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二肽基肽酶4抑制劑與心血管疾病相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展

2015-01-21 16:24楊雪
中國心血管病研究 2015年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:列汀抑制劑心血管

綜 述

二肽基肽酶4抑制劑與心血管疾病相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展

目前新型口服降糖藥二肽基肽酶4(DPP4)抑制劑以其在腸促胰島素分解代謝血糖中的作用而被用于糖尿病治療中。糖尿病是一種以高血糖為特征的代謝性疾病,它的發(fā)病機(jī)制與遺傳因素和免疫功能紊亂等因素有關(guān)[1]。2型糖尿病不僅與胰島素抵抗相關(guān),使患者的胰島素信號(hào)受損,還會(huì)增加相關(guān)心血管疾?。–VD)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。二肽基肽酶4不僅能控制血糖,改善胰島素代謝信號(hào)和胰島素抵抗,還具有潛在的心血管保護(hù)作用。

1 DPP4及其家族

DPP4是一種由766個(gè)氨基酸組成的多功能蛋白水解酶,凡是氨基酸末端倒數(shù)第二位具有脯氨酸或丙氨酸或寡肽均可被DPP4從其N端裂解下二肽,并在體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)為無活性的代謝產(chǎn)物,如胰高血糖素樣肽-1(GLP-1)[2]。其家族成員包括 DPP4、DPP8、DPP9和成纖維細(xì)胞活化蛋白(FAP)。DPP4廣泛存在于血漿、肺、胃腸道、腎臟、淋巴結(jié)和結(jié)締組織等體內(nèi)組織中,并表達(dá)于包括上皮細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞(如NK細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞及單核細(xì)胞)等的細(xì)胞表面上[3,4]。已證實(shí)DPP4在信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)、細(xì)胞-基質(zhì)相互作用及肽的活性調(diào)控方面均起到了非常重要的作用。

2 對(duì)血糖的控制作用

腸促胰島素是一類在腸道生成的具有促胰島素分泌作用的中等長度直鏈多肽激素,在人體內(nèi)分為胰高血糖素樣肽 -1(GLP-1)和葡萄糖依賴性促胰島素分泌多肽(GIP)。GLP-1僅在餐后生成,促進(jìn)胰島B細(xì)胞分泌胰島素從而降低血糖,不會(huì)誘發(fā)低血糖反應(yīng)。GLP-1可在體外調(diào)節(jié)胰島B細(xì)胞再生、增殖和存活,這一機(jī)制或可起到穩(wěn)定或逆轉(zhuǎn)病情的作用。它還能夠抑制胰島A細(xì)胞分泌胰高血糖素及延遲胃排空從而有利于餐后血糖的控制[5]。GLP-1可被DPP4快速降解并經(jīng)腎臟清除。因此,通過增強(qiáng)腸促胰島素的作用機(jī)制,產(chǎn)生了兩種新的2型糖尿病治療策略:一種是應(yīng)用GLP-1激動(dòng)劑,即腸促胰島素類似物;另一種是應(yīng)用DPP4抑制劑(列汀類藥物)通過競爭性結(jié)合DPP4活化部位,防止內(nèi)源性腸促胰島素(GLP-1)被水解,增加其血漿濃度,并延長活性腸促胰島素的葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)作用,取得改善血糖控制、保護(hù)胰島B細(xì)胞功能的效果[6]。

3 對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的影響

從2006年始DPP4抑制劑逐步用于2型糖尿病的臨床治療中。研究表明DPP4抑制劑不僅可以控制血糖水平,其潛在的心血管保護(hù)作用也逐漸受到關(guān)注[7],并且此類作用可能與GLP-1有相關(guān)性。

3.1 與GLP-1相關(guān)的心血管保護(hù)作用 有確切數(shù)據(jù)顯示,DPP4抑制劑作用下的GLP-1信號(hào)能介導(dǎo)心血管保護(hù)作用[7]。GLP-1不僅有降低血糖作用,還有減少缺血再灌注損傷及改善心肌收縮等一系列作用。被DPP4抑制劑作用后的GLP-1很可能通過上述途徑來實(shí)現(xiàn)其心血管保護(hù)效果[7]。一項(xiàng)由14例同患糖尿病及心血管疾病的患者參與的小型研究表明,經(jīng)西他列汀治療后,患者體內(nèi)GLP-1水平明顯增加,左心室功能及室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)均得到提高[8]。Sauve等[9]在高脂飲食且血糖正常的鏈霉素小鼠(A組)及DPP4抑制劑小鼠(B組)中誘導(dǎo)心肌梗死模型。通過4周跟蹤實(shí)驗(yàn)后結(jié)果顯示,DPP4抑制劑小鼠的生存率明顯增加,從而證明DPP4抑制劑可激活心肌細(xì)胞的存活途徑。同一研究中,將已成功誘發(fā)左冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支梗死的A組小鼠再給予8周的西他列汀治療,結(jié)果顯示,與前所述B組小鼠在左冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支的梗死部位大小及相應(yīng)蛋白質(zhì)水平均無明顯變化的情況下,給予西列他汀治療后其存活率顯著提高。

