趙宏偉 黃一飛 胡蓮娜 朱彩霞 羅 靈
血管內(nèi)皮生長因子-B神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能的研究進(jìn)展
趙宏偉1,2黃一飛1胡蓮娜2朱彩霞2羅 靈2
血管內(nèi)皮生長因子-B(VEGF-B)隸屬于VEGF家族。鑒于其與VEGF-A高度同源,對其生物功能的研究,長期以來集中于血管生長方面。近年來,隨著對VEGF-B生物學(xué)功能研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)其強(qiáng)大的神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能才可能是其真正的價值歸宿。
血管內(nèi)皮生長因子-B;神經(jīng)保護(hù);神經(jīng)元
血管內(nèi)皮生長因子-B(vascular endothelial growth facto-B,VEGF-B)和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子-A(vascular endothelial growth facto-A,VEGF-A)有47%的同源序列〔1〕。因此,長期以來VEGF-B一直被認(rèn)為存在類似VEGF-A一樣的促血管生成的作用。但曾令人困惑的是,多數(shù)的研究結(jié)果卻與此相?!?〕。對VEGF-B基因敲除鼠,定向過表達(dá)VEGF-B的轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠模型的研究顯示:VEGF-B的存在并不影響血管再生〔3-4〕,用VEGF-B進(jìn)行干預(yù)治療后也不會增加局部血管的滲透性〔5〕。因此,長期以來,對VEGF-B的生物學(xué)功能存在廣泛爭議。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VEGF-B存在獨(dú)特的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。在腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元、脊髓神經(jīng)元、視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)元以及外周神經(jīng)元均已證實(shí)VEGF-B能夠提高其神經(jīng)元的活力,起到保護(hù)神經(jīng)元的功能。且外源性或內(nèi)源性的VEGF-B干預(yù)可以部分逆轉(zhuǎn)或緩解神經(jīng)元損傷所致的病變。本文就近年來有關(guān)VEGF-B在中樞及外周神經(jīng)元保護(hù)方面的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
VEGF-B屬于血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的成員之一。于1996年由Grimmond S等人〔6-7〕發(fā)現(xiàn)并成功克隆。VEGF-B主要表達(dá)于心臟和神經(jīng)組織〔8〕,也廣泛表達(dá)于各種腫瘤組織、胎盤組織和脂肪組織〔9-10〕。它有兩種異構(gòu)型式〔11〕:VEGF-B167(42 kDa)和VEGF-B186(60 kDa)。VEGF-B167的羧基末端有肝素結(jié)合域,可以和細(xì)胞分子表面的硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白多糖結(jié)合,而VEGF-B186沒有這樣的肝素結(jié)合域,因此其存在方式更為游離〔1〕。VEGF-B主要通過與血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體-1(VEGFR-1)和神經(jīng)氈蛋白-1(neuropilin-1,NRP-1)結(jié)合發(fā)揮作用〔8-12〕。
SunY等〔13〕在大腦中動脈誘發(fā)卒中鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn):VEGF-B基因敲除后的該模型鼠腦梗塞面積增加了40%,腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元的損傷較野生型更為嚴(yán)重。Sun Y等〔14〕進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn): VEGF-B基因敲除鼠在腦內(nèi)海馬齒狀回顆粒下區(qū)(subgranular zone,SGZ)和側(cè)腦室室下區(qū)(subventricular zone,SVZ)區(qū)域的腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元增殖活力明顯降低,出現(xiàn)了腦神經(jīng)受損的情況。而SGZ和SVZ區(qū)域的神經(jīng)元是腦內(nèi)尚未成熟神經(jīng)元的主要區(qū)域。當(dāng)給予腦內(nèi)注射VEGF-B后,這一狀況得到了部分改善。因此Sun Y等認(rèn)為,VEGF-B有促進(jìn)成年鼠大腦神經(jīng)元分化的作用,且對于已經(jīng)損傷的腦神經(jīng)元也具有一定的保護(hù)作用。Soliman S等〔15〕和Xie L等〔16〕在大腦中動脈阻塞模型的研究中也證實(shí),伴隨VEGF-B含量的升高,腦缺血和受損腦神經(jīng)得以部分地改善。Yue X等〔17〕在帕金森疾病模型研究中證實(shí),VEGF-B注射治療可以改善該疾病模型腦內(nèi)黑質(zhì)和紋狀體神經(jīng)元的功能。Falk T等〔18〕也在帕金森疾病模型研究中證實(shí),VEGF-B由于該模型的神經(jīng)被損傷而激活,并進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了外源性或內(nèi)源性的VEGF-B表達(dá)升高有助于該模型引發(fā)的神經(jīng)元變性的損傷修復(fù)。
