高欽磊,程永現(xiàn)
1中國科學(xué)院昆明植物研究所 植物化學(xué)與西部植物資源持續(xù)利用國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,昆明 650201;2中國科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049
半夏屬(Pinellia)為天南星科(Araceae)南星亞科的一個(gè)屬,該屬植物中國目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的共有10 種,分別為滴水珠、石蜘蛛、掌葉半夏、盾葉半夏、半夏、大半夏、鷂落坪半夏、姊歸半夏、三裂葉半夏和五葉半夏[1]。中華人民共和國藥典(2000 版)僅收錄了半夏(P.ternata)的鱗莖作為藥材正品,半夏始載于《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》,列為下品,具有燥濕化痰、降逆止嘔、消痞散結(jié)等功效,其炮制品常與陳皮為伍組成二陳湯,用于支氣管或肺系疾病,效果確切。
天南星科中藥如半夏、天南星等一般毒性較大,但也是常用中藥,為此,多年來人們試圖揭開它們的藥效和毒性物質(zhì)[2-5],但迄今尚無取得實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。目前已知半夏屬植物含有生物堿、揮發(fā)油、多糖、有機(jī)酸、氨基酸、黃酮[6]、三萜類[7]、吡咯并吡嗪二酮[8]等。藥理學(xué)研究表明半夏提取物具有鎮(zhèn)咳、祛痰、鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)吐、抗?jié)?、促進(jìn)膽汁分泌以及抗早孕、抗腫瘤等作用[9]。此外,郁紅禮等人報(bào)道半夏及掌葉半夏中含有致炎作用的毒蛋白[10]。我們認(rèn)為目前關(guān)于半夏的研究還不夠深入,進(jìn)一步開展工作仍十分必要。本研究從其70%的乙醇提取物中分離得到8 個(gè)化合物,其中1 個(gè)為新化合物,其它均為首次從該藥材中獲得。
Shimadzu UV-2401PC 紫外可見光分光光度計(jì);Horbia SEPA-300 型數(shù)字式旋光儀;Xevo TQ-S 質(zhì)譜儀、Brucker Esquire-LC 質(zhì)譜儀和Agilent G6230 TOF高分辨質(zhì)譜儀;Bruker、DRX-500 及Avance 600 MHz核磁共振儀(TMS 為內(nèi)標(biāo),δ 為ppm,J為Hz);柱層析硅膠和薄層層析硅膠GF254(青島海洋化工廠);MCI gel CHP 20P(日本三菱公司);Sephadex LH-20(Pharmacia);RP-18(日本Daiso);北京創(chuàng)新通恒LC3000 型HPLC,色譜柱為Agilent Zorbax SB-C18(250 mm × 9.4 mm,i.d.5 μm)?;瘜W(xué)計(jì)算軟件為Gaussview 5.0,Discovery Studio 4.0 Client 和Originpro 9.0 64Bit;操作系統(tǒng)為Windows 7[高斯基組為密度擬合基組,溶劑為甲醇,在TDDFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d)環(huán)境下運(yùn)行]。
半夏于2012年9月購自中國云南省昆明市藥材市場,樣品經(jīng)云南省藥物研究所邱斌高級工程師鑒定,憑證標(biāo)本(CHYX-0576)保存于中國科學(xué)院昆明植物研究所植物化學(xué)與西部植物資源持續(xù)利用國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
取干燥的半夏鱗莖15 kg,粉碎后用70%乙醇室溫浸提(90 L × 48 h × 3),合并提取液,減壓回收乙醇得浸膏680 g。將浸膏用4%鹽酸溶液充分捏溶,調(diào)pH 值至3~4 后用乙酸乙酯萃取得酸水層(A)和乙酸乙酯層(B)。酸水層(A)中和后用乙酸乙酯萃取3 次,回收溶劑得到A1(堿性部分)。B 部分用1%氫氧化鈉溶液調(diào)pH 值至9~10 后用乙酸乙酯萃取3 次,回收乙酸乙酯得B1(530 g),堿水層中和后,用乙酸乙酯萃取3 次得B2(酸性部分22 g)。A1 部分(150 g)行MCI gel CHP 20P 柱色譜(甲醇/水,10%→100%)得Fr.1~Fr.5。Fr.4(80 g)行硅膠柱色譜(氯仿/甲醇,50∶1→1∶1)得Fr.4-1~Fr.4-3,其中Fr.4-2(15 g)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)凝膠過濾再行RP-18 柱色譜得Fr.4-2-1~Fr.4-2-4。Fr.4-2-2(600 mg)經(jīng)制備型TLC(氯仿/甲醇)后再經(jīng)半制備HPLC(甲醇/水)純化得到化合物1(4.5 mg)和2(5 mg)。Fr.4-2-3(400 mg)經(jīng)制備型TLC(氯仿/甲醇)后再經(jīng)半制備HPLC(甲醇/水)純化得到化合物3(3 mg)和4(2 mg)。B2 部分(22 g)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20 凝膠過濾(甲醇)分為3 個(gè)組份(Fr.1~Fr.3),其中Fr.2(7 g)經(jīng)MCI gel CHP 20P后行Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)凝膠過濾得Fr.2-1~Fr.2-3。Fr.2-2(2 g)經(jīng)硅膠柱色譜(氯仿/甲醇)不斷精制后得Fr.2-2-1(500 mg),再行制備型TLC(氯仿/甲醇)后再經(jīng)半制備HPLC(甲醇/水)得化合物8(12.6 mg)和一組份,該組份含有化合物5 和6,其比例為2∶1。Fr.3(2 g)經(jīng)RP-18 后行Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)凝膠過濾得Fr.3-1~Fr.3-3。其中Fr.3-2(400 mg)經(jīng)制備型TLC(氯仿/甲醇)后再經(jīng)半制備HPLC(甲醇/水)純化得化合物7(6.2 mg)。
