靳 皓(綜述),陳 萍(審校)
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院麻醉科,重慶 400016)
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內(nèi)鏡學(xué)
視頻喉鏡氣管插管的臨床應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展
靳皓△(綜述),陳萍※(審校)
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院麻醉科,重慶 400016)
摘要:視頻喉鏡可提供更佳的聲門視野,并可將插管過程呈像于顯示屏上,增加團(tuán)隊(duì)成員間的協(xié)作,所需的插管條件更易于實(shí)現(xiàn),獲得更高的困難插管成功率,更短的學(xué)習(xí)曲線,正逐漸成為一線插管用具,在手術(shù)室、急診科、重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房得到廣泛的使用,但尚存在一定的不足與缺陷。目前已有多種類型的視頻喉鏡可供選用,適用于不同類型的困難氣道。
關(guān)鍵詞:視頻喉鏡;直接喉鏡;手術(shù)室
氣道管理的并發(fā)癥并不常發(fā)生,卻最容易危及患者生命[1]。盡管從1995年至今研發(fā)出了種類繁多的輔助插管技術(shù),使得氣管插管更加簡捷,然而插管困難仍然是麻醉期間嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的最主要因素,困難氣道的問題仍然非常嚴(yán)峻[2-3]。與直接喉鏡相比,視頻喉鏡可提供更佳的聲門視野,且對于麻醉醫(yī)師或非專業(yè)人員均簡便易學(xué),因此近年得以迅速普及,未來視頻喉鏡在急診氣道管理領(lǐng)域?qū)⒄贾鲗?dǎo)地位[4]?,F(xiàn)將回顧視頻喉鏡在臨床的應(yīng)用,并對于普及視頻喉鏡使用這項(xiàng)變革帶來的影響進(jìn)行綜述。
1視頻喉鏡分類
視頻喉鏡因其可將聲門的視野間接呈像在顯示屏上,所需的插管條件較直接喉鏡更易實(shí)現(xiàn),故在臨床上的應(yīng)用效果優(yōu)于直接喉鏡,根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)特征及插管方法的不同大致可分為以下三類。
1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鏡片型此類視頻喉鏡的設(shè)計(jì)基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Macintosh或Miller型直接喉鏡,插管時與使用直接喉鏡的插管方法一樣,可直視聲門或從顯示屏上觀看[5-6]。此類視頻喉鏡的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于其設(shè)計(jì)理念植入了直接喉鏡的技術(shù),與直接喉鏡的差別在于插管時無需移動舌體,使操作更為簡便;操作者還可將此類視頻喉鏡作為直接喉鏡使用,甚至作為培訓(xùn)直接喉鏡插管的教學(xué)工具。V-MAC是此類喉鏡的較新產(chǎn)品,此外,Storz CMAC、McGrath MAC也同屬此類。
1.2鏡片成角型此類視頻喉鏡的特點(diǎn)是鏡片前端矢狀面水平呈一個明顯的角度,使插管時無需強(qiáng)調(diào)口、咽、喉軸線的重疊,氣道內(nèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)僅可通過顯像裝置觀察,此類視頻喉鏡用于高聲門患者的插管時具有明顯優(yōu)勢。然而,正因?yàn)殓R片有明顯的角度,插管前需將氣管導(dǎo)管適當(dāng)塑形并設(shè)法使其順利通過鏡片的角度。使用此類視頻喉鏡時盡管聲門視野清晰,也存在難以使氣管導(dǎo)管抵達(dá)聲門的潛在風(fēng)險,GlideScope 視頻喉鏡和McGrath Series5同屬此類。
1.3導(dǎo)引裝置型此類視頻喉鏡鏡片像BullardTM或WuScope 纖維喉鏡那樣角度接近氣道解剖學(xué)特征,并帶有一條引導(dǎo)槽可引導(dǎo)氣管導(dǎo)管抵達(dá)聲門,主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可控制氣管導(dǎo)管的前進(jìn)方向,較非導(dǎo)引裝置型明顯縮短了插管時間,Pentax scope 100和Airtraq同屬此類。盡管操作Macintosh型或blade型的方法更加接近于使用直接喉鏡,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使用帶有引導(dǎo)槽的視頻喉鏡對于初學(xué)者或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)師同樣簡便[7-8]。
2視頻喉鏡在手術(shù)室中的應(yīng)用
