周 天(綜述),丁家望,鄭霞霞(審校)
(三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,宜昌市中心人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,湖北 宜昌 443003)
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高遷移率族蛋白B1對Th17/Treg平衡的調(diào)節(jié)
周天△(綜述),丁家望※,鄭霞霞(審校)
(三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,宜昌市中心人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,湖北 宜昌 443003)
摘要:輔助性T 細(xì)胞17 (Th17)細(xì)胞在自身免疫性疾病、移植排斥反應(yīng)和感染性疾病中發(fā)揮促炎作用,而調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg細(xì)胞)則抑制炎癥反應(yīng)。Th17/Treg平衡在維持機(jī)體免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)中發(fā)揮重要作用。高遷移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)作為一種晚期炎性介質(zhì)可作用于Th17、Treg細(xì)胞上的Toll 樣受體或糖基化終產(chǎn)物受體,從而直接調(diào)節(jié)其分化及功能。HMGB1還可通過調(diào)節(jié)其他免疫細(xì)胞(樹突狀細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞等)炎性因子的分泌來影響Th17細(xì)胞和Treg細(xì)胞分化、轉(zhuǎn)化,從而調(diào)節(jié)Th17/Treg平衡。
關(guān)鍵詞:高遷移率族蛋白B1;輔助性T細(xì)胞17;調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞
初始CD4+T細(xì)胞在不同細(xì)胞因子環(huán)境下可被誘導(dǎo)分化為輔助性T 細(xì)胞1 (T helper cell 1,Th1)、Th2、Th17細(xì)胞和調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cell,Treg細(xì)胞)。Th17細(xì)胞和Treg細(xì)胞在機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答過程中分別發(fā)揮促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)和免疫抑制的功能,兩者的平衡與多種自身免疫性疾病、腫瘤、移植排斥反應(yīng)及感染性疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[1]。高遷移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box B1,HMGB1)是一種高度保守的核蛋白,具有晚期促炎作用?,F(xiàn)就HMGB1對Treg/Th17平衡的調(diào)節(jié)作以下綜述。
1HMGB1的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能
HMGB1是廣泛分布于哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的核內(nèi)非組蛋白。人類HMGB1是由215個(gè)氨基酸組成的小分子蛋白,其包含3個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域:兩個(gè)串聯(lián)的DNA結(jié)合域(A盒和B盒)和一條30個(gè)氨基酸組成的酸性尾端[2]。在細(xì)胞核內(nèi),HMGB1結(jié)合DNA以穩(wěn)定核小體、調(diào)節(jié)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和DNA修復(fù)。表達(dá)于細(xì)胞膜上的HMGB1能促進(jìn)神經(jīng)生長和血小板激活。此外,HMGB1是一種晚期炎性介質(zhì),可通過活化的免疫細(xì)胞主動(dòng)分泌和壞死及受損的細(xì)胞被動(dòng)釋放至細(xì)胞外,隨后遷移至炎癥器官和組織與相應(yīng)受體,如Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptor,TLR)2、TLR4、TLR9、晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物受體(receptor for advanced glycation end products,RAGE)結(jié)合而發(fā)揮其免疫學(xué)活性,包括誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖、分化、趨化以及血管生成等[3]。
2Th17細(xì)胞與Treg細(xì)胞的平衡
人Th17細(xì)胞的分化通過轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(transforming growth factor β,TGF-β)和白細(xì)胞介素21(interleukin-21,IL-21)啟動(dòng),而小鼠Th17細(xì)胞的分化則由TGF-β和IL-6誘導(dǎo)。IL-1β、IL-6、IL-21和IL-23可放大和維持Th17細(xì)胞的分化[4]。活化的Th17細(xì)胞表達(dá)特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子維甲酸相關(guān)孤核受體C[retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor C(RORC),在小鼠中為RORγt]并產(chǎn)生多種效應(yīng)因子(IL-17A、IL-17F、IL-21、IL-22和腫瘤壞死因子α等),從而促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)。
