卿吉琳 趙 林 趙仁峰 陳昌益 陳治中 (廣西壯族自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院婦科,南寧 530021)
TIM 基因家族在免疫調(diào)節(jié)和免疫相關(guān)性疾病中的作用機(jī)制越來越受到研究者的關(guān)注。鼠類Tim 家族由8 個成員組成(Tim1~8),位于鼠類染色體11B1.1 上;而人類TIM 基因家族由3 個成員組成(TIM-1、TIM-3 和TIM-4),位于人類染色體5q33.2上,這一染色體區(qū)域已經(jīng)多次表明與哮喘、過敏和自身免疫性疾病等連鎖[1-3]。TIM 蛋白是一類具有共同基序的跨膜糖蛋白,其結(jié)構(gòu)包括信號肽區(qū)、免疫球蛋白區(qū)、黏蛋白區(qū)、跨膜區(qū)和胞內(nèi)尾區(qū)五部分[3]。除了TIM-4 蛋白外,TIM-1、TIM-2 和TIM-3 的胞內(nèi)部分含有酪氨酸磷酸化的基序(motif),參與跨膜信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)[4]。
TIM-1[又被命名為腎損傷分子-1(Kidney injury molecule-1,KIM-1)和甲型肝炎病毒細(xì)胞受體-1(Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor-1,HAVcr-1)],是哮喘和過敏癥等疾病的一個易感基因,優(yōu)先表達(dá)于人和鼠的Th2 細(xì)胞表面,過表達(dá)TIM-1 致使IL-4 啟動子的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性增強(qiáng),促進(jìn)NFAT 和AP-1 轉(zhuǎn)錄活化,同時作為體內(nèi)一個潛在的共刺激分子調(diào)節(jié)T 細(xì)胞的活化[1,2,4]。TIM-2 優(yōu)先表達(dá)于分化的Th2 細(xì)胞,通過與其配體信號蛋白4A(Sema4A)的相互作用,促進(jìn)T 細(xì)胞的活化和分化,并且激活TIM-2 信號將下調(diào)NFAT 和AP-1 的表達(dá),從而抑制T 細(xì)胞活化,在Th2 免疫應(yīng)答中也起著重要的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)作用[5,6]。TIM-3 偏愛表達(dá)于Th1 細(xì)胞表面,與其配體半乳凝素-9(galectin-9)結(jié)合,通過TIM-3-galectin-9途徑產(chǎn)生抑制信號,誘導(dǎo)Th1 細(xì)胞死亡,負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)Th1免疫應(yīng)答[1,2]。TIM-4 在抗原提呈細(xì)胞上高表達(dá),與其配體TIM-1 結(jié)合,通過TIM-1-TIM-4 途徑共刺激T細(xì)胞增殖,參與體內(nèi)免疫調(diào)節(jié)[7]。因此,TIM 基因家族通過正刺激或者負(fù)刺激信號調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)T 細(xì)胞的活化、增殖及分化,從而調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)免疫應(yīng)答和免疫耐受。
目前研究對TIM 蛋白的4 個成員的IgV 區(qū)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)分析[8]。鼠類Tim-1、Tim-2、Tim-3 與Tim-4 的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)顯示它們具有一個特征性的FG-CC',可以與磷酯酰絲氨酸(Phosphatidylserine,PS)結(jié)合[9-11]。研究表明PS 受體TIM-4 通過介導(dǎo)抗原特異性的凋亡T 細(xì)胞的清除而調(diào)控體內(nèi)適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答[12]。并且,Wong 等通過TIM-4 基因敲除鼠實驗證實PS 受體TIM-4 對維持小鼠的居留腹膜巨噬細(xì)胞的內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)是必需的[13]。同樣,我們研究表明TIM 蛋白通過其IgV 區(qū)直接介導(dǎo)識別與結(jié)合凋亡細(xì)胞[14,15]。TIM 蛋白可能作為PS 的新型受體家族與作為主要的“Eat me”信號分子PS 結(jié)合,介導(dǎo)凋亡細(xì)胞的吞噬清除,參與調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)免疫耐受和維持體內(nèi)內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定[7,8,16]。因此,TIM 基因家族在免疫應(yīng)答和免疫耐受中扮演重要作用[17]。
