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心搏驟停后消化系統(tǒng)的損傷及低溫治療對(duì)消化系統(tǒng)影響的研究進(jìn)展

2015-01-25 11:22:01李然馬青變
中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2015年32期
關(guān)鍵詞:心搏臟器胃腸道

李然,馬青變

心搏驟停后消化系統(tǒng)的損傷及低溫治療對(duì)消化系統(tǒng)影響的研究進(jìn)展

李然,馬青變

目前,心搏驟停復(fù)蘇患者自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)(ROSC)成功率逐漸提高,但患者最終的生存率仍然較低,心搏驟停后綜合征(PCAS)或復(fù)蘇后多臟器功能障礙綜合征(MODS)為主要死亡原因。治療性低溫指將患者核心體溫降至32~34℃,是目前唯一被證實(shí)能夠提高心搏驟?;颊呱媛实姆椒?。低溫治療在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用廣泛并且成熟,但目前低溫治療對(duì)患者消化系統(tǒng)的受益情況仍存在爭(zhēng)議。本文探討了心搏驟停后消化系統(tǒng)損傷的病理生理機(jī)制,總結(jié)低溫對(duì)胃腸道、肝臟及胰腺影響的相關(guān)研究,以期為心搏驟停后消化系統(tǒng)損傷的低溫治療提供借鑒。

心臟停搏;消化系統(tǒng);再灌注損傷;低溫;綜述

李然,馬青變.心搏驟停后消化系統(tǒng)的損傷及低溫治療對(duì)消化系統(tǒng)影響的研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2015,18(32):3906-3909.[www.chinagp.net]

Li R,Ma QB.Research progress of the influence of digestive system impairment after cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia on digestive system[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(32):3906-3909.

隨著現(xiàn)代心肺復(fù)蘇(CPR)技術(shù)和急診醫(yī)務(wù)人員技術(shù)水平的不斷提高,心搏驟停復(fù)蘇患者自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)(ROSC)成功率也在逐漸提高,可達(dá)40%~60%[1]。但患者最終的生存率仍然較低,院內(nèi)病死率為50%~70%[2-3],心搏驟停后綜合征(PCAS)或復(fù)蘇后多臟器功能障礙綜合征(MODS)[4]為主要死亡原因,因此,患者在恢復(fù)自主循環(huán)后仍面臨嚴(yán)峻的臨床狀況。

治療性低溫指將患者核心體溫降至32~34℃,維持12~24 h后復(fù)溫,是目前唯一被證實(shí)能提高心搏驟?;颊呱媛实姆椒ǎ?]。其通過(guò)降低基礎(chǔ)代謝率減少氧耗,減輕系統(tǒng)性炎性反應(yīng)和超氧化物反應(yīng),減少氧自由基的產(chǎn)生和細(xì)胞凋亡,改善線粒體功能等,從而達(dá)到減輕臟器損傷的目的。低溫治療在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用廣泛并且成熟,但目前低溫治療對(duì)患者消化系統(tǒng)的受益情況仍存在爭(zhēng)議。本文探討了心搏驟停后消化系統(tǒng)損傷的病理生理機(jī)制,總結(jié)低溫治療對(duì)胃腸道、肝臟及胰腺影響的相關(guān)研究,以期為心搏驟停后消化系統(tǒng)損傷的低溫治療提供借鑒。

