葉迎春 年四季 劉佳佳 高 燕 袁 青 (瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院,瀘州64600)
2003 年Baekkevold 發(fā)現(xiàn)一種高內(nèi)皮小靜脈核因子(Nuclear factor of high endothelial venules,NFHEV)[1],2005 年Schmitz 搜尋序列資料庫發(fā)現(xiàn)該基因序列與IL-1 家族同源,命名為IL-33[2],在人體定位于染色體9p24.1,編碼270 個(gè)氨基酸。IL-1 家族成員在固有免疫反應(yīng)中有各自不同的生物學(xué)活性,大部分有致炎作用,也有部分成員可以抑制炎癥,如IL-37、IL-1Ra[3],它們?cè)谧陨砻庖呒膊∨c炎癥紊亂中發(fā)揮多種病理作用[4]。IL-33 作為IL-1 家族的一員,在許多免疫疾病中有重要的多向效應(yīng),對(duì)于炎癥,IL-33 有雙向調(diào)控作用[5]。IL-33 主要誘導(dǎo)Th2 細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞等免疫細(xì)胞分泌IL-5、IL-13 等Th2 類細(xì)胞因子,參與宿主抗寄生蟲感染與過敏性疾病的發(fā)展;它也可作為致炎因子參與非Th2 型急慢性炎癥反應(yīng)[6],誘導(dǎo)TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等非Th2 型細(xì)胞因子分泌;作為核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,IL-33還可調(diào)節(jié)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[3]。
IL-33 廣泛表達(dá)于多種組織器官,在胃、肺、脊髓、腦、上皮以及內(nèi)皮表達(dá)較高。表達(dá)的細(xì)胞有巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞(DC)、肥大細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、肌成纖維細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、成骨細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞,其中在組織屏障細(xì)胞比如上皮與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞有持續(xù)表達(dá)[2]。多種刺激可誘導(dǎo)或上調(diào)IL-33 表達(dá),在肥大細(xì)胞,通過FcεRI信號(hào)通路可誘導(dǎo)IL-33 表達(dá)[7],在DC、巨噬細(xì)胞以及成纖維細(xì)胞,刺激Toll 樣受體(Toll-like receptor,TLR)也能誘導(dǎo)IL-33 mRNA 的表達(dá)[8]。
IL-33 通過何種方式釋放還存在爭議。曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為IL-33 與IL-1 家族成員IL-1β 和IL-18 兩種細(xì)胞因子相似,是由caspase-1 加工處理成活性形式[2]。近期觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為全長的IL-33 有充分的生物活性,經(jīng)過caspase 切割可使IL-33 失活[9-11],Lefranais 等[12]認(rèn)為中性粒細(xì)胞絲氨酸蛋白酶、組織蛋白酶G 與彈性蛋白酶酶切全長IL-33 后產(chǎn)生的成熟形式比全長的IL-33 更有活性。不管IL-33 被加工處理成何種形式,總的觀點(diǎn)是當(dāng)細(xì)胞壞死時(shí)釋放全長IL-33,凋亡時(shí)caspase 裂解IL-33 失活[9,10]。機(jī)體受到感染與機(jī)械損傷等傷害性刺激時(shí)促使IL-33 釋放,這類似于高遷移率蛋白1(High-mobility group protein B-1,HMGB-1)以及IL-1α 的Alarmin 功能[9,12]。總之,IL-33 遭受組織損傷、壞死、感染而被動(dòng)釋放,在細(xì)胞外在中性粒細(xì)胞作用下形成更多的成熟形式參與炎癥過程。
IL-33 與ST2 和IL-1 受體輔助蛋白(IL-1 receptor accessory protein,IL-1RAcP)組成的異質(zhì)二聚體受體復(fù)合物結(jié)合發(fā)揮傳統(tǒng)的細(xì)胞因子生物效應(yīng)[14],活化MyD88 和NF-κB 信號(hào)通路[15]。有許多靜息以及活化的免疫細(xì)胞表達(dá)ST2,這些細(xì)胞有Th2 細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞、嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞(DC)、CD8+T 細(xì)胞以及B 細(xì)胞等[2,16-18]。IL-33 活化DC 誘導(dǎo)Th2 型免疫反應(yīng),促使幼稚T 淋巴細(xì)胞分化成Th2 細(xì)胞[19],促進(jìn)氣道過敏性炎癥[20]。