圖1 化合物1 的關(guān)鍵COSY 和HMBC 相關(guān)Fig.1 Key COSY and HMBC correlations of compound 1
圖2 (2R,6S)-1 和(2S,6S)-1 的ECD 計(jì)算與實(shí)測值比較Fig.2 Calculated and experimental ECD spectra for 2R,6S and 2S,6S of compound 1
表1 化合物1 的1H (600 MHz)、13C NMR (150 MHz)數(shù)據(jù)(氘代甲醇)及HMBC、COSY 相關(guān)Table 1 1H (600 MHz)and 13C NMR (150 MHz)data in CD3OD,HMBC and COSY correlations of 1
化合物2 白色固體,分子式為C12H14N2O4,EI-MSm/z:250 [M]+。1H NMR (500 MHz,CD3OD)δ:8.90 (1H,s,H-3),8.50 (1H,s,H-6),7.72(1H,d,J=1.1 Hz,H-10),7.17 (1H,d,J=2.7 Hz,H-8),6.63 (1H,dd,J=2.7,1.1 Hz,H-9),3.96 (1H,m,H-13),3.79 (1H,dd,J=11.2,3.7 Hz,Ha-14),3.64 (1H,dd,J=11.2,3.7 Hz,Hb-14),3.55 (1H,m,H-12),3.24 (1H,dd,J=11.2,3.7 Hz,Ha-11),2.90 (1H,dd,J=11.2,3.7 Hz,Hb-11);13C NMR (125 MHz,CD3OD)δ:154.7(s,C-5),152.3 (s,C-7),145.9 (d,C-10),145.7(d,C-6),143.8 (s,C-2),140.1 (d,C-9),113.3(d,C-9),111.3 (d,C-8),76.2 (d,C-13),72.9 (d,C-12),64.6 (t,C-14),39.6 (t,C-11)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[11]報(bào)道一致,故鑒定化合物2 的結(jié)構(gòu)為2-(furan-2-yl)-5-(2,3,4-trihydroxy-butyl)-1,4-diazine。
化合物3 白色固體,分子式為C11H18N2O2,ESI-MSm/z:211 [M+H]+。1H NMR (600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:4.20 (1H,m,H-9),4.08 (1H,m,H-6),3.52 (2H,m,H-3),2.32 (1H,m,Ha-5),2.17 (1H,m,Hb-5),2.03 (1H,m,Ha-4),1.93 (1H,m,Hb-4),1.44 (1H,m,H-10),1.32 (2H,m,H-11),1.07(3H,d,J=7.2 Hz,H-13),0.94 (3H,t,J=7.6 Hz,H-12);13C NMR (150 MHz,CD3OD)δ:172.6(s,C-1),167.7 (s,C-7),61.4 (d,C-9),60.1 (d,C-6),46.3 (t,C-3),37.1 (d,C-10),29.7 (t,C-5),25.5 (t,C-4),23.4 (t,C-11),15.7 (q,C-13),12.7(q,C-12)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[12]報(bào)道一致,故鑒定化合物3 的結(jié)構(gòu)為cyclo(Pro-Leu)。
化合物4 白色固體,分子式為C11H8N2,ESIMSm/z:169 [M+H]+。1H NMR (600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:8.80 (1H,s,H-1),8.29 (1H,d,J=5.2 Hz,H-3),8.21 (1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,H-5),8.11(1H,d,J=5.2 Hz,H-4),7.58 (1H,d,J=7.8 Hz,H-8),7.45 (1H,td,J=7.8,1.0 Hz,H-7),7.26 (1H,td,J=7.8,1.0 Hz,H-6)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[13]報(bào)道一致,故鑒定化合物4 的結(jié)構(gòu)為β-carboline。