3.1 TIM 基因家族的多態(tài)性與疾病 人類的TIM基因家族的多態(tài)性主要與哮喘、遺傳性過敏癥、過敏性鼻炎、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、甲肝等疾病的易感性有關(guān)[18-22]。McIntire 等研究表明在TIM-1 殘基157 處有一個多態(tài)性位點157insMTTTVP,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)這個多態(tài)性位點的長度占這個關(guān)鍵區(qū)域的12%~14%,位于HAV 病毒進(jìn)入機(jī)體所必需的黏蛋白樣序列的中心位置,所以病毒侵入機(jī)體的效率會因這個變異而改變[3,22]。因此,157insMTTTVP 可能由于其變異在HAVCR-1 的黏蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域位置,而改變病毒與其受體之間的相互作用,導(dǎo)致HAV 病毒發(fā)生脫殼,增強(qiáng)病毒侵入和淋巴樣效應(yīng)細(xì)胞的感染,從而調(diào)節(jié)它們的功能[3]。
3.2 TIM 基因家族與腫瘤 人腎損傷分子-1(hKIM-1)是一種腎近曲小管損傷時表達(dá)的I 型跨膜糖蛋白,在腎細(xì)胞癌(RCC)中也有表達(dá)[23,24]。研究表明hKIM-1 是乳頭狀、透明細(xì)胞和轉(zhuǎn)移性RCC相對敏感和特異的標(biāo)記物,可用于區(qū)別腎透明細(xì)胞癌與嫌色細(xì)胞癌;hKIM-1 還可作為卵巢透明細(xì)胞癌的診斷性標(biāo)記物[23]。研究表明尿液中可溶性脫落的KIM-1 胞外域是急性腎損傷(AKI)的一個敏感而特異的生物標(biāo)志。并且最新研究表明hKIM-1 胞外域的脫落(Ectodomain shedding)與腎透明細(xì)胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,ccRCC)侵襲、惡性程度及疾病的進(jìn)展相關(guān)[25]。而KIM-1 胞外域的脫落在AKI 中通常由體內(nèi)ERK 活化介導(dǎo),并且這種脫落通過P38 MAP 激酶的活化而加劇[26]。因此,KIM-1可能是腎細(xì)胞癌等腫瘤患者中高表達(dá),通過ERK、P38 MAP 活化等信號通路的調(diào)控促使KIM-1 胞外域的脫落從而預(yù)測疾病的進(jìn)程。腫瘤免疫治療的一個策略是在體外刺激T 細(xì)胞使之便于發(fā)展成為細(xì)胞毒性T 淋巴細(xì)胞(Cytotoxic lymphocyte,CTL),采取過繼性治療方式進(jìn)行抗腫瘤治療,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤特異性T 細(xì)胞體外經(jīng)IL-12 極化成TIM-3(+)T-bet(+)腫瘤特異性Th1 細(xì)胞,患有淋巴瘤的小鼠接受TIM-3(+)T-bet(+)腫瘤特異性Th1 細(xì)胞治療,可以抑制腫瘤的生長和發(fā)育;這種特異性Th1 細(xì)胞的出現(xiàn)可能與惡性細(xì)胞消除有關(guān),可以監(jiān)測抗癌治療的進(jìn)程[27]。最新研究表明TIM-3 與TIM-4 蛋白是組織細(xì)胞肉瘤、其他組織和樹突狀細(xì)胞腫瘤標(biāo)志物[28]。周曉曦等[29]研究表明宮頸癌細(xì)胞及血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞均高表達(dá)TIM-3,且TIM-3 表達(dá)強(qiáng)度與宮頸癌惡性進(jìn)展及轉(zhuǎn)移高度相關(guān)。TIM-1 及TIM-3 mRNA 在胃癌患者中的表達(dá)均高于正常對照組,TIM-1 mRNA 在胃癌患者中的表達(dá)還與腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),TIM-1 及TIM-3 有可能成為胃癌基因治療的新靶點[30]。最新研究結(jié)果表明在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的異位表達(dá)TIM-3 基因可能是一個潛在的非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancers,NSCLCs)患者的獨立預(yù)后因素[31]。因此,TIM 分子的檢測將為腫瘤早期預(yù)警提供新的生物標(biāo)志,可能在監(jiān)測腫瘤預(yù)后起重要作用;通過研究腫瘤患者體內(nèi)的TIM 基因家族異常表達(dá)機(jī)制,為腫瘤治療提供新的策略與靶點。
3.3 TIM 基因家族與移植 研究表明TIM-1/KIM-1 是腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的損傷極為敏感的標(biāo)記,在腎移植發(fā)生急性排斥反應(yīng)時,KIM-1 作為一個極度敏感損傷標(biāo)志物,并且尿液中KIM-1 升高會提示發(fā)生移植功能障礙[32-35]。研究表明在AKI 中這種KIM-1胞外域的脫落通常由體內(nèi)ERK 活化介導(dǎo),并且通過P38 MAP 激酶的活化而加?。?6]。同樣,TIM-3 可能是一個Th1 活化和移植受體者發(fā)生排斥反應(yīng)的標(biāo)志物,作為一個非侵入性標(biāo)志監(jiān)測移植物功能是否異常[36,37]。最新研究表明TIM 基因家族成員膜型蛋白可以被去整合素-金屬蛋白酶-10(A disintegrin and metalloprotease-10,ADAM-10)和去整合素-金屬蛋白酶-17(ADAM-17)的作用下剪切成為溶解型蛋白,在體內(nèi)可以作為負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子參與體內(nèi)免疫應(yīng)答[38,39]。在移植發(fā)生急性排斥反應(yīng)時這些酶活性是否增強(qiáng)有待進(jìn)一步研究。