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在ST2 缺陷的DC,抗原刺激過度活化從而加重試驗(yàn)性自身免疫性腦脊髓膜炎[21]。IL-33 直接作用于Th2 細(xì)胞、nuocytes[22]和B1 細(xì)胞促進(jìn)IL-5和IL-13 分泌,IL-33 還可使B1 細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的IgM 抗體顯著增加[23]。IL-33 與IL-13 協(xié)同作用促使巨噬細(xì)胞分化成有活性的M2 巨噬細(xì)胞[24],M2 巨噬細(xì)胞可以明顯減輕綠膿桿菌所致的角膜炎[25]。IL-33可活化肥大細(xì)胞與嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞并誘導(dǎo)其脫顆粒、成熟、提高成活并促進(jìn)產(chǎn)生致炎細(xì)胞因子與趨化因子[26,27]。IL-33 可單獨(dú)或是與GM-CSF、IL-3、IL-5 等細(xì)胞因子協(xié)作刺激嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞分泌各種細(xì)胞因子以及趨化因子,上調(diào)細(xì)胞黏附分子表達(dá),促細(xì)胞脫顆粒,提高細(xì)胞存活[25]。對(duì)于固有淋巴細(xì)胞,IL-33 與IL-12 刺激NK 細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IFN-γ[17,28],IL-33 與IL-25以及TSLP 可作用于所有的2 型固有淋巴細(xì)胞(Type 2 innate lymphoid cells,ILC2s),在抗寄生蟲反應(yīng)、非適應(yīng)性免疫的氣道高反應(yīng)性中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[29]。除免疫細(xì)胞外,IL-33 也可作用于表達(dá)ST2 的上皮細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和纖維母細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞等多種細(xì)胞[30]。IL-33 可作用于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞促進(jìn)炎性介質(zhì)分泌、血管生成與滲漏[31]。IL-33 可作用于體內(nèi)多種組織細(xì)胞,這提示IL-33 可能參與了許多疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展。
3.1 IL-33 與類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎 類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一種累及周圍關(guān)節(jié)為主的多系統(tǒng)炎癥性自身免疫病,病理為慢性滑膜炎,侵及下層的軟骨和骨,造成關(guān)節(jié)破壞。在RA 病人的滑膜可檢測(cè)到IL-33[32],在靜息期時(shí)表達(dá)很少甚至不表達(dá)IL-33,TNF-α、IL-1β 等致炎因子刺激后IL-33 表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)[33]。RA 病人血清中IL-33 表達(dá)情況與滑膜相似,與疾病嚴(yán)重程度正相關(guān)[34],同一病人滑液中IL-33 水平高于血清[35]。用TNF-α 拮抗劑(Etanercept)以及TNF 抑制劑治療RA 后,血清IL-33水平下降[36,37],這說明血清IL-33 與RA 病情嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),血清IL-33 可作為判定RA 嚴(yán)重程度與檢測(cè)RA 治療效果的有用標(biāo)志。
IL-33 誘騙受體能減輕小鼠膠原誘導(dǎo)的關(guān)節(jié)炎(Collagen induced arthritis,CIA)的嚴(yán)重程度[38],在疾病早期,用抗ST2 封閉抗體能獲得保護(hù)作用,CIA減弱同時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)損害減輕。外源重組IL-33(Exogenous recombinant IL-33,rIL-33)可加重CIA 或是小鼠自身抗體誘導(dǎo)關(guān)節(jié)炎(Autoantibody-induced arthritis,AIA)嚴(yán)重程度[5],而ST2 缺陷小鼠CIA 或是AIA 病情減輕同時(shí)IL-17、TNF-α、IFN-γ 等致炎細(xì)胞因子明顯減少[33]。以上數(shù)據(jù)說明IL-33/ST2 通路促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)炎癥,抑制該通路可以減輕癥狀,IL-33 是RA 一個(gè)潛在治療靶位。然而由于體外培養(yǎng)顯示IL-33 抑制破骨細(xì)胞分化從而保護(hù)骨組織[39],在IL-33過表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠證實(shí)破骨細(xì)胞生成受到抑制[40],因而這條通路的治療仍需密切追蹤。
