殷帥文 ,何旭梅,王 偉,賴 強(qiáng),馬 寧,王安萍
1井岡山大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院;2 井岡山大學(xué)電信學(xué)院,吉安 343009
狗脊(Woodwardia japonica)為烏毛蕨科(Blechnaceae)狗脊屬植物。該屬共12 種,除弗吉尼亞狗脊[Woodwardia virginia(L.)J.Sm.]外,我國均有分布。狗脊分布地域廣闊,為丘陵地區(qū)常見的酸性土指示植物,生物資源十分豐富[1]。狗脊是我國應(yīng)用已久的中草藥品種?,F(xiàn)代一般認(rèn)為它是中草藥“貫眾”的基源植物之一,而在古代的本草著作它卻是中藥“狗脊”的基源。民間記載狗脊具有清熱解毒、止血、殺蟲、散淤和消腫等功效。主治蟲積腹痛,濕熱便血,血崩、痢疾、療瘡腫痛、感冒等癥[2]。迄今為止,人們對中藥“狗脊”和中草藥“貫眾”的許多基源植物進(jìn)行了化學(xué)成分研究,但對狗脊化學(xué)成分的研究則較少[3],而活性研究方面,僅有狗脊提取液的抗菌抗病毒初步研究以及水煎劑對小白鼠的毒性試驗(yàn)[4],其他活性未見報(bào)道。為此,本文對其進(jìn)行了化學(xué)成分研究并首次報(bào)道了其抑制乙酰膽堿酯酶活性。
狗脊(Woodwardia japonica)全草于2010 年7~8 月份采集于江西井岡山地區(qū),在陰涼通風(fēng)處晾干、粉碎。樣品由井岡山大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院周兵副教授鑒定。憑證標(biāo)本(C.20100001)保存于井岡山大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院標(biāo)本室。
FAB-MS 測試采用VG-ZAB 型質(zhì)譜儀,HR-FABMS 測試采用熱電公司MAT95XP 型質(zhì)譜儀,EI-MS測試和GC-MS 分析采用HP 5988A GC/MS 型質(zhì)譜儀;NMR 測定采用Bruker AM-400 型超導(dǎo)核磁共振儀;吸光度測定采用日本Shimadzu 公司UV2550 紫外可見分光光度計(jì)。柱層析硅膠(200~300 目)及薄層層析(TLC)硅膠GF254(10~40 μm)為青島海洋化工廠出品,用254 nm 紫外燈檢測,輔以噴5%H2SO4-乙醇溶液后加熱顯色。乙酰膽堿酯酶、二硫二硝基苯甲酸(DTNB)、硫代乙酰膽堿、4%十二烷基硫酸鈉和陽性對照tacrine 均為Sigma 公司產(chǎn)品,其余化學(xué)試劑均為分析純。
將粉碎的狗脊全草(1.5 kg)以95%乙醇浸泡提取3 次,每次3 d,將提取液合并后減壓濃縮得浸膏(150 g)。浸膏溶于1 L 蒸餾水中,依次用石油醚和乙酸乙酯萃取3 次,分別得到石油醚萃取物(22 g)和乙酸乙酯萃取物(25 g)。石油醚萃取物經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(石油醚-乙酸乙酯梯度洗脫)后得到共約5個組分,其中,組分2 經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(石油醚-乙酸乙酯5∶1),得到化合物3(1 g)和4(35 mg),組分3 經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(石油醚-丙酮5∶1),得到化合物5 (50 mg),乙酸乙酯部分經(jīng)減壓柱層析(石油醚-乙酸乙酯洗脫)后分為極性遞增的4 個部分,組分2 拌樣上硅膠柱用氯仿∶丙酮=5∶1 洗脫,得到化合物1(23 mg)和2(45 mg),組分3 拌樣上硅膠柱,用氯仿∶丙酮=5∶2 洗脫,得到化合物6(30 mg)和7(27 mg)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)采用改良的Ellman 方法[5]進(jìn)行:將2.65 mL PBS(pH 8.0),50 μL AChE(0.85 U/mL,buffer pH 8),100 μL 15 mM DTNB 和樣品溶液100 μL 加入試管,37 ℃預(yù)熱2 min,然后加入100 μL 15 mM ATch,在37 ℃保溫20 min 后立即加入1 mL 0.4%SDS 終止反應(yīng),將所得溶液立即在412 nm 下測量吸光值并根據(jù)下式計(jì)算抑制率。
這里A對照是指樣品溶液為沒有添加樣品的50%乙醇溶液時(shí)的吸光值,A樣品是指添加樣品溶液的吸光值,而A樣品空白則表示添加樣品溶液但沒有添加底物ATch 時(shí)的吸光值。所有實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)三次并計(jì)算平均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,陽性對照為他克林。