Dhondt J等〔19〕在對VEGF-B基因敲除鼠原代培養(yǎng)的背根神經(jīng)節(jié)(dorsal root ganglia,DRG)細(xì)胞研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),體外培養(yǎng)的VEGF-B基因敲除鼠的DRG神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞比野生型DRG神經(jīng)元有著更強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞應(yīng)激,且受紫杉醇誘導(dǎo)后更容易發(fā)生異常凋亡,這種基因敲除鼠更容易發(fā)生神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的退行性病變。用VEGF-B186分別對紫杉醇誘導(dǎo)的DRG神經(jīng)元損傷進(jìn)行了體外和體內(nèi)的干預(yù)治療后發(fā)現(xiàn),VEGF-B186可以對抗DRG的這種應(yīng)激反應(yīng),促進(jìn)DRG神經(jīng)元的存活。并進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)VEGF-B186的這種神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)功能是通過與VEGFR-1結(jié)合后發(fā)揮作用的。Poesen K等〔20〕對VEGF-B基因敲除鼠與過氧化物歧化酶(SOD1)基因突變所致的肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)雜交鼠發(fā)現(xiàn),VEGF-B基因敲除鼠本身并不引起肌肉萎縮,但可以加重該模型的運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元變性,在給予VEGF-B腦內(nèi)注射后發(fā)現(xiàn),VEGF-B可以抑制運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的異常凋亡,并提高該模型鼠神經(jīng)元的存活率,最終延長該模型鼠的存活時間。
Li Y〔21〕的研究小組對VEGF-B的視神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能進(jìn)行了多種模型的較為深入的研究。該研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)VEGF-B基因敲除鼠可以導(dǎo)致更為嚴(yán)重的實(shí)驗(yàn)性中風(fēng)模型,在視神經(jīng)夾持傷(optic nerve crush,ONC)鼠模型中表現(xiàn)為加速視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞(RGCs)死亡。該研究小組在離體培養(yǎng)并用H2O2誘導(dǎo)的RGCs培養(yǎng)液中加入VEGF-B167治療后,發(fā)現(xiàn)可以減少50%的RGCs凋亡數(shù)量,而用胎盤生長因子(placental growth factor,PLGF)治療后卻沒有這樣的效果。該研究小組還發(fā)現(xiàn): VEGF-B167可以大幅度提高血清缺失誘導(dǎo)的和BCL-2修飾因子(Bcl-2 modifying factor,Bmf)誘導(dǎo)的RGCs的存活率。在ONC鼠模型的研究中,該研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn):在視神經(jīng)夾持傷后6 h VEGF-B和VEGFR-1表達(dá)開始增強(qiáng),前者主要在RGCs層和內(nèi)核細(xì)胞層增強(qiáng),后者在內(nèi)叢狀層,部分在內(nèi)核層和錐桿細(xì)胞層增強(qiáng),1周后表達(dá)達(dá)到高峰。在給予玻璃體注射VEGF-B167及其抑制劑后RGCs存活率分別升高了1.7倍和降低了33%。玻璃體注射VEGFR-1的抑制劑后RGCs的存活率也降低了42%。Shan L〔22〕在對實(shí)驗(yàn)性單眼形覺剝奪小鼠進(jìn)行腦內(nèi)注射VEGF-B發(fā)現(xiàn),形覺剝奪眼獲得了更多的VEGF-B來改善該眼的形覺剝奪程度,該實(shí)驗(yàn)認(rèn)為VEGF-B的這種對優(yōu)勢眼的阻止作用,可以看作是對視皮質(zhì)中樞神經(jīng)元的功能重建。
Guaiquil VH等〔23〕研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在含有VEGF-B的培養(yǎng)液中,三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞的存活時間較對照組延長,且可以引起三叉神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞神經(jīng)元軸突廣泛的延長和分支形成。Guaiquil VH進(jìn)一步用角膜上皮清創(chuàng)動物模型模擬角膜淺基質(zhì)層的周圍神經(jīng)損傷發(fā)現(xiàn),VEGF-B表達(dá)水平明顯升高;在VEGF-B基因敲除鼠的上述模型用VEGF-B進(jìn)行干預(yù)治療后,角膜神經(jīng)損傷得到了明顯的改善。