3.2 IL-33 與多發(fā)性硬化 近年IL-33 在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(Central nervous system,CNS)疾病中的作用受到關(guān)注,如多發(fā)性硬化(Multiple sclerosis,MS)。MS是一種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)脫髓鞘疾病,病變位于腦部或脊髓,病灶播散廣泛,病程中常有緩減復(fù)發(fā)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損害。IL-33 在小鼠脊髓[2]與人中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(Central nervous system,CNS)星形神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中有較高表達(dá)[41,42],ST2 蛋白也大量表達(dá)于鼠脊髓[41],這提示IL-33/ST2 通路在CNS 可能有特殊的作用。在病原相關(guān)分子模型,用Theiler's 鼠類的腦脊髓膜炎病毒感染小鼠的腦部,IL-33 水平與活性均顯著提高[43]。在小鼠的實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫腦脊髓炎 (Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)模型中,脊髓中IL-33 與ST2 表達(dá)顯著高于正常小鼠[41,44],提示IL-33 參與了MS 疾病進(jìn)展。MS病人在CNS 的白質(zhì)與斑塊區(qū)域IL-33 水平均明顯高于正常人,在超過2 個(gè)月未經(jīng)治療的復(fù)發(fā)緩減型MS病人,新鮮外周白細(xì)胞表達(dá)IL-33 mRNA 水平也明顯高于健康人,重組IL-1β-1α 治療三個(gè)月后,血漿中IL-33 水平和外周白細(xì)胞mRNA 均受到抑制[42]。由此可見,IL-33 可作為檢測(cè)MS 疾病活動(dòng)狀態(tài)以及跟蹤治療效果的生物標(biāo)記。
大量資料證實(shí)IL-33 在CNS 炎癥中起作用,但是還不清楚這種作用是有益還是有害的。IL-33 缺陷小鼠EAE 病程進(jìn)展沒有變化,這提示IL-33 對(duì)EAE 發(fā)病不是必需的[45]。ST2 缺陷小鼠EAE 病情加重,用rIL-33 治療發(fā)病早期的EAE 小鼠,rIL-33起保護(hù)作用[41],這種保護(hù)作用伴有IL-17 和IFN-γ產(chǎn)物減少,但外周淋巴細(xì)胞與淋巴組織產(chǎn)生的IL-5與IL-13 增加,同時(shí)巨噬細(xì)胞向M2 型轉(zhuǎn)化[24]。然而,另有資料揭示外源rIL-33 加重EAE 病程,抗IL-33 抗體延遲EAE 發(fā)病并減輕EAE 的嚴(yán)重程度[44]。Pei 等[5]認(rèn)為外源rIL-33 給藥時(shí)間是影響EAE 進(jìn)展的關(guān)鍵,當(dāng)延遲給藥時(shí)間可減輕EAE,發(fā)病前給藥加重EAE 進(jìn)展。IL-33 還是一種潛在的內(nèi)皮活化劑,IL-33 提高內(nèi)皮通透性引起小鼠皮膚血管滲漏[31],當(dāng)CNS 發(fā)生炎癥時(shí),血腦屏障(Blood brain barrier,BBB)出現(xiàn)障礙,早期IL-33 可通過損壞的BBB 促進(jìn)MS 和EAE 炎癥。盡管IL-33/ST2 通路在MS 與其他CNS 疾病的確切病理生理功能還不完全清楚,IL-33 將來有可能作為治療MS 的一個(gè)潛在治療靶位。
3.3 IL-33 與自身免疫性炎性腸疾病 在IL-33 早期研究中,Schmitz 等[2]在胃中發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-33 mRNA,并發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-33 能誘使消化道發(fā)生嚴(yán)重病理學(xué)改變,包括免疫細(xì)胞浸潤、上皮細(xì)胞增生、杯狀細(xì)胞增生肥大以及腔內(nèi)黏液增加。近期有研究顯示IL-33 與ST2遺傳變異與對(duì)自身免疫性炎性腸疾病(Inflammatory bowel diseases,IBD)的易感性有相關(guān)性,包括潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)及克羅恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)[46]。Carrier 等[47]認(rèn)為CD 病人慢性發(fā)炎的上皮細(xì)胞是IL-33 的主要來源[47],Pastorelli等[48]則認(rèn)為IL-33 對(duì)UC 有潛在作用而在CD 中則沒有,UC 病人腸上皮細(xì)胞與黏膜固有層淋巴細(xì)胞高度表達(dá)IL-33 并與疾病活動(dòng)度有相關(guān)性,在CD 的病人則沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的現(xiàn)象。