化合物1 白色固體,無熒光,在TLC 上5%濃硫酸-無水乙醇溶液加熱顯紫紅色。紅外譜圖提示羥基信號(3382 cm-1)、酯羰基(1736 cm-1)信號和烯鍵信號(1645、1463 和888 cm-1),氫譜和碳譜提示含1 個β-谷甾醇信號,1 個葡萄糖信號和1 個長鏈脂肪酰基信號,推測該化合物為糖基上接有長鏈脂肪?;暮}卜苷。其FAB-MS 提示分子量為868,并出現(xiàn)明顯的甾醇碎片峰m/z 397,故長鏈脂肪?;赏茰y為20 碳單烯酰基。由于糖基上6'-H 的化學(xué)位移向低場移動到δ 4.3-4.4,提示與化合物2相同,長鏈脂肪?;〈谄咸烟堑?'位。樣品甲醇解反應(yīng)后經(jīng)GC-MS 分析,長鏈脂肪酸被確定為二十碳-9Z-烯酸,故化合物最終被鑒定為3-O-[6'-O-(9Z-二十碳烯酰)-β-D-葡萄糖酰]-谷甾醇(結(jié)構(gòu)見圖1),化合物1 的結(jié)構(gòu)迄今還未見報(bào)道,其波譜數(shù)據(jù)如下:[α]D20=-36 (c=2,氯仿);UV (氯仿):246 (2.065);IR (KBr):3382,2925,2852,1737,1645,1463,1376,1171,1117,888,721 cm-1;1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:5.35 (3H,m,H-6,H-8'',H-9''),4.38 (1H,m,H-6'a),4.30 (1H,dd,J,=12.0,1.8Hz,H-6' b),3.56 (1H,m,H-3'),3.54(1H,m,H-4'),3.47 (1H,m,H-3),3.38 (1H,m,H-2'),3.37 (1H,m,H-5'),2.32 (2H,t,J=6.6 Hz,H-2''),1.01 (3H,s,H-19),0.91 (3H,d,J=6.5 Hz,H-21),0.87 (3H,m,H-20''),0.84 (3H,s,H-26),0.82 (3H,s,H-27),0.80 (3H,t,J=6.3 Hz,H-29),0.65 (3H,s,H-18);13C NMR (CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:37.3 (C-1),31.9 (C-2),79.8 (C-3),38.9(C-4),140.4 (C-5),122.0 (C-6),31.9 (C-7),31.9 (C-8),50.1 (C-9),36.5 (C-10),21.1 (C-11),39.8 (C-12),42.3 (C-13),56.8 (C-14),24.3(C-15),28.2 (C-16),56.1 (C-17),11.8 (C-18),19.4 (C-19),36.1 (C-20),18.8 (C-21),33.9 (C-22),26.1 (C-23),45.8 (C-24),29.2 (C-25),19.8(C-26),19.0 (C-27),23.1 (C-28),12.0 (C-29),101.3 (C-1'),70.5 (C-2'),76.6 (C-3'),73.3 (C-4'),73.6 (C-5'),63.8 (C-6'),174.1 (C-1''),34.3(C-2''),31.5 (C-3''),29.1-29.8 (C-4''-C8''),130.0 (C-9''),128.0 (C-10''),29.1-29.8 (C-11''-C17''),25.0 (C-18''),22.7 (C-19''),14.1 (C-20'');FAB (positive)m/z:869 [M +H]+(8),397[M-acyl-glucosyl]+(13),253 (13),201 (20),161(39),145 (60),107 (100).HR-FAB-MS (positive)m/z:397.3805 ([M-acyl-glucosyl]+,calcd.for C29H49:397.3834)。
圖1 化合物1 的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Chemical structures of compounds 1
化合物2 白色固體,無熒光,mp.146~147℃,在TLC 上5%濃硫酸-無水乙醇溶液加熱顯紫紅色。其EI-MS m/z:414[M-Glc+H]+(18),397(19),381(14),303(15),255(16),231(8),213(21);1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:5.35 (1H,s,H-6),4.37 (1H,m,H-6'a),4.30 (1H,dd,J,=12.0,1.8Hz,H-6' b),3.55 (1H,m,H-3'),3.54(1H,m,H-4'),3.47 (1H,m,H-3),3.38 (1H,m,H-2'),3.36 (1H,m,H-5'),2.32 (2H,t,J=6.6 Hz,H-2''),1.01 (3H,s,H-19),0.92 (3H,d,J=6.5 Hz,H-21),0.87 (3H,m,H-16''),0.84 (3H,s,H-26),0.82 (3H,s,H-27),0.80 (3H,t,J=6.3 Hz,H-29),0.65 (3H,s,H-18);13C NMR (CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:37.2(C-1),31.9 (C-2),79.7 (C-3),38.9(C-4),140.3 (C-5),122.0 (C-6),31.9 (C-7),31.9 (C-8),50.1 (C-9),36.4 (C-10),21.1 (C-11),39.7 (C-12),42.3 (C-13),56.8 (C-14),24.3(C-15),28.3 (C-16),56.1 (C-17),11.5 (C-18),19.4 (C-19),36.1 (C-20),18.8 (C-21),33.9 (C-22),26.1 (C-23),45.8 (C-24),29.2 (C-25),19.8(C-26),19.0 (C-27),23.1 (C-28),12.0 (C-29),101.4 (C-1'),70.6 (C-2'),76.6 (C-3'),73.3 (C-4'),73.8 (C-5'),63.8 (C-6'),174.2 (C-1''),34.3(C-2''),31.5 (C-3''),29.1-29.8 (C-4''-C13''),25.1(C-14''),22.8 (C-15''),14.2 (C-16''),上述波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道數(shù)值基本一致[6],故鑒定為β-谷甾醇-3-O-α-L-(6'-O-正十六?;?-葡萄糖苷。
