或者是依折麥布聯(lián)合他汀治療,與安慰劑或是單用他汀療法作對(duì)照,并不增加發(fā)生肌炎風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[27]。近來流行病學(xué)調(diào)查引發(fā)了大眾對(duì)于低總血漿膽固醇水平可能增加腫瘤發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的擔(dān)憂[28]。SEAS研究提示了他汀和依折麥布聯(lián)合治療導(dǎo)致低膽固醇血癥,進(jìn)而引發(fā)腫瘤的可能[29]。然而,更大規(guī)模關(guān)于依折麥布聯(lián)合他汀治療的試驗(yàn)——SHARP試驗(yàn)并不支持這一結(jié)論,該試驗(yàn)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),他汀聯(lián)合依折麥布與單用他汀比較,其腫瘤發(fā)生的差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[30]。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn),血清前蛋白轉(zhuǎn)化酶枯草溶菌素9(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)可影響血清LDL的代謝從而使血清LDL升高,因此目前也有不少研究著力于那些廣泛應(yīng)用的降脂藥對(duì)血清PCSK9的影響。2013年,Berthold等[31]在72例健康受試者身上進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)單中心、隨機(jī)的開放試驗(yàn),設(shè)立了辛伐他汀組、依折麥布組及辛伐他汀與依折麥布聯(lián)用組,進(jìn)行了為期14 d的試驗(yàn);研究發(fā)現(xiàn),他汀類顯著增加了PCSK9 的水平,依折麥布則并沒有增加PCSK9的水平,并且與他汀類治療組相比,聯(lián)合治療組PCSK9升高的水平也沒有顯著增加。這一試驗(yàn)表明,依折麥布在降低血脂的同時(shí),并未升高血清PCSK9的水平。
4小結(jié)
越來越多的證據(jù)表明,依折麥布與他汀類藥物聯(lián)用可有效延緩動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)程,減少心血管不良事件的發(fā)生。此外,依折麥布尚有諸如抗炎、抗纖維化等其他作用,已被越來越多的臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)。依折麥布與他汀聯(lián)用增加腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也已被大規(guī)模臨床試驗(yàn)所否定,并且相比于他汀類,依折麥布在降脂的同時(shí),并不增加血清PCSK9的水平。有關(guān)依折麥布的作用機(jī)制及臨床循證證據(jù),還有待于更大規(guī)模的臨床試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
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Research Progress of Ezetimibe and Its Combination with Statins
YUYi-chao1,ZHANGJian2,LONGMing-zhi1.
(1.DepartmentofCardiology,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofNanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing210011,China; 2.DepartmentofCardiology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofNanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing210029,China)
Abstract:Ezetimibe,a recognized intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitor,can reduce the levels of total cholesterol,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein chdesterol and apolipoprotein B,while enhancing the high-density lipoprotein chdesterol level.In addition,ezetimibe has been reported to play a role in prevention from inflammation,atherosclerosis,which further reduces the risks of cardiovascular events.Besides the high safety,ezetimibe does not increase the serum level of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,which doesn′t influence the metabolism of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Here is to make a review of the research progress in the functioning mechanisms,single application and combined application with statins of ezetimibe.
Key words:Ezetimibe; Pharmacological mechanism; Pharmacological effect; Safety
收稿日期:2014-10-11修回日期:2014-12-07編輯:鄭雪
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.08.035
中圖分類號(hào):R435.9
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1006-2084(2015)08-1435-03