3.4 TIM 基因家族與病毒性疾病 TIM-1 起初發(fā)現(xiàn)為甲型肝炎(HAV)的受體,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TIM-1 分子N 末端富含半胱氨酸的結(jié)構(gòu)域和黏蛋白域是TIM-1與HAV 結(jié)合的特異識別位點;并且,通過阻斷TIM-1 與內(nèi)源配體相互作用而直接抑制Th2 細(xì)胞分化,減少Th2 細(xì)胞因子生成,預(yù)防哮喘的發(fā)生發(fā)展,從而部分解釋HAV 感染與哮喘等過敏性疾病的發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān)性的機(jī)制[22,40]。研究表明過表達(dá)TIM-3 與CHB 疾病的進(jìn)展相關(guān),Tim-3 可能參與Th1/Tc1 偏移應(yīng)答,這有助于HBV 持續(xù)性感染[41]。在HCV 感染時TIM-3 途徑參與調(diào)節(jié)性T 細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)與起抗病毒作用的效應(yīng)T 淋巴細(xì)胞(effector T cells,Teffs)間平衡的調(diào)節(jié)[42]。TIM-3 通過與負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)因子程序性死亡蛋白-1(Programmed death-1,Pd-1)、細(xì)胞因子信號傳導(dǎo)抑制蛋白-1(Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1,SOCS-1)相互作用及對STAT-1 磷酸化的抑制和負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)IL-12 的產(chǎn)生,可能在天然免疫反應(yīng)性的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)中扮演重要作用,為HCV 治療提供新靶點[43]。在HIV 患者體內(nèi)分離的T 細(xì)胞高表達(dá)TIM-3,其表達(dá)水平同患者體內(nèi)的病毒水平成正相關(guān);并且TIM-3 負(fù)調(diào)控衰歇的CD8+T 細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性,可能為HIV 治療提供新途徑[44,45]。
3.5 TIM 基因家族與自身免疫性疾病 目前,自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)理仍不清楚,研究表明在很多自身免疫性疾病中存在細(xì)胞因子不平衡的情況,多發(fā)性硬化癥(MS)、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(RA)、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)、1 型胰島素依賴型糖尿病等自身免疫性疾病患者體內(nèi)發(fā)生Th1/Th2 漂移,Th1 及其細(xì)胞因子占優(yōu)勢,致使自身免疫性疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展[46]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TIM-1 與TIM-3 在多發(fā)性硬化癥、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡患者中Th1 和Th2 細(xì)胞表面上表達(dá)異常,這表明TIM-1 與TIM-3 分子與自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)[47,48]。SLE 患者中的外周血單個核細(xì)胞上的TIM-4 表達(dá)增加,表明TIM-4 分子可能與SLE發(fā)病機(jī)制相關(guān)[49]。研究表明類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者外周血淋巴細(xì)胞(CD4+T 細(xì)胞、CD8+T 細(xì)胞、自然殺傷T 細(xì)胞與單核細(xì)胞)表面TIM-3 表達(dá)增加,并與類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者的疾病活動性呈負(fù)相關(guān)[50]。因此,TIM 基因家族成員在自身免疫性疾病表達(dá)存在異常,通過調(diào)節(jié)它們的表達(dá),促進(jìn)體內(nèi)Th1/Th2 平衡,將為自身免疫性疾病治療提供新途徑。