化合物3 無色針狀晶體,易溶于氯仿,mp.132~134 ℃,薄層噴硫酸-乙醇溶液加熱顯紫紅色。該化合物經(jīng)TLC 與β-谷甾醇的對照品對照,在3 種溶劑體系下其Rf值一致,故鑒定為β-谷甾醇。
化合物4 白色粉末,mp.275~278 ℃,EI-MS m/z :456[M]+,189(100),237(40),219(10),175(30),218(15),1H NMR (C5D5N)顯示有6 個甲氧基δ:1.85 (3H,s,Me),1.71 (3H,s,Me),1.45(3H,s,Me),1.02 (3H,s,Me),0.92 (3H,s,Me),0.73(3H,s,Me),一個雙鍵氫4.99(2H,s,H-30),13C NMR (C5D5N)δ:16.3 (C-Me),16.8 (C-Me),16.9(C-Me),19.1(C-Me),20.0(C-Me),25.2(Me-24)為六個甲基峰,與羥基相連的碳信號為66.7(C-3),雙鍵信號為110.6(C-22)和148.7(C-30),羧基信號181.8(C-23)。上述波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道數(shù)值基本一致[3],故鑒定為狗脊酸。
化合物5 白色結(jié)晶粉末(甲醇),mp.295~298 ℃,易溶于吡啶,Liebermann-Burchard 反應(yīng)呈陽性,與胡蘿卜苷已知對照品進(jìn)行共薄層,顯色過程相同,Rf值一致,故鑒定該化合物為胡蘿卜苷。
化合物6 黃色結(jié)晶(甲醇),mp.215~217 ℃,EI-MS m/z:286 [kaempferol]+(100),285[kaempferol-H]+(25),258 [kaempferol-CO]+(10),257 [kaempferol-COH]+(12),153 [C7H4O4+H]+(6)。其1H NMR 和13C NMR 數(shù)據(jù)顯示該化合物由山柰素和兩個鼠李糖構(gòu)成。1H NMR(C5D5N)δ:6.44(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-6),6.69(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-8),7.74(2H,d,J=9.5 Hz,H-2',6'),6.91(2H,d,J=9.5 Hz,H-3',5'),5.38(1H,d,J=1.5 Hz,H-1''),4.21(1H,dd,J=3.0,1.5 Hz,H-2''),3.70(1H,dd,J=9.5,3.5 Hz,H-3''),3.30(1H,t,J=9.5 Hz,H-4''),3.28(1H,m,H-5''),0.90(1H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-6''),5.55(1H,d,J=1.5 Hz,H-1'''),4.00(1H,dd,J=3.0,1.5 Hz,H-2'''),3.8(1H,dd,J=9.5,3.5 Hz,H-3'''),3.45(1H,t,J=9.5 Hz,H-4'''),3.55(1H,m,H-5'''),1.25(1H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-6''');13C NMR (C5D5N)δ:159.8(C-2),136.5(C-3),179.8(C-4),163.0(C-5),100.6(C-6),163.6(C-7),95.7(C-8),158.1(C-9),103.6(C-10),122.5(C-1'),132.0(C-2',6'),116.6(C-3',5'),161.7(C-4'),107.6(C-l”),71.3,71.7,71.9,72.1,72.1,72.2,73.3,73.7(rham -2''-5'',2'''-5'''),17.7(C-6''),99.9(C-l'''),18.1(C-6'''),上述波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道數(shù)值基本一致[3],故鑒定為山柰素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖基7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷。