因此,DPP4抑制劑有心血管保護(hù)作用,但機(jī)制相對(duì)復(fù)雜,可能與GLP-1有一定的相關(guān)性[9]。Zhang等[10]將DPP4抑制劑標(biāo)記的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞片植入心肌梗死后的左心室表面后,發(fā)現(xiàn)心臟缺血區(qū)域的血管生成和心肌功能恢復(fù)均得到很大的改善。DPP4抑制劑實(shí)驗(yàn)是通過提高骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞趨化因子受體CXCR4的表達(dá),上調(diào)基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子-1α(SDF-1α)水平,刺激間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞激活,發(fā)揮其促進(jìn)血管修復(fù)和再生的作用,從而改善心臟左室功能[10]。

3.2 對(duì)血管張力及血壓的作用 DPP4抑制劑可能通過其在調(diào)節(jié)GLP-1和GIP的生物有效性方面的作用來直接影響血管張力和功能。GLP-1受體和DPP4抑制劑在大鼠心血管系統(tǒng)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中得以表達(dá)[11,12]。DPP4抑制劑的激活和表達(dá)通過微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的高糖水平在體外得以提高[13]。眾所周知,GLP-1及艾塞那肽可誘導(dǎo)全身動(dòng)脈及肺動(dòng)脈的舒張,并且這一舒張機(jī)制與藥物劑量和可逆的內(nèi)皮依賴性有關(guān)[14,15]。DPP4抑制劑能夠通過提高GLP-1水平,從而引起血管張力的改變。內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能改善可能通過與一氧化氮(NO)相關(guān)途徑來實(shí)現(xiàn)[16,17]。體外動(dòng)脈實(shí)驗(yàn)已證實(shí),DPP4抑制劑可不依賴GLP-1受體,而是直接通過NO相關(guān)性機(jī)制誘導(dǎo)部分血管擴(kuò)張。NO的釋放有賴于磷脂酰肌醇3激酶及鉀離子通道[18]。DPP4抑制劑(沙格列汀等)治療可增加NO的生成并減少ONOO-的釋放[19]。

DPP4抑制劑調(diào)節(jié)血管張力的另一機(jī)制,可能是通過神經(jīng)肽Y信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。DPP4抑制劑底物神經(jīng)肽Y(1-36)和肽YY(1-36)是內(nèi)源性 Y(1)的受體配體。Y(1)受體激活可導(dǎo)致血管收縮。DPP4抑制劑可介導(dǎo)裂解形成NPY(3-36)及PYY(3-36),激動(dòng)內(nèi)源性Y(2)受體。DPP4抑制劑可能通過調(diào)節(jié)NPY及PYY降解來影響血管張力。與之相反,NPY(1-36)可通過激活 Y(1)受體而提高對(duì)腎血管緊張素Ⅱ的應(yīng)答。DPP4抑制劑(如西他列?。┛稍黾覰PY的堆積從而促進(jìn)血管緊張素Ⅱ的縮血管作用[20,21]。與之比較,GLP-1也具有一定的降壓作用。研究證明,GLP-1及其類似物對(duì)2型糖尿病特別是同時(shí)合并高血壓的患者可起到降壓作用[22]。眾所周知,DPP4抑制劑可增強(qiáng)GLP-1的降壓效果,但與此同時(shí),還能夠促進(jìn)NPY/PYY介導(dǎo)Y(2)的激活作用。然而許多影響力大的實(shí)驗(yàn)無法將血壓作為終點(diǎn)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,因其可能受到多重因素影響,所以呈現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)有一定困難[22]。Ogawa等[23]研究報(bào)告顯示,隔日一次的西他列汀治療可顯著降低血紅蛋白及收縮壓,且兩者無明顯相關(guān)性。西他列汀對(duì)非糖尿病且合并輕中度高血壓患者也可起到降壓作用。給予西他列汀治療5天后,收縮壓及舒張壓均有顯著降低[24]。另一種DPP4抑制劑(沙格列?。┰?型糖尿病患者的治療中也顯示出降低收縮壓及舒張壓的作用[25]。