Treg細(xì)胞分為兩類:由胸腺發(fā)育而來的天然Treg(natural Treg,nTreg)和在外周經(jīng)初始T細(xì)胞分化而來的誘導(dǎo)性Treg(induced or inducible Treg,iTreg),后者主要包括Tr1和Th3。Treg細(xì)胞的分化依賴TGF-β、IL-2及翼狀頭轉(zhuǎn)錄因子P3(forkhead box protein P3,F(xiàn)oxP3)的參與。nTreg細(xì)胞和iTreg細(xì)胞分別通過細(xì)胞間接觸的方式和分泌抑制性因子及代謝產(chǎn)物(TGF-β、IL-10、腺苷等)的方式發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用[1]。
Th17細(xì)胞和Treg細(xì)胞均為CD4+T細(xì)胞的重要亞型,兩者的分化緊密相關(guān)。在體外用TGF-β單獨(dú)刺激初始CD4+T細(xì)胞能誘導(dǎo)其表達(dá)FoxP3和RORγt,由于FoxP3能抑制RORγt功能,從而促使初始CD4+T細(xì)胞向iTreg細(xì)胞分化。當(dāng)加入IL-6或IL-21或IL-23與TGF-β共同刺激初始CD4+T細(xì)胞時(shí),這些細(xì)胞因子通過信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄活化子3信號通路削弱FoxP3對RORγt的抑制作用并下調(diào)FoxP3的表達(dá),促使初始CD4+T細(xì)胞向Th17細(xì)胞分化[5]。全反式維甲酸也能通過阻斷IL-6受體的表達(dá)來促進(jìn)iTreg細(xì)胞的分化[1]。在炎性環(huán)境下,nTreg能轉(zhuǎn)化為Th17及其他效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞并失去其免疫抑制功能,而iTreg不能轉(zhuǎn)化為除Th1外的其他效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞,并始終保留其免疫抑制活性[6]。此外,Th17、Treg細(xì)胞生長還受到代謝作用的調(diào)節(jié),缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α能感受細(xì)胞的缺氧狀態(tài)并上調(diào)糖酵解途徑相關(guān)基因以支持Th17細(xì)胞的分化,并通過增強(qiáng)RORγt表達(dá)和誘導(dǎo)FoxP3降解來促進(jìn)Th17細(xì)胞的分化發(fā)育[1,7]。
3HMGB1對Th17/Treg平衡的調(diào)節(jié)
Th17細(xì)胞、Treg細(xì)胞以及其他免疫細(xì)胞(樹突狀細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞)均表達(dá)TLRs和RAGE。HMGB1作為這些受體的內(nèi)源性配體可作用于上述細(xì)胞并調(diào)節(jié)其功能。樹突狀細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞可通過分泌相關(guān)炎性細(xì)胞因子來調(diào)節(jié)Th17細(xì)胞及Treg細(xì)胞的分化和轉(zhuǎn)化。因此,HMGB1可能通過直接作用于Th17細(xì)胞和Treg細(xì)胞或經(jīng)其他免疫細(xì)胞(樹突狀細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞)間接作用來調(diào)節(jié)Th17/Treg平衡。
3.1HMGB1直接作用于Th17細(xì)胞和Treg細(xì)胞Foxp3是控制Treg細(xì)胞生長、分化及功能的主要調(diào)控因子。細(xì)胞毒T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated anti-gen-4,CTLA-4)、IL-10以及Treg細(xì)胞對CD4+CD25-T淋巴細(xì)胞(effector T cell,Teff)增殖的抑制作用可反映Treg細(xì)胞的抑制性免疫功能活性。因此,F(xiàn)oxP3、CTLA-4、IL-10以及Treg細(xì)胞對Teff增殖的抑制率常被用作反映Treg細(xì)胞表型和活性的可靠指標(biāo)。多項(xiàng)研究顯示,在體外以較低濃度(≤1000 μg/L)重組HMGB1(rHMGB1)刺激小鼠脾Treg細(xì)胞或慢性乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者外周血Treg細(xì)胞可顯著下調(diào)CTLA-4、FoxP3和IL-10的表達(dá)以及FoxP3 mRNA的生成,Treg細(xì)胞對Teff增殖的抑制率也顯著降低[8-9],而TLR4信號可能介導(dǎo)HMGB1對Treg細(xì)胞的這一抑制作用[9]。此外,以高濃度(10 000 μg/L)重組HMGB1或天然HMGB1復(fù)合物(來自壞死細(xì)胞或腫瘤)孵育人外周血Treg細(xì)胞或大鼠熱損傷模型脾Treg細(xì)胞可顯著上調(diào)FoxP3、CTLA-4和IL-10的表達(dá)[10-11],并且增強(qiáng)Treg對Teff增殖的抑制效應(yīng)[10,12],而這一現(xiàn)象可被α-TLR4或α-RAGE 抗體所抑制[10]。因此,可以推測TLR4和RAGE均參與HMGB1對Treg細(xì)胞標(biāo)志性分子(CTLA-4、FoxP3和IL-10)表達(dá)和Treg細(xì)胞免疫抑制作用的調(diào)控,但不同濃度的HMGB1對Treg的調(diào)節(jié)可能相反,研究表明,低濃度(≤1000 μg/L)的HMGB1可抑制Treg細(xì)胞活性,而較高濃度(10 000 μg/L)的HGMB1則起到促進(jìn)作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)所使用的rHMGB1濃度大小以及HMGB1的來源不同可能是導(dǎo)致HMGB1對Treg調(diào)節(jié)作用相反結(jié)果的原因之一。此外,HMGB1參與調(diào)節(jié)Treg細(xì)胞的遷移趨化、抗凋亡[10,12]以及Treg細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)的Th1向Th2細(xì)胞的漂移[8]。