化合物7 黃色結(jié)晶(甲醇),mp.215~217 ℃,EI-MS m/z:286 [kaempferol]+(100),285[kaempferol-H]+(25),258 [kaempferol-CO]+(12),257 [kaempferol-COH]+(10),153 [C7H4O4+H]+(6);1H NMR 和13C NMR 數(shù)據(jù)顯示該化合物由山柰素、兩個鼠李糖和一個乙?;鶚?gòu)成。1H NMR(C5D5N)δ:6.44 (1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-6),6.68(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-8),7.73 (2H,d,J=9.5 Hz,H-2',6'),6.92 (2H,d,J=9.5 Hz,H-3',5'),5.48 (1H,d,J=1.5 Hz,H-1''),4.21 (1H,dd,J=3.0,1.5 Hz,H-2''),3.82 (1H,dd,J=9.5,3.5 Hz,H-3''),4.55 (1H,t,J=9.5 Hz,H-4''),3.28(1H,m,H-5''),0.80 (1H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-6''),5.55(1H,d,J=1.5 Hz,H-1'''),4.00 (1H,dd,J=3.0,1.5 Hz,H-2'''),3.65 (1H,dd,J=9.5,3.5 Hz,H-3'''),3.45 (1H,t,J=9.5 Hz,H-4'''),3.82 (1H,m,H-5'''),1.22 (1H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-6'''),2.06 (3H,s,H-AC);13C NMR (C5D5N)δ:159.9(C-2),136.0(C-3),179.8(C-4),163.0(C-5),100.5(C-6),163.6(C-7),95.7(C-8),158.0(C-9),103.2 (C-10),122.5 (C-1'),132.0 (C-2',6'),116.6 (C-3',5'),161.8 (C-4'),107.6 (C-l”),71.4(C-2''),71.0 (C-3''),74.9 (C-4''),69.6 (C-5''),17.1 (C-6''),99.9 (C-l'''),71.5 (C-2'''),71.3(C-3'''),73.4 (C-4'''),72.1 (C-5'''),18.1 (C-6'''),21.0 (COCH3),172.5 (COCH3)。上述波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道數(shù)值基本一致[3],故鑒定為山柰素-3-O-α-L-(4-O-乙?;?-鼠李糖基7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷。
化合物狗脊酸,在濃度為0.1 mg/mL 時(shí),其對乙酰膽堿酯酶活性的抑制率為70.5%,而其在濃度為0.25 mg/mL 時(shí),其對乙酰膽堿酯酶活性的抑制率為87.5%,而化合物山柰素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖基7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷和山柰素-3-O-α-L-(4-O-乙?;?-鼠李糖基7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷的抑制率在濃度為0.1 mg/mL 時(shí),其對乙酰膽堿酯酶活性的抑制率為61.2%和40.8%,而其在濃度為0.25 mg/mL 時(shí),其對乙酰膽堿酯酶活性的抑制率為77.6%和51.4%。而其余的化合物在濃度為0.25 mg/mL 和0.5 mg/mL時(shí),其對乙酰膽堿酯酶活性的抑制率均小于50%。
早老性癡呆癥(又稱阿爾茨海默氏病,Alzheimer's Disease,AD)是發(fā)生于老年和老年前期以進(jìn)行性神經(jīng)退化為特征的大腦退行性病變,是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變行性疾病,其主要臨床表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性認(rèn)知功能減退并伴有行為障礙和情緒異常等,嚴(yán)重者直至失去生活自理能力[7,8]。目前的研究認(rèn)為AD 是一種多病因疾病,膽堿能假說是目前最為被廣泛接受的病理理論[9-11]。因此,乙酰膽堿酯酶抑制劑(Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor,AChEI)藥物是目前研究最多、最為活躍的抗早老性癡呆癥藥物[9-13]。然而,從植物中篩選并開發(fā)出的抗老年性癡呆癥的藥物并不多,系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)行植物乙酰膽堿酯酶抑制活性研究的報(bào)道也很少[9],本實(shí)驗(yàn)對狗脊乙醇提取物進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的化學(xué)研究,并對其化學(xué)成分進(jìn)行了乙酰膽堿酯酶抑制活性研究,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示部分化合物具有一定的的抑制乙酰膽堿酯酶活性。
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