高考《考試說明》中，英語書面表達(dá)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔（很好）是這樣描述的：“覆蓋所有內(nèi)容要點;應(yīng)用較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面有少許錯誤，但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級詞匯所致;具備較強的語言應(yīng)用能力;有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊;完全達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫作目的?！备呖加⒄Z書面表達(dá)的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定位到了這樣一個高度，既利于反映學(xué)生的英語水平，又有利于促進(jìn)英語教學(xué)水平的提高。當(dāng)然，高考中要獲得書面表達(dá)的高分難度也相應(yīng)增加了。那么，我們怎么才能把握好英語寫作，從而使之靚麗呢？我們應(yīng)該從三個方面入手。

一、使用較高級的詞匯，提高書面表達(dá)的檔次

詞匯反映一個考生知識儲存量的多少，是衡量考生英語水平的一個重要標(biāo)志。表達(dá)時，靈活運用一些較高級的單詞和短語能有效地提高高考英語書面表達(dá)的檔次，使語言不至于單純和幼稚。比如：

Suddenly I thought out a good idea. （一般）→Suddenly I came up with a good idea. / A good idea suddenly occurred to me. / A good idea suddenly struck me. （高級）

Another new subway is being built in Nanjing. （一般）→Another new subway is under construction in Nanjing. （高級）

Now I am going to introduce the room to you carefully. （一般）→Now I am going to give you a detailed description of the room. （NMET2003范文） （高級）

具體做法：

1. 改時態(tài)。例如：

The bus is coming. （一般） →Here comes the bus. （高級）

2. 改語態(tài)：例如：

You should pay more attention to your handwriting. （一般） →More attention should be paid to your handwriting. / Your handwriting should be paid more attention to. （高級）

3. 使用不定式：例如：

He is very kind. He can help others. （一般）→He is so kind as to help others. （高級）

4. 使用名詞性從句。例如：

To his surprise， he failed the College Entrance Examination. （一般） →What surprised him was that he failed the College Entrance Examination. （高級）

5. 使用省略、替代，使句子避免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞。例如：

The cars turned out in their company are good. The cars made in our company are better. （一般） →The cars made in our company are better than those turned out in theirs. （高級）

6. 運用同位語從句。例如：

It made everybody sad that he died in the accident. （一般） →The news that he died in the accident made everybody sad. （高級）

7. 使用強調(diào)句型。例如：

A celebration takes place on November 5th every day. （一般） →It is a celebration that takes place on November 5th every day. （牛津M6U3）（高級）

8. 運用否定來表示肯定的事情。例如：

The old professor can see things when he puts on his glasses. （一般） →The old professor cant see anything without glasses. （高級）

Work hard and youll make progress. （一般） → If you dont work hard， you wont make progress.= It is impossible to make progress without working hard. （高級）

9. 恰當(dāng)使用成語或諺語更顯語言魅力。例如：

Would you help me， please？ （一般） →Would you do me a favour？=Would you give / lend me a hand， please？ （高級）

10. 使用虛擬語氣。例如：

Tomorrow I wont have time. Certainly I wont help you. （一般） →If I had time tomorrow， I would certainly help you. （牛津M6U3）（高級）

11. 使用過去分詞。例如：

Though we are faced with so many barriers， we have to finish the tough task on time.（一般） → Though faced with so many barriers， we have to finish the tough task on time.（牛津M6U4）（高級）

12. 使用狀語從句。例如：

Better ways for digging tunnels were developed and the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884. （一般） → As better ways for digging tunnels were developed， the first railway tunnel under the River Thames was dug in 1884. （牛津M7U4）

13. 使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)合并短句或簡化從句。例如：

My brother was riding the bike. I sat on the seat behind him. （一般） → My brother was riding the bike with me sitting on the seat behind.（NMET 1997范文） （高級）

14. 使用定語從句。例如：

After dinner， I packed into the suitcase the things， such as clothes， glasses， an umbrella， and a map. My grandparents need them. （一般） →After dinner， I packed into the suitcase the things my grandparents need， such as clothes， glasses， an umbrella， and a map.（2010年北京卷范文）（高級）