Th17在清除胞外病原體、誘導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)和介導(dǎo)自身免疫性疾病方面發(fā)揮重要作用。在風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎和乙型肝炎患者外周血中,Th17細(xì)胞相關(guān)因子(RORγt、IL-17和IL-23)和HMGB1的蛋白及mRNA水平較健康人顯著增高[13-14]。給實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性心肌炎小鼠注射抗HMGB1單克隆抗體可緩解心肌纖維化,降低Th17細(xì)胞的心肌浸潤以及IL-17、TGF-β和IL-6表達(dá)[15]。在體外,用rHMGB1(0.1~100 μg/L)刺激小鼠脾CD4+T細(xì)胞能顯著上調(diào)RORγt及IL-17 的mRNA水平,并增加CD4+IL-17+T細(xì)胞比例[13,15]。而RAGE競爭劑能顯著減弱rHMGB1上調(diào)乙型肝炎患者外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)中IL-17水平的作用[14]。上述數(shù)據(jù)表明,HMGB1能在體內(nèi)外促進(jìn)Th17的極化和擴(kuò)增并導(dǎo)致炎癥反應(yīng)的放大及免疫失衡,最終促進(jìn)自身免疫性疾病及炎性疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,RAGE信號通路可能參與這一調(diào)節(jié),但HMGB1是否也是通過TLRs發(fā)揮對Th17細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用及其相關(guān)機(jī)制的還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
最近研究顯示,在慢性乙型肝炎患者中HMGB1能通過HMGB1-TLR4-IL-6軸來調(diào)節(jié)Treg/Th17平衡[16]。rHMGB1可上調(diào)CD4+T細(xì)胞FoxP3及RORγt的表達(dá)和非CD4+T細(xì)胞(PBMC經(jīng)CD4+T細(xì)胞分離后的殘余細(xì)胞)TLR4及IL-6的表達(dá)。但rHMGB1刺激分離的CD4+T細(xì)胞則不能引起上述改變[16]。因此,HMGB1的這種調(diào)節(jié)作用需要CD4+T細(xì)胞與非CD4+T細(xì)胞之間相互作用的參與,可以推測HMGB1能通過作用于其他免疫細(xì)胞(樹突狀細(xì)胞、單核巨噬細(xì)胞等)對Treg/Th17平衡進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。
3.2HMGB1通過樹突狀細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)Th17/Treg平衡樹突狀細(xì)胞是功能最強(qiáng)的專職抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,在免疫反應(yīng)中起重要作用。研究顯示,rHMGB1能刺激離體髓樣樹突狀細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-23并促進(jìn)幼稚淋巴細(xì)胞分泌IL-17A[17]。在中性粒細(xì)胞性哮喘小鼠模型中,抗-HMGB1 IgG抗體通過下調(diào)HMGB1表達(dá)來抑制抗原呈遞細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-23從而降低Th17細(xì)胞應(yīng)答及呼吸道炎癥[17]。在急性移植排斥反應(yīng)小鼠模型中已證實(shí),HMGB1通過刺激樹突狀細(xì)胞分泌IL-6來誘導(dǎo)同種反應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-17[18]??梢酝茢啵煽乖蔬f細(xì)胞(樹突狀細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞等)和壞死及損傷細(xì)胞釋放的HMGB1能通過RAGE調(diào)節(jié)樹突狀細(xì)胞細(xì)胞分化和功能,促進(jìn)樹突狀細(xì)胞分泌IL-6和IL-23等Th17分化所需因子。這些細(xì)胞因子可通過信號傳導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄活化子3信號通路削弱FoxP3對RORγt的抑制作用并下調(diào)FoxP3的表達(dá),與TGF-β協(xié)同作用促使初始CD4+T細(xì)胞向Th17細(xì)胞分化并誘導(dǎo)Treg向分泌IL-17的表型轉(zhuǎn)化從而調(diào)節(jié)Th17/Treg平衡[5]。