2.1視頻喉鏡的優(yōu)勢視頻喉鏡使用方法簡便易學(xué),Nouruzi-Sedeh 等[9]令20例僅在模型上學(xué)習(xí)過氣管插管的操作者給200例患者行氣管插管,使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡Cormack-Lehane分級Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ為66/26/5/3例,優(yōu)于使用直接喉鏡的32/18/37/13例,兩者插管成功率分別為93%和51%。使用視頻喉鏡暴露聲門較為充分,Robitaille等[10]對20例人為使頸部制動的患者分別使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡和直接喉鏡插管,Cormack-Lehane分級 Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ分別為50/50/0例和0/65/35例。張傳驤等[11]比較了100例患者使用直接喉鏡和Airtraq時插管成功率分別為73.3%和86.7%,誤插率分別為20.0%和3.3%。Malik等[12]比較了3組患者(每組25例)使用不同插管工具的困難氣道評分:在直接喉鏡組,有14例困難氣道評分≥4,Pentax-AWS組困難氣道評分均<4,GlideScope視頻喉鏡組除1例外均<4。Aziz等[13]對300例術(shù)前評估有困難氣道指標(biāo)的患者分別使用C-MAC和直接喉鏡插管,一次插管成功率分別為93%和84%;Rosenstock等[14]對2004例患者進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)回顧性研究顯示,使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡插管的成功率為97%。安寧等[15]對180例頸椎制動患者行經(jīng)口氣管插管,結(jié)果顯示,與Macintosh 直接喉鏡相比較,HC可視喉鏡、GlideScope視頻喉鏡可明顯改善聲門暴露,降低插管難度,對患者的血流動力學(xué)影響較小,暴露聲門所需時間更短。對7577例強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎患者分別使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡和Macintosh喉鏡插管,總成功率分別為96.7%和70%[16],拔管時嗆咳和躁動的發(fā)生率分別為14%和16.7%[17]。有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的麻醉醫(yī)師使用各種視頻喉鏡作為一線插管工具時總的成功率在96%~100%[5],在使用直接喉鏡插管失敗兩次后,換用Pentax-AWS插管,成功率為99.3%[10]。纖維支氣管清醒插管為解決已預(yù)料的困難氣道的最優(yōu)化方案,近日視頻喉鏡也開始挑戰(zhàn)此項(xiàng)技術(shù)。Apfelbaum等[18]比較了用纖維支氣管鏡和McGrath經(jīng)口清醒插管解決已預(yù)料的困難氣道,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的插管時間和成功率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這些數(shù)據(jù)證明視頻喉鏡提高了插管成功率,從而為患者氣道管理的安全提供了保障。
2.2視頻喉鏡應(yīng)用的局限性并非所有困難氣道均可使用視頻喉鏡解決。Aziz等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)與使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡插管失敗相關(guān)性最高的因素為頭頸活動度受限,如手術(shù)瘢痕,放療后組織結(jié)構(gòu)改變及巨大腫塊。麻醉醫(yī)師應(yīng)掌握除視頻喉鏡外的其他輔助插管技術(shù),因?yàn)橐曨l喉鏡插管并不總是成功的,且有確切的困難插管因素。纖維支氣管鏡清醒插管是解決困難氣道的常規(guī)方法,Rosenstock等[14]近日的一篇論著曾建議尚未掌握此項(xiàng)技術(shù)的麻醉醫(yī)師不必再進(jìn)行相關(guān)的訓(xùn)練,然而,這項(xiàng)臨床技能仍然是必備的[16]。美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會在最近的一項(xiàng)指南中也提出,在解決成人困難氣道時視頻喉鏡應(yīng)作為備選方案,首選方案應(yīng)為清醒插管,僅將視頻喉鏡列為非緊急氣道輔助插管技術(shù)[18]。在使用直接喉鏡插管失敗時有多項(xiàng)應(yīng)急方案可供參考,可解決大部分困難氣道。但是,視頻喉鏡通常作為直接喉鏡插管失敗時的補(bǔ)救措施,其作為一線插管用具插管失敗時并無大量應(yīng)急方案可供參考解決困難氣道[19-20]。Amathieu等[21]擬定了使用Airtraq和LMA CTrachTM插管困難時的一些應(yīng)急方案,并進(jìn)行了為期兩年的臨床試驗(yàn),應(yīng)用于行腹部手術(shù)、產(chǎn)科手術(shù)、甲狀腺手術(shù)的12 225例患者,上述病例40%肥胖,所有病例遵照應(yīng)急方案均可成功解決困難氣道[21]。然而,該試驗(yàn)并未涵蓋所有手術(shù)種類。如果視頻喉鏡作為一線插管工具使用,尚需擬定插管失敗的應(yīng)急方案。