VEGF-B通過與VEGFR-1和NRP-1結(jié)合發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用〔24-25〕。但二者結(jié)合是如何啟動,以及繼發(fā)下游的生物信息傳遞的分子生物學(xué)機(jī)制遠(yuǎn)未闡明。Li等〔21〕在體外和體內(nèi)神經(jīng)元損傷模型研究中證實(shí)VEGF-B通過與VEGFR-1結(jié)合,抑制凋亡相關(guān)蛋白BH3的表達(dá),最終提高神經(jīng)元的存活率。該研究小組認(rèn)為:VEGF-B在抑制腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元凋亡中可能通過激活細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinases,ERK1/2)信號通路活性發(fā)揮作用。在N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid,NMDA)誘導(dǎo)的視網(wǎng)膜損傷模型中給予玻璃體注射VEGF-B167也證實(shí)了能夠抑制BH3蛋白家族成員(Bmf、Hrk、Bid、Bim)和其他的凋亡相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)(TNF-a、Trp53inp1、Casp8、Bak、Bax),從而抑制RGCs的凋亡。但是否VEGF-B抑制RGCs凋亡也通過ERK1/2信號通路并沒有給出明確的結(jié)論。Guaiquil VH〔23〕在用角膜基質(zhì)神經(jīng)損傷模型的研究中證實(shí)VEGF-B是通過與VEGFR-1結(jié)合后進(jìn)一步通過PI3K-Akt信號通路實(shí)現(xiàn)對周圍神經(jīng)的保護(hù)功能。
VEGF-B發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用的另一種解釋是VEGF-B可以提高細(xì)胞的能量代謝水平,直接提高細(xì)胞的生存能力〔26〕。Hagberg CE〔27〕研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)在VEGF-B基因敲除的小鼠脂肪酸水平較低,導(dǎo)致在心臟、肌肉及棕色脂肪組織中脂肪酸的積累不足,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)VEGF-B可以直接通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的脂肪酸代謝來提高細(xì)胞能量代謝,從而增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的存活能力。
VEGF是參與各種炎癥、缺血或外傷引起的視神經(jīng)損傷修復(fù)的重要因子,以往的研究主要集中于VEGF-A。而VEGF-A在發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用的同時所導(dǎo)致的血腦屏障滲漏,血管形成及炎癥性水腫〔28〕,使其神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用大打折扣。與VEGF-A不同的是,VEGF-B對新生血管形成作用較小。Li Y等〔21〕研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在給予視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)元存活的有效治療劑量后,正常的視網(wǎng)膜血管并不受影響。上述研究小組在激光誘導(dǎo)的脈絡(luò)膜新生血管模型中證實(shí)VEGF-B的玻璃體腔注射也不會引起更為嚴(yán)重的病理性視網(wǎng)膜血管的形成。進(jìn)一步用VEGF-B基因敲除鼠模型進(jìn)行VEGF-B干預(yù)神經(jīng)元的存活,發(fā)現(xiàn)治療劑量的VEGF-B和VEGF-B基因敲除鼠均未見到視網(wǎng)膜血管滲透性的異常增加。Louzier V等〔5〕在用腺病毒基因轉(zhuǎn)染VEGF-B的慢性低氧性肺動脈高壓肺組織發(fā)現(xiàn),肺血管滲透性也無異常改變。Zhong X〔29〕對VEGF-B的兩種亞型VEGF-B186和VEGF-B186分別研究發(fā)現(xiàn),VEGF-B186可以引起視網(wǎng)膜血管通透性增加,而VEGF-B167不會引起視網(wǎng)膜血管通透性增加。
VEGF-B盡管對血管新生,血管滲透性影響不大,但VEGF-B的存在有助于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、周細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞的存活〔2,30〕。可以通過抑制血管周細(xì)胞,平滑肌細(xì)胞及血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的凋亡,增加血管的存活質(zhì)量。由此認(rèn)為,VEGF-B對血管作用的貢獻(xiàn)主要在于增強(qiáng)其存活的能力,這一點(diǎn)是同VEGF-A的重要不同點(diǎn)。也就是說,在神經(jīng)保護(hù)方面,VEGF-B不僅可以直接作用于損傷神經(jīng),通過抑制神經(jīng)元凋亡起到神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,同時可以作用于營養(yǎng)神經(jīng)的血管,改善血管存活質(zhì)量,進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)其神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能的效力。