3.6 TIM 基因家族與過敏性疾病 機(jī)體內(nèi)Th1/Th2 細(xì)胞平衡與多種疾病密切相關(guān),參與過敏性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、感染性疾病及腫瘤等的發(fā)生發(fā)展及預(yù)后?!靶l(wèi)生假說”認(rèn)為過敏性疾病如哮喘、過敏性鼻炎、過敏性皮炎、過敏性結(jié)膜炎等的發(fā)生與抗原特異性Th2 優(yōu)勢免疫應(yīng)答相關(guān),主要由Th2 分泌的細(xì)胞因子促進(jìn)IgE 的產(chǎn)生和嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng)[51]。研究表明在哮喘小鼠中的TIM-1 表達(dá)增加與Th2 相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子GATA-3 上調(diào)相關(guān)[52]。研究資料表明TIM-3 分子在小鼠哮喘中表達(dá)異常,可能與哮喘的炎癥及發(fā)展相關(guān)[53]。研究表明TIM-1與過敏性紫癜(Henoch scholein purpura,HSP)發(fā)生及臨床類型有關(guān),檢測HSP 患兒血清中TIM-1 水平有助于判斷HSP 患兒的嚴(yán)重程度及復(fù)發(fā)可能[54]。過敏性鼻炎患者樹突狀細(xì)胞(Dendritic cells,DCs)表面表達(dá)高水平的TIM-4,并且,TIM-1-TIM-4 相互作用可以增強(qiáng)過敏性鼻炎患者Th2 細(xì)胞細(xì)胞因子的反應(yīng),這表明TIM-4 在過敏性鼻炎患者致病中發(fā)揮作用[55]。因此,TIM 基因家族成員在過敏性疾病致病機(jī)制中起重要作用,可能可以通過調(diào)節(jié)T 細(xì)胞亞群間的平衡而干預(yù)過敏性疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展,以促進(jìn)疾病的轉(zhuǎn)歸。
3.7 TIM 基因家族與原因不明習(xí)慣性流產(chǎn) 呂紅娟等[56]采用實時熒光定量PCR(RT-PCR)法檢測35 例原因不明習(xí)慣性流產(chǎn)(URSA)患者外周血單個核細(xì)胞(PBMC)中T 細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-1(TIM-1)和T 細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3(TIM-3)mRNA 的表達(dá)水平,并與25 例查體健康的妊娠中期孕婦作比較。結(jié)果表明與健康孕婦相比,URSA 患者TIM-1 和TIM-3 mRNA 的相對表達(dá)量均明顯增多(P均<0.01)。提示URSA 患者體內(nèi)Th 細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答水平較高,TIM 分子可能通過調(diào)節(jié)Th 細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答參與URSA 發(fā)生、發(fā)展。
3.8 TIM 基因家族與臨床治療 近來研究表明通過調(diào)控TIM 分子的表達(dá)及通過調(diào)控T 細(xì)胞上TIM分子與其配體的相互作用,能為治療干涉T 細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的疾病提供新的靶點[57,58]。有資料表明應(yīng)用anti-TIM1 或者anti-TIM3 抗體治療哮喘、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎等疾病,有效控制疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展,這將會為這些疾病的治療提供新的途徑[57-59]。文獻(xiàn)報道在小鼠心臟移植模型實驗中,雖然應(yīng)用低親和力的抑制型TIM-1 單抗(RMT1-10)不能誘導(dǎo)Tregs 產(chǎn)生,但它能穩(wěn)定小鼠體內(nèi)Tregs 數(shù)目,從而抑制效應(yīng)性T 細(xì)胞(Teffs)增殖,提高Tregs/Teffs 比例,延長心臟移植物存活期[60]。研究表明通過anti-TIM-3 抗體阻斷TIM-3-galectin-9 途徑,通過增加供體特異性同種抗體的生產(chǎn),增加Th1 和Th17 極化,抑制適應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)性T 細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo),導(dǎo)致移植心臟的加速性排斥反應(yīng)[61]。研究表明調(diào)節(jié)DC 細(xì)胞上的TIM-4表達(dá)將為過敏性疾病的治療提供新途徑[55,62]。
TIM 分子在體內(nèi)可能作為PS 受體,在不同效應(yīng)T 細(xì)胞上有不同的表達(dá),與其配體結(jié)合,通過正或負(fù)共刺激信號途徑,介導(dǎo)T 細(xì)胞的免疫調(diào)節(jié)和免疫耐受,通過進(jìn)一步了解這種機(jī)制,可能為免疫介導(dǎo)性疾病調(diào)控治療提供更多靶點與途徑。
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