3視頻喉鏡在手術(shù)室外的應(yīng)用
3.1手術(shù)室外插管并發(fā)癥在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房和急診科均需在無麻醉醫(yī)師在場的情況下緊急開放氣道和維持血流動力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。在手術(shù)室外緊急氣道管理過程中美國麻醉醫(yī)師分級Ⅲ~Ⅳ級的病例多于手術(shù)室內(nèi),有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)師使用直接喉鏡仍然經(jīng)常發(fā)生插管困難[23],反流誤吸發(fā)生率為4%~8%,是最常見的造成死亡的插管并發(fā)癥[22];在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房,最常見的插管并發(fā)癥是由氣管導(dǎo)管或氣切導(dǎo)管置入位置不當(dāng)造成的[3,22]。為保障患者安全,一些專家建議相關(guān)科室醫(yī)師尚需足夠的培訓(xùn),備多種輔助插管工具,并確保重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房有高年資醫(yī)師24 h當(dāng)班[22-23];Jaber等[24]也提出了一項(xiàng)管理草案,旨在改善重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房的氣道管理方案。在急診科氣管插管也極具挑戰(zhàn)性,且可能引發(fā)組織缺氧、心搏驟停等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥[25]。急診科中快速順序誘導(dǎo)的比例為0.125%,每年在英國的急診科中快速順序誘導(dǎo)共計(jì)約20 000例[26]。手術(shù)室外氣管插管較為困難,且近50%高風(fēng)險的操作均由低年資醫(yī)師在沒有指導(dǎo)的情況下獨(dú)立完成[27]。
3.2視頻喉鏡的優(yōu)勢許多重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房或急診科的醫(yī)師認(rèn)為視頻喉鏡可用于解決手術(shù)室外的困難氣道。手術(shù)室外使用直接喉鏡暴露時聲門顯露不充分、Cormack-Lehane分級達(dá)3~4級而引發(fā)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的概率是手術(shù)室內(nèi)的2倍[27]。Brown等[28]對兩家醫(yī)院急診科的198例患者氣管插管時的暴露情況進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究,插管由急診科醫(yī)師或住院醫(yī)師使用V-MAC完成,研究結(jié)果顯示使用V-MAC時暴露較充分,插管成功率達(dá)97%;Sakles等[29]在急診科使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡插管時也得到了相似的成功率。在急診科對1774例無困難氣道特征患者使用視頻喉鏡和直接喉鏡首次插管成功率分別為90.8%和80.0%,有一項(xiàng)困難氣道特征首次插管成功率分別為85.3%和69.2%[30]。在急診科對772例患者使用GlideScope 視頻喉鏡插管比使用直接喉鏡插管成功率顯著增高,分別為78%和68%[31];對不同的困難氣道類型作出相應(yīng)調(diào)整后,使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡插管比使用直接喉鏡成功率高3倍[31]。視頻喉鏡在院外的應(yīng)用將有光明前景,盡管在急診科使用視頻喉鏡比使用直接喉鏡有明顯優(yōu)勢,如視頻喉鏡可錄制、回顧插管過程,但尚無數(shù)據(jù)表明某一類型視頻喉鏡在急診科中使用時明顯優(yōu)于其他類型[32-34]。
3.3視頻喉鏡應(yīng)用的局限性視頻喉鏡在急診科的使用較手術(shù)室更為頻繁[35],然而視頻喉鏡是否能有效提高首次插管成功率,減少經(jīng)口氣管插管時困難氣道及其并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率尚存爭議[36-37]。Lim和Goh[38]對急診科的氣道管理進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)為期6個月的前瞻性研究,使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡插管成功率為71.4%,參與此項(xiàng)研究的9名醫(yī)師中僅1名可熟練使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡,余均為低年資醫(yī)師,Cormack-Lehane 分級基本可達(dá)1~2級,但鏡片成角且氣管導(dǎo)管進(jìn)入聲門困難均可造成插管失敗[38]。