15. 使用現(xiàn)在分詞。例如：

The girl realizes her mom must be very tired after a days work. She helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. （一般） →Realizing her mom must be very tired after a days work， the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. （2011年江蘇卷范文）（高級）

16. 使用一些強調(diào)句式，如強調(diào)句、感嘆句、倒裝句，增強語句的表達(dá)力。例如：

I didnt go to bed until midnight. （一般） →It was not until midnight that I went to bed. =Not until midnight did I go to bed. （高級）

We can make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish when we match our words with actions. （一般） →Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.（2013年江蘇卷范文）（高級）

二、抓住文章布局和行文，提高書面表達(dá)層次

文章布局和行文方面，要注重書面表達(dá)的條理性，流暢性和思想性，使文章層次分明，上下貫通，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。

1. 條理性是指要合理布局文章結(jié)構(gòu)。首先，在文章思路、組織材料、敘述順序等方面要有一定的條理性。根據(jù)需要使各段之間層次分明。段落的開頭語往往是至關(guān)重要，寫得好閱卷老師給的印象分就高。結(jié)尾往往是總結(jié)句。全文結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)注意首尾呼應(yīng)，前后相聯(lián)。學(xué)習(xí)過程中應(yīng)多研讀高考英語書面表達(dá)范文。

2. 流暢性是指根據(jù)整篇文章意思的需要，有效采用不同的連接手段，以使文章層次清晰，行文連貫。學(xué)會使用過渡性詞語，是得高分的關(guān)鍵。如常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞：

（1） 表示并列或選擇關(guān)系：and， both... and， as well as， also， too， or， either... or， or else， not only... but also

（2） 表示轉(zhuǎn)折和對比關(guān)系：but， yet， however， nevertheless， in spite of， otherwise， while， or， on the contrary， instead of， on the other hand， just like， unlike

（3） 表示因果關(guān)系：so， for， thus， therefore， as a result， because， because of， owing to， for this / that reason， due to， thanks to， on account of

（4） 表示時間、順序關(guān)系：first， second， third， then， next， finally， at last， soon， soon after， immediately after， shortly after， after， before， as soon as， in the end， suddenly， the moment， the second， the minute， while， when， since， till， until， whenever

（5） 表示遞進(jìn)和強調(diào)關(guān)系：besides， furthermore， in addition， whats more， after all， moreover， above all， whats worse， worse still， to make matters worse

（6） 表示列舉、解釋和說明：such as， for example， for instance， that is to say， namely， actually， in other words， and so on， to tell you the truth， according to this

（7） 表示條件：if， unless， as long as， so long as， in case， on condition that

（8） 表示讓步：though， although， as， even if， even though， whether， who （what / when / where） + ever

（9） 表示過渡性的插入語：I think， Im afraid， you know， as we all know

（10） 表示結(jié)論：in short， in brief， in a / one word， in general， as you know， as far as I know， on the whole， in all， above all， after all， in conclusion， generally speaking

三、在一篇書面表達(dá)中，如要表達(dá)相同意思時，務(wù)必要用不同的詞、短語或者句型

如：have no choice but to do=cant help but do; belong to the club=be a member / one of the members of the club; cant be accepted=is unacceptable; object to=was opposed to=oppose=be in opposition to; miss homeland and familyhomesick; didnt reply to=made no reply to=said nothing in reply to; accuse sb. of=charge sb. with; accompany sb.=keep sb. company; supportin favour of=subscribe to=approve of; benefit=be beneficial to=be of benefit to; decide to do=be determined to do=be bent on doing; be bored with=be tired of=be fed up with; make up for=compensate for; compared to / with=in comparison with; congratulate sb. on sth.=express / show congratulations to sb. on sth.; consist of=be composed of=be made up of; as a result=in consequence; tell the difference between... and...=tell / distinguish... from...=tell... apart=make the distinction between... and...; face sth.=be faced with sth.; be better than=be superior to; be good for=do good to; be proud of=take pride in; delay=put off=postpone; take part in=join in=participate in; be worth doing=be worthy of being done / to be done=doing sth. is worthwhile; tend to do=have a tendency to do

（作者：吳濤，南京市第三高級中學(xué)）