類似發(fā)現(xiàn)sST2 主要表達(dá)于UC 病人的結(jié)腸黏膜而不是表達(dá)于CD 病人與健康人[49]。這些數(shù)據(jù)說明IL-33/ST2 與UC 的炎癥相關(guān)而與CD 無關(guān),可能原因是CD 主要受Th1/Th17 細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)而UC 則主要受Th2 細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)[50]。與RA 以及MS 結(jié)果相似,UC 病人血循環(huán)中IL-33和sST2 水平也與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),受TNF-α 拮抗劑(Infliximab)治療調(diào)節(jié)[48]。
在動(dòng)物模型中研究IL-33 在IBD 進(jìn)展中的作用時(shí),觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)三硝基苯磺酸(Trinitrobenzen sulfonic acid,TNBS)誘導(dǎo)小鼠的結(jié)腸炎,結(jié)腸組織中IL-33升高,rIL-33 可明顯減輕結(jié)腸炎的癥狀,同時(shí)增強(qiáng)Th2 型免疫反應(yīng)[51]。在右旋糖酐硫酸酯鈉(Dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)誘導(dǎo)結(jié)腸炎模型中,rIL-33 有類似的保護(hù)作用[52]。在DSS 誘導(dǎo)結(jié)腸炎模型中,IL-33 缺陷小鼠中性粒細(xì)胞趨化因子減少,誘發(fā)的局部炎癥延遲,生存率高于野生型小鼠,當(dāng)DSS 水改為正常飲用水時(shí),IL-33 缺陷小鼠黏膜組織損傷恢復(fù)延遲以及體重恢復(fù)延遲[45],這說明IL-33 可能有支持IBD 的黏膜治愈與損傷修復(fù)作用。
總之,當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)表明在IBD 發(fā)炎的黏膜組織中,IL-33 和ST2 表達(dá)上調(diào)是炎癥活躍的一個(gè)指標(biāo),相對(duì)于CD 來說UC 更具有特異性。如果我們能更好地了解IL-33 在黏膜炎癥與IBD 進(jìn)展的雙重作用,有望將來為治療UC 提供新策略。
3.4 IL-33 與糖尿病 糖尿病是胰島素分泌或作用缺陷引起慢性高血糖為特征的代謝紊亂。IL-33 持續(xù)表達(dá)于鼠胰腺[53],可能與胰腺的疾病有關(guān)。IL-33/ST2 信號(hào)通路通過提高脂肪組織中Th2 類細(xì)胞因子并抑制脂肪形成與代謝的基因表達(dá),對(duì)于心血管疾病與肥胖病是有益的[54]。用rIL-33 治療遺傳性肥胖型糖尿病小鼠,可以減輕肥胖,提高葡萄糖和胰島素耐受,從而發(fā)揮著保護(hù)作用[55],調(diào)節(jié)IL-33 表達(dá)有可能是將來治療肥胖性2 型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2D)的一種方式。T2D 病人的sST2 水平高于健康人,而這種升高與血糖控制無關(guān)[56],有可能是慢性炎癥使sST2 水平升高。用高劑量streptozotocin 誘導(dǎo)鼠1 型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes,T1D)模型,在耐受應(yīng)力試驗(yàn)中ST2 基因缺失小鼠對(duì)糖尿病的易感性提高[57],有可能是IL-33/ST2 通路通過調(diào)節(jié)Th1/Th17 平衡從而對(duì)T1D 發(fā)揮著保護(hù)作用。還有人報(bào)道心肌IL-33 水平降低時(shí),可通過活化蛋白激酶C βII 從而使心肌對(duì)缺血再灌注損傷的敏感性增加[58],外源rIL-33 治療可以減輕缺血再灌注誘導(dǎo)損傷??傊鲜鲑Y料說明IL-33 對(duì)糖尿病以及糖尿病伴發(fā)的心臟病有重要保護(hù)作用。
3.5 IL-33 與系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡 系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(Systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是一種自身免疫性結(jié)締組織病,由于體內(nèi)有大量有害的自身抗體與免疫復(fù)合物,造成組織損傷,累及多系統(tǒng)、多器官。目前,有關(guān)IL-33/ST2 信號(hào)通路對(duì)于SLE 疾病的研究方面的資料不是很多。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)活動(dòng)期的SLE 病人血清中sST2 水平明顯高于靜止期的SLE病人以及正常人,升高水平與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[59]。