正常生理?xiàng)l件下,VEGF-B并不顯示其明顯的作用。這一點(diǎn)可以從VEGF-B基因敲除鼠的研究中得以證實(shí)。多數(shù)研究〔4,31〕認(rèn)為VEGF-B基因敲除鼠及轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠在正常情況下,各組織器官的血管通透性及血管組織結(jié)構(gòu)均沒有明顯變化。Aase K〔32〕的研究顯示:VEGF-B基因敲除鼠具有與正常野生型鼠一樣的表型特征,有著正常的生活、生育能力和與正常野生型鼠一樣數(shù)量的紅細(xì)胞,血小板和白細(xì)胞。進(jìn)一步深入研究后Aase K發(fā)現(xiàn)VEGF-B基因敲除鼠在心臟重量、形態(tài)和組織結(jié)構(gòu)甚至心臟大血管的平滑肌肌動蛋白、心臟本身的毛細(xì)血管密度及毛細(xì)血管間隙均無明顯異常。VEGF-B基因敲除鼠有著正常的心臟節(jié)律,心電圖顯示正常的QRS波,但P-Q間期普遍延長10%~15%,尚不清楚這種異常更多的意義。該研究還對VEGF-B基因敲除鼠在肌肉組織和腎臟進(jìn)行了觀察,也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)該組織血管方面的異常。Aase K還將能夠緩慢釋放VEGF或堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)的藥物顆粒植入角膜層間,試圖檢測VEGF-B基因敲除鼠對血管生成的反應(yīng),結(jié)果也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)與正常野生型鼠之間明顯的區(qū)別。VEGF-B基因敲除鼠盡管在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)方面的研究顯示可能存在潛在的不良影響,如神經(jīng)疾患的易感性等,但尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)引起直接的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損害。
盡管VEGF-B的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用已在多種動物模型研究中顯現(xiàn)出令人鼓舞的結(jié)果,如中風(fēng)模型〔14,21〕、肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化模型〔20〕以及帕金森模型〔18,33〕,但尚未進(jìn)行人類神經(jīng)損傷疾病的臨床試驗(yàn)。VEGF-B神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能的臨床應(yīng)用仍待探索。另外,VEGF-B的兩種異構(gòu)型式分別在神經(jīng)保護(hù)方面的貢獻(xiàn)大小尚不明確,研究者對此依然存在分歧。
VEGF-B主要通過與VEGFR-1和NRP-1結(jié)合發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。VEGFR-1存在兩種異構(gòu)形式:膜性VEGFR-1和可溶性VEGFR-1。已經(jīng)證實(shí),在血管形成中,可溶性VEGFR-1與VEGF的高效率結(jié)合可以競爭性抑制膜性VEGFR-1與VEGF的結(jié)合,通過降低膜性VEGFR-1與VEGF的結(jié)合效率,抑制新生血管再生。也就是說,膜性VEGFR-1和可溶性VEGFR-1在血管新生中的作用相反〔34〕。而在神經(jīng)保護(hù)方面,VRGF-B通過與它的兩種受體mbVEGFR-1與sbVEGFR-1結(jié)合發(fā)揮作用,這兩種受體是否也存在類似在血管方面的功能傾向,目前依然是尚待揭開的謎團(tuán)。
VEGF-B具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能已經(jīng)得到廣泛證實(shí),但VEGF-B在機(jī)體應(yīng)激情況下是如何啟動,與受體結(jié)合后是如何激發(fā)下游的信息鏈以及在該生物信號的傳遞過程中與其他內(nèi)源性因素的網(wǎng)絡(luò)交互效應(yīng)仍待深入探索。
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Advance research of neuroprotective function of VEGF-B
ZHAO Hongwei,HUANG Yifei,HU Lianna,et al.OphthalmologyDepartment,the General Hospital of PLA,Beijing 100853,China
Vascular endothelial growth factor-B(VEGF-B)belongs to the VEGF family.Given its high degree of homology with VEGF-A,the study in biological function was focused on the aspect of angiogenesis for long time.In recent years,with the further study of VEGF-B biology function,it was found that the powerful neuroprotective function of VEGF-B is likely to be the real value.
VEGF-B;neuroprotection;neurons
R774.6
A
1002-4379(2015)04-0293-04
10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2015.04.019
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81271016)
1解放軍總醫(yī)院眼科,北京100853
2解放軍第306醫(yī)院眼科,北京100101
羅靈,ling.luoling1208@gmail.com