1 心搏驟停后消化系統(tǒng)損傷的病理生理機(jī)制

心搏驟停后消化系統(tǒng)的損傷常累及胃腸道、胰腺、肝臟等重要器官。臟器損傷不僅是由最初長(zhǎng)時(shí)間全身臟器的缺血引發(fā),再灌注造成的二次損傷同樣尤為重要。ROSC后主要表現(xiàn)為心搏驟停后腦損傷、心搏驟停后心肌功能障礙、系統(tǒng)性缺血再灌注反應(yīng)及持久的病理學(xué)狀態(tài)[4],消化系統(tǒng)損傷的病理生理機(jī)制主要為缺血再灌注損傷。患者心搏驟停時(shí),血流和氧輸送突然停止,心肺復(fù)蘇成功后由于心肌抑制,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定和微血管功能障礙造成血流和組織氧輸送不足仍持續(xù)存在,導(dǎo)致消化系統(tǒng)的缺血再灌注損傷。有研究顯示,ICU心搏驟停后存活患者48 h內(nèi)胃腸功能紊亂發(fā)生率高達(dá)60%,其中以腹瀉、胃腸營(yíng)養(yǎng)不耐受常見(jiàn)[6]。心搏驟停4 min可使空腸血流減少持續(xù)60 min,腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境乳酸、谷氨酸鹽和膽堿水平在缺血再灌注的60~120 min內(nèi)明顯增高。Korth等[7]通過(guò)體內(nèi)微量透析法監(jiān)測(cè)腸缺血發(fā)現(xiàn),心肺復(fù)蘇后消化道對(duì)缺血的敏感程度甚至高于大腦。腸道缺血再灌注會(huì)增加腸道屏障的滲透性,從而導(dǎo)致致病菌的移位和內(nèi)毒素的產(chǎn)生,引起膿毒癥和MODS[8-9]。Piton等[10]報(bào)道1例心肺復(fù)蘇后發(fā)生急性胰腺炎的患者,但目前尚無(wú)大規(guī)模的臨床研究證實(shí)心搏驟?;颊邚?fù)蘇后可導(dǎo)致胰腺炎。心搏驟停與肝功能損傷密切相關(guān),心搏驟停后的缺血再灌注損傷可導(dǎo)致肝酶急劇升高[11]。此外,在心肺復(fù)蘇過(guò)程中,會(huì)有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生腹腔臟器損傷,如肝破裂、脾破裂、胃腸道機(jī)械性損傷[12]。

2 低溫對(duì)消化系統(tǒng)的影響

2.1低溫對(duì)胃腸道的影響目前,低溫對(duì)于胃腸道影響的研究結(jié)果不完全一致。低溫使胃排空延遲、腸道蠕動(dòng)減慢,引起腸梗阻。當(dāng)體溫低于34℃時(shí)腸動(dòng)力減低,降低28℃以下可導(dǎo)致腸梗阻,此時(shí),無(wú)論是經(jīng)口或鼻飼藥物的吸收均會(huì)受到影響。Reuler[13]研究顯示,在低溫條件下治療胃腸道可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)點(diǎn)狀出血,尸檢中發(fā)現(xiàn)胃糜爛和黏膜下層出血普遍存在,但未出現(xiàn)明顯的臨床表現(xiàn),所以多數(shù)淺表性潰瘍僅在低溫病例尸檢中發(fā)現(xiàn),該現(xiàn)象符合急性冷應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。Takeuchi等[14]進(jìn)行的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),低溫增加胃酸的產(chǎn)生,并減少十二指腸碳酸氫鹽的產(chǎn)生,是造成胃和十二指腸黏膜損傷的因素。

相反,有研究證實(shí)低溫對(duì)于腹腔臟器存在有利的影響。Childs等[15]研究顯示,低溫并不增加壞死性結(jié)腸炎的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且能夠減輕缺血再灌注損傷和降低腸道毛細(xì)血管通透性。Vollmer等[16]認(rèn)為,低溫能夠增加胃黏膜在缺氧條件下的氧合。腸道缺血再灌注損傷引起腸上皮細(xì)胞屏障受損,導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌的移位和內(nèi)毒素的產(chǎn)生,低溫通過(guò)增加低氧誘導(dǎo)因子(HIF-1α)蛋白表達(dá),達(dá)到保護(hù)心肺復(fù)蘇后腸缺血再灌注損傷的目的[17-18],并通過(guò)降低活性氧水平減輕腸道毛細(xì)血管的滲透性。

此外,關(guān)于重癥患者在低溫情況下胃腸營(yíng)養(yǎng)情況研究較少,有研究對(duì)嚴(yán)重腦損傷低溫治療的患者給予營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持,發(fā)現(xiàn)僅19%的患者能夠耐受腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)[19]。接受低溫治療的心搏驟?;颊吣軌虺惺芟喈?dāng)比例日常營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求的腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng),如有可能,治療期間給予促胃腸動(dòng)力藥物可能會(huì)增加鼻飼喂養(yǎng)的成功率[20]。Thyagarajan等[21]研究顯示,低溫治療的圍生期缺血缺氧性腦病新生兒,給予少量的腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)安全可行。