3.3 對(duì)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的作用 低密度脂蛋白受體基因敲除后的小鼠給予高脂飲食及阿格列汀治療12周后,動(dòng)脈斑塊的形成顯著減少,同時(shí)胰島素抵抗得以改善[26]。高脂飲食可增加DPP4活性,減少對(duì)阿格列汀的反應(yīng)。血壓下降在治療早期即可顯現(xiàn),這與主動(dòng)脈的乙酰膽堿依賴性舒張有關(guān)。DPP4抑制劑治療可在不改變每周體重及攝食量基礎(chǔ)上減少內(nèi)臟脂肪的聚集,并且伴有血漿細(xì)胞因子(TNF-α等)顯著減少[26]。主動(dòng)脈中的浸潤細(xì)胞CD11b+和 CD206+及脂肪組織中的 CD11b+和CD11c+細(xì)胞均顯著減少,隨之下降的還有炎性基因的表達(dá),因此DPP4抑制劑可有效抑制體外單核細(xì)胞的遷移。可溶的外源性DPP4對(duì)熒光標(biāo)記下單核細(xì)胞對(duì)腹腔的趨化性有明顯作用,這一作用可被格列西汀有效抑制。Shirakawa等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),DPP4抑制劑具有預(yù)防脂肪單核細(xì)胞浸潤、改善胰島素抵抗及維持糖穩(wěn)態(tài)的作用。利用人單核細(xì)胞的體外研究表明,阿格列汀治療可減少TLR-4介導(dǎo)的促炎癥細(xì)胞因子=IL-6及IL-1β的生成,表明DPP4抑制劑可通過抑制炎癥應(yīng)答從而抑制動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化形成[28]。

3.4 在降低心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中的潛在作用 2型糖尿病是典型的心血管病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[29,30]。盡管先進(jìn)的治療方法使危險(xiǎn)因素(如糖尿病患者的血糖、血脂)的處理得以改進(jìn),但該患者群體的大量剩余風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍主張?zhí)娲委?。DPP4抑制劑作為降低血糖的治療方法,作用并非十分顯著,目前建議用作糖尿病飲食及藥物之外的輔助治療。DPP4抑制劑用于糖尿病患者的另一益處是可降低心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前世界范圍內(nèi)已上市的DPP4抑制劑分別為西格列汀[31](sitagliptin)、維格列汀[32](vildagliptin)、沙格列汀[33](saxagliptin)、阿格列汀[34](alogliptin)、利格列汀[35](linagliptin)、吉格列汀[36](gemigliptin)和替格列汀(teneligliptin)。大多數(shù)針對(duì)DPP4抑制劑的臨床試驗(yàn)表明,DPP4抑制劑可使糖化血紅蛋白水平降低0.6%~0.8%[37-41]。這些變化在同時(shí)給予二甲雙胍、磺脲類及吡格列酮等治療時(shí)更加明顯。大多數(shù)研究表明,利用穩(wěn)態(tài)模型來評(píng)估胰島B細(xì)胞功能指數(shù)和空腹胰島素原,二者較前均有改善,即胰島素比率可體現(xiàn)出胰島B細(xì)胞功能的改善[41,42]。無論單獨(dú)用藥還是聯(lián)合用藥,DPP4抑制劑均不會(huì)對(duì)體重造成明顯的影響[37,43,44]。

最近一項(xiàng)共8544例患者參與的、納入18項(xiàng)隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)的薈萃分析表明,與其他2型糖尿病降糖療法相比,DPP4抑制劑可顯著降低有害的心血管事件發(fā)生[45]。一些前瞻性臨床對(duì)照試驗(yàn)正在就DPP4抑制劑對(duì)心血管事件的影響進(jìn)行研究,并指出此類藥物的副作用及低血糖反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率均較低[46]。已報(bào)道的DPP4抑制劑的副作用包括胰腺炎、高脂血癥、高甘油三酯血癥、鼻咽炎、感冒樣癥狀、咳嗽等[40,47]。盡管糖尿病患者胰腺炎發(fā)生率較一般人群高,但仍有報(bào)道稱胰腺炎的發(fā)生及淀粉酶/脂肪酶的升高與西他列汀有相關(guān)性[48]。然而,多個(gè)臨床試驗(yàn)表明,DPP4抑制劑導(dǎo)致胰腺炎的概率仍明顯低于其他口服降糖藥[49]。

綜上所述,DPP4抑制劑在控制血糖方面起到核心作用。近期研究[49]表明,除了調(diào)節(jié)餐后血糖外DPP4抑制劑還具有多效性,并且可能在炎性疾病如動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的治療中起作用,因此其潛在的心血管系統(tǒng)的生理學(xué)及病理學(xué)作用也已成為關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)。然而DPP4抑制劑的心血管保護(hù)作用是繼于改善高血糖后的結(jié)果,還是其藥物的直接保護(hù)作用,目前還沒有確切的定論。對(duì)于DPP4抑制劑的更好理解在于其降糖效果及潛在的降低心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的作用,但藥物在心血管系統(tǒng)作用是否存在選擇性和特異性等,目前還不是很清楚,有待于更深入和廣泛的研究。

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Research progress of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor and cardiovascular disease

楊雪(綜述) 李玉子(審校)

二肽基肽酶4抑制劑; 2型糖尿?。?心血管疾病

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; Type 2 diabet; Cardiovascular disease

133000 吉林省延吉市,延邊大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科

10.3969/j.issn.1672-5301.2015.02.007

R587.1

A

1672-5301(2015)02-0121-05

2014-12-25)

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