另一篇研究顯示SLE 病人血清IL-33 水平相對(duì)于健康對(duì)照也明顯上調(diào),但低于RA 病人水平[60]。Yang[60]進(jìn)一步調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-33 對(duì)SLE 急性期起作用而對(duì)疾病進(jìn)展沒有太大相關(guān)性,推測(cè)是IL-33 對(duì)SLE 病人的紅細(xì)胞、血小板以及它們的前體細(xì)胞發(fā)揮作用。以上資料說明IL-33/ST2 通路對(duì)SLE進(jìn)展可能有作用,但還缺少數(shù)據(jù),需進(jìn)一步研究IL-33 以及ST2 與SLE 疾病的免疫機(jī)制。
3.6 IL-33 與系統(tǒng)性硬化 系統(tǒng)性硬化(Systemic sclerosis,SSc)是以皮膚和某些內(nèi)臟的小血管壁增生、管腔阻塞造成皮膚廣泛纖維化和臟器功能不全為特征的一種彌漫性結(jié)締組織病,最近發(fā)現(xiàn)與IL-33相關(guān)。在SSc 早期,病人內(nèi)皮與上皮IL-33 蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào)或是缺失而IL-33 mRNA 正常甚至上調(diào),血管內(nèi)皮浸潤的免疫細(xì)胞ST2 表達(dá)上調(diào),但在SSc 病人晚期卻發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)皮中IL-33 蛋白表達(dá)較高而ST2 的表達(dá)較弱[61]。SSc 病人IL-33 與ST2 的這種反常表達(dá),可能是在SSc 早期,內(nèi)皮活化或是受損,對(duì)纖維化起關(guān)鍵作用的炎細(xì)胞或是免疫細(xì)胞以及纖維母細(xì)胞或是肌成纖維細(xì)胞表達(dá)的ST2 調(diào)動(dòng)IL-33 表達(dá)[5]。檢測(cè)SSc 病人血清發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-33 水平高于健康人,與皮膚硬化范圍以及肺纖維化程度呈正相關(guān)[62]。因此看來,IL-33 可能對(duì)于SSc 病人的皮膚以及肺纖維化起著作用。在研究IL-33 對(duì)皮膚纖維化的作用中,小鼠皮下注射IL-33,引起嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、CD3(+)淋巴細(xì)胞以及F4/80(+)單核細(xì)胞的聚集;IL-13 mRNA 表達(dá)增加,皮膚向纖維化發(fā)展[63],這與SSc 病人情況相似,證實(shí)IL-33 是纖維化的介導(dǎo)者。
3.7 IL-33 與其他身免疫性疾病 IL-33 也與許多其他免疫紊亂有關(guān),比如特異性皮炎(Atopic dermatitis,AD)。TNF-α 與IFN-γ 聯(lián)合刺激誘導(dǎo)皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞、角化細(xì)胞、原代巨噬細(xì)胞以及血管內(nèi)皮產(chǎn)生IL-33[64]。在小鼠AD 模型中,過敏原或是葡萄球菌腸毒素B 作用下的皮損部位IL-33 與ST2 表達(dá)增加,局部用免疫抑制劑(Tacrolimus)治療可以抑制其表達(dá)[64]。最近一篇類似的調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AD 病人血清中IL-33 水平明顯高于慢性特發(fā)性蕁麻疹病人、牛皮癬病人以及健康人,當(dāng)用藥物治療后水平明顯下降[65],這說明IL-33 與AD 皮膚損害有明顯相關(guān)性。在一些較少見的自身免疫疾病也可見IL-33水平升高,比如強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎(Ankylosing spondylitis,AS)、肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)以及白塞病。相對(duì)于健康人而言,AS病人血清IL-33 水平升高,與疾病活動(dòng)性以及TNFα 和IL-17 正相關(guān)[66]。相反的,ALS 病人血清中IL-33 水平明顯低于健康人,而sST2 水平明顯較高[67]。也有報(bào)道稱白塞病病人的血清、外周血單核細(xì)胞以及損害的皮膚IL-33 表達(dá)增加[68]。
IL-33 作為孤兒受體ST2 的配體,與ST2 結(jié)合發(fā)揮生物效應(yīng)。IL-33 與ST2 在體內(nèi)表達(dá)廣泛,具有多種免疫調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng),功能已超過Th2 免疫,在不同自身免疫性疾病發(fā)揮著不同作用。充分了解IL-33 在不同自身免疫性疾病表達(dá)情況,不同階段發(fā)揮的生物效應(yīng),研究IL-33 對(duì)疾病進(jìn)展的影響,有利于檢測(cè)疾病活動(dòng)以及跟蹤治療效果,為自身免疫性疾病開辟新的治療途徑。
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