2.2低溫對(duì)肝臟的影響低溫引起肝功能的損傷,可能源于低溫減少心排出量,降低乳酸的清除,從而引起機(jī)體酸中毒。肝臟的解毒和合成功能受到抑制,同樣影響藥物的半衰期。低溫情況下,門(mén)冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶、丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶和膽紅素水平隨著細(xì)胞損傷而升高[22]。然而,也有研究證實(shí),低溫能夠保護(hù)缺血再灌注引起的肝損傷,提高肝血竇灌注和肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能,恢復(fù)膽汁的產(chǎn)生[23-26]。低溫還能減輕中性粒細(xì)胞的募集,恢復(fù)肝細(xì)胞三磷酸腺苷合成酶活性[27],其機(jī)制為減輕促炎遞質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,減少氧代謝,減輕氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),防止鈣超負(fù)荷引起的線粒體損傷。Han等[28]進(jìn)行的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,給予自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)的豬持續(xù)4℃的0.9%氯化鈉溶液降溫,可維持穩(wěn)定的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)狀態(tài)和氧代謝的平衡,且肝酶升高幅度較低,Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性升高,肝細(xì)胞水腫、炎性反應(yīng)、線粒體損傷較小。Lee等[29]研究認(rèn)為,低溫能夠降低膿毒癥大鼠血清肝酶水平,減輕肝組織病理學(xué)損傷,降低細(xì)胞凋亡標(biāo)志物Caspase-3的表達(dá)。復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院證實(shí),亞低溫未加重窒息后缺血缺氧后腦損傷新生兒肝臟功能損傷[30]。

由于病因不同,暴露于低溫的時(shí)間及程度不同,降溫方法(體外降溫、血管內(nèi)降溫,局部降溫、整體降溫)的差異,上述動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究結(jié)論有所差異。

2.3低溫對(duì)胰腺的影響低于治療性(33.5~34.0℃)水平的意外低溫可能導(dǎo)致胰腺炎的發(fā)生[22]。低溫條件下,胰酶水平輕度升高,有研究者認(rèn)為其由代謝引起,而非胰腺壞死[31]。Ura等[32]報(bào)道1例低溫治療繼發(fā)胰腺壞死患者,但該患者創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷合并顱內(nèi)壓增高、彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血,因此胰腺壞死是否由低溫造成不得而知。急性胰腺炎的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,亞低溫治療能夠減輕系統(tǒng)性炎性反應(yīng),減輕胰腺損傷,降低胰酶水平[32-35]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低溫情況下可發(fā)生胰腺炎,50%的患者僅表現(xiàn)為沒(méi)有臨床癥狀的血清淀粉酶輕度升高,尸檢中發(fā)現(xiàn)20%~30%的患者發(fā)生胰腺炎[36-37]。低溫導(dǎo)致胰腺炎的原因尚有爭(zhēng)議,其可能的原因?yàn)槲⒀h(huán)血栓形成引起胰腺缺血和壞死。動(dòng)物研究顯示,冷卻胰腺數(shù)小時(shí)后,其外分泌功能受損,血清淀粉酶水平升高[38]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接受低溫治療的患者出現(xiàn)血糖升高,尚不清楚其原因?yàn)橐葝u素抵抗還是胰腺內(nèi)分泌功能降低。對(duì)于重癥患者,高血糖與高患病率、病死率存在高度相關(guān),因此,低溫治療患者嚴(yán)格控制血糖至關(guān)重要。

綜上所述,低溫治療在臨床多個(gè)領(lǐng)域被證實(shí)具有減輕臟器損傷的作用,但其對(duì)消化系統(tǒng)影響的病理生理機(jī)制復(fù)雜,研究結(jié)論不一,能否減輕心搏驟?;颊叩南到y(tǒng)損傷尚存在諸多爭(zhēng)議,還需大量基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究進(jìn)一步探索。

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(本文編輯:吳立波)

Research Progress of the Influence of Digestive System Im pairm ent After Cardiac Arrest and Therapeutic Hypotherm ia on Digestive System


LIRan,MAQing-bian.Department of Emergency,Peking University Third Hospital,Beijing 100191,China

At present,the success rate of return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)in patientswith cardiac arrest has gradually improved,but the final survival rate of patients is still low.Post-cardiac arrest syndrome(PCAS)andmultiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS)are the major causes of death.Therapeutic hypothermia is defined as patient's core body temperature being down to 32 to 34℃,and it has been proven the only way to improve the survival rate of patients with cardiac arrest so far.Hypothermia has been widely used and has become mature in the field of nervous system,but the influence of hypothermia on the digestive system remains controversial.This paper discussed the pathophysiologicalmechanism of the digestive system injury following cardiac arrest,andmade a review of the related research of the influence of hypothermia on gastrointestinal tract,liver and pancreas in order to provide references for hypothermia treatment after cardiac arrest.

Heart arrest;Digestive system;Reperfusion injury;Hypothermia;Review

R 541.78

A

10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.32.003

北京市科委科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(Z1311070022131142);北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院臨床重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(BYSY201208)

100191北京市,北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院急診科

馬青變,100191北京市,北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院急診科; E-mail:maqingbian@medmail.com.cn

2015-05-28;

2015-09-20)

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