3.3HMGB1通過調(diào)節(jié)單核細(xì)胞活性影響Th17/Treg平衡免疫細(xì)胞和壞死及損傷細(xì)胞釋放的HMGB1能誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞分泌促炎細(xì)胞因子從而持續(xù)放大炎癥反應(yīng)。在類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者PBMC中CD14+單核細(xì)胞比例顯著增加,其表達(dá)TLR2水平也增強(qiáng)。以HMGB1刺激離體單核細(xì)胞則上調(diào)TLR2水平并顯著增加IL-17、IL-6及IL-23表達(dá),而抗-TLR2抗體則顯著減少上述細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生[19]。HMGB1刺激類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者PBMC則增加Th17數(shù)量[19]。因此,HMGB1可能通過TLR2信號介導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞分泌Th17分化相關(guān)因子(IL-17、IL-6和IL-23)來促進(jìn)Th17細(xì)胞分化從而影響Th17/Treg平衡。
4小結(jié)
HMGB1在自身免疫性疾病(類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、自身免疫性心肌炎等)、急性移植排斥反應(yīng)及感染性疾病(肝炎等)的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起重要作用。促炎免疫細(xì)胞的活化及Treg細(xì)胞功能和數(shù)量的降低是這類疾病的共同特征[13,15-16,18-19]。相反,在腫瘤疾病微環(huán)境中豐富的HMGB1則通過抑制傳統(tǒng)T細(xì)胞功能和激活Treg細(xì)胞的免疫抑制活性來促進(jìn)免疫逃逸[11-12]。HMGB1能直接調(diào)節(jié)Th17及Treg細(xì)胞的分化與功能,并且能通過調(diào)節(jié)樹突狀細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞活性來影響Th17和Treg細(xì)胞的分化、轉(zhuǎn)化從而調(diào)節(jié)Th17/Treg平衡。TLR2/4及RAGE信號可能參與這一調(diào)節(jié)過程。甘草素作為HMGB1最常見的抑制劑已被證實(shí)通過TLR4或RAGE途徑降低IL-6、IL-23、IL-17A 等炎性因子表達(dá)來減輕心肌缺血/再灌注損傷[20]以及外傷性腦損傷炎癥反應(yīng)[21]。穿心蓮內(nèi)酯、黃芩素等制劑在抑制HMGB1及IL-6等炎性因子的表達(dá)及防治膿毒癥研究中取得了長足進(jìn)展[22-23]。而上述HMGB1抑制劑是否可通過調(diào)節(jié)Th17/Treg平衡來影響炎癥反應(yīng)以及是否可作為防治與Th17/Treg失衡相關(guān)疾病的新途徑還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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HMGB1:Regulator of Th17/Treg BalanceZHOUTian,DINGJia-wang,ZHENGXia-xia.(TheFirstCollegeofClinicalMedicalScience,ChinaThreeGorgesUniversity,DepartmentofCardiology,YichangCentralPeople′sHospital,Yichang443003,China)
Abstract:Th17 cells play a pro-inflammatory role in autoimmune diseases,allograft rejection and inflammatory diseases,while Treg cells function to restrain excessive effector T-cells immune responses.The Th17/Treg balance is crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis.As a late inflammatory mediator,high mobility group box 1(HMGB1) can directly regulate the development,differentiation and function activity of Th17 and Treg cells through acting on Toll-like receptors and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products expressed on the two cells.In addition,HMGB1 can indirectly influence the differentiation and conversion of Th17 as well as Treg cells through regulating the function and cytokine secretion of other immune cells,such as dendritic cells and monocytes.
Key words:High mobility group box B1; T helper cell 17; Regulatory T cell
收稿日期:2014-09-24修回日期:2014-12-22編輯:伊姍
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.14.009
中圖分類號:R392.11
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1006-2084(2015)14-2519-03