在一項(xiàng)樣本量較大的前瞻性研究中,Platts-Mills等[39]也發(fā)現(xiàn)了相似的問題,盡管操作GlideScope 視頻喉鏡的醫(yī)師經(jīng)驗(yàn)尚不足,仍可充分暴露聲門,但氣管導(dǎo)管通過成角的鏡片時遇到困難造成插管失敗。Ural等[40]在比較重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房中使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡和直接喉鏡插管時沒有觀察氣道并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率和插管成功率,不排除也存在氣道并發(fā)癥及插管失敗。在近期的一項(xiàng)回顧性研究中,Sakles等[41]對822例緊急氣道的氣道管理進(jìn)行回顧,發(fā)現(xiàn)使用GlideScope視頻喉鏡與使用直接喉鏡插管成功率分別為84%和86%。此外,其他研究人員也發(fā)現(xiàn)了有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)師在手術(shù)室外無視頻喉鏡輔助[42]或使用視頻喉鏡不熟練也可獲得較高的插管成功率[42-43]。盡管視頻喉鏡在急診科和重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房的使用日漸廣泛,但尚無明確的理論支持顯示其可作為手術(shù)室外氣管插管的一線用具。
4結(jié)語
為保障患者安全,氣道管理不可單憑某一種輔助插管技術(shù)或完全遵循某一項(xiàng)指南,需因地制宜和全局把握。正因?yàn)橐曨l喉鏡有一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)得到廣泛共識,在手術(shù)室和急診科、重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房等其他科室正逐漸作為一線插管用具使用。但是也應(yīng)認(rèn)識到使用視頻喉鏡的一些局限性,尚需掌握其他可替代輔助插管技術(shù)以彌補(bǔ)視頻喉鏡的不足以及解決其在使用過程中遇到的困難。
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Recent Clinical Studies of Video Laryngoscope in Tracheal IntubationJINHao,CHENPing.(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChongqingMedicalUniversity,Chongqing400016,China)
Abstract:Video-laryngoscopes can provide better glottic visualization,which can display the intubation process on the screen and improve the team work,and an easier condition for intubation,achieving a higher success rate for difficult airways,and a faster learning curve,becoming the first-line technique in airway management,widely used in operating room,emergency department and intensive care unit,though there are still some defects.There were many types of video laryngoscopes available,suitable for different types of difficult airway.
Key words:Video laryngoscope; Direct laryngoscope; Operating room
收稿日期:2014-10-08修回日期:2015-01-27編輯:相丹峰
基金項(xiàng)目:衛(wèi)生部國家臨床重點(diǎn)專科建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(財(cái)社〔2011〕170號);重慶市衛(wèi)生局醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2012-018);重慶市醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)學(xué)科(渝衛(wèi)科教〔2007〕2號)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.14.043
中圖分類號:R614
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)14-2611-04