化合物5 淡黃色固體,分子式為C26H28O14,ESI-MSm/z:563 [M-H]-。1H NMR (600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:8.25 (2H,d,J=8.7 Hz,H-2',H-6'),6.90 (2H,d,J=8.7 Hz,H-3',H-5'),6.68 (1H,s,H-3),4.80-3.10 (sugar part);13C NMR (150 MHz,CD3OD)δ:184.5 (s,C-4),167.1 (s,C-2),163.2(s,C-5),160.4 (s,C-7),157.6 (s,C-4'),156.5(s,C-9),131.1 (d,C-2',C-6'),123.0 (s,C-1'),117.1 (d,C-3',C-5'),108.4 (s,C-6),105.9 (s,C-8),104.1 (s,C-10),103.3 (d,C-3),82.1 (d,Gal-5),77.2 (d,Ara-1),76.6 (d,Ara-3),76.4 (d,Gal-3),75.6 (d,Gal-1),72.1 (t,Ara-5),71.3 (d,Ara-4),71.1 (d,Ara-2),70.7 (d,Gal-4),70.1 (d,Gal-2),63.5 (t,Gal-6)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[14]報(bào)道一致,故鑒定化合物5 的結(jié)構(gòu)為芹菜素-6-C-阿拉伯糖-8-C-半乳糖苷。
化合物6 淡黃色固體,分子式為C26H28O14,ESI-MSm/z:563 [M-H]-。1H NMR (600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:7.90 (2H,d,J=8.6 Hz,H-2',H-6'),6.93 (2H,d,J=8.6 Hz,H-3',H-5'),6.63 (1H,s,H-3),4.80-3.10 (sugar part);13C NMR (150 MHz,CD3OD)δ:184.5 (s,C-4),167.1 (s,C-2),163.2(s,C-5),160.4 (s,C-7),157.6 (s,C-4'),156.5(s,C-9),131.1 (d,C-2',C-6'),123.0 (s,C-1'),117.1 (d,C-3',C-5'),108.4 (s,C-6),105.9 (s,C-8),104.1 (s,C-10),103.3 (d,C-3),82.0 (d,Gal-5),71.5 (t,Ara-5),75.6 (d,Ara-3),75.4 (d,Gal-3),74.6 (d,Gal-1),71.1 (t,Ara-5),70.3 (d,Ara-4),70.1 (d,Ara-2),69.7 (d,Gal-4),69.1 (d,Gal-2),63.0 (t,Gal-6)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[14]報(bào)道一致,故鑒定化合物6 的結(jié)構(gòu)為芹菜素-6-C-半乳糖-8-C-阿拉伯糖苷。
化合物7 白色固體,分子式為C20H26O5,ESIMSm/z:345 [M-H]-。1H NMR (600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:7.89 (1H,d,J=6.3 Hz,H-3),6.09 (1H,m,H-3'),6.06 (1H,dd,J=7.5,1.5 Hz,H-2),5.48(1H,s,H-6),4.87 (1H,m,H-8),3.28 (1H,m,H-11),3.13 (1H,m,H-1),2.97 (1H,m,H-7),2.47(2H,m,H-9),2.17 (1H,m,H-10),1.89 (3H,d,J=7.2 Hz,H-4'),1.73 (1H,s,H-15),1.43 (3H,d,J=8.5 Hz,H-13),1.26 (3H,d,J=6.7 Hz,H-14),1.02 (3H,s,H-5');13C NMR (150 MHz,CD3OD)δ:212.6 (s,C-4),167.8 (s,C-12),165.5(s,C-1'),139.8 (d,C-3'),130.1 (d,C-2),130.0(d,C-3),128.9 (s,C-2'),81.7 (d,C-8),73.2 (d,C-6),56.3 (s,C-5),55.7 (d,C-1),50.3 (d,C-7),42.1 (t,C-9),41.6 (d,C-11),27.3 (d,C-10),20.1(q,C-14),20.4 (q,C-15),18.1 (q,C-5'),16.3 (q,C-4'),11.3 (q,C-13)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[15]報(bào)道一致,故鑒定化合物7 的結(jié)構(gòu)為6-O-angeloylprenolin.
化合物8 白色粉末,分子式為C20H24O6,ESIMSm/z:359 [M-H]-。1H NMR (600 MHz,CD3OD)δ:6.74 (1H,d,J=8.1 Hz,H-5'),6.67 (1H,d,J=1.8 Hz,H-2'),6.66 (1H,s,H-3),6.62 (1H,dd,J=8.1,1.8 Hz,H-6'),6.17 (1H,s,H-6),3.81(3H,s,OCH3-4),3.78 (3H,s,OCH3-5),3.71 (1H,d,J=4.7 Hz,H-1),3.67 (2H,m,H-8),2.78(4H,d,J=7.7 Hz,HOCH2-9,10),2.02 (1H,m,H-10),1.76 (1H,m,H-9);13C NMR (150 MHz,CD3OD)δ:149.3 (s,C-4),147.8 (s,C-5),146.8(s,C-3'),145.8 (s,C-2),138.7 (s,C-7),134.9(s,C-1'),129.6 (s,C-4'),123.9 (d,C-6'),117.8(d,C-5'),116.3 (d,C-2'),113.8 (d,C-6),112.8(d,C-3),66.8 (t,HOCH2-9),62.7 (t,HOCH2-10),56.4 (q,OCH3-4,5),48.2 (d,C-10),48.1 (d,C-1),40.9 (d,C-9),33.8 (t,C-8)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[16]報(bào)道一致,故鑒定化合物8 的結(jié)構(gòu)為4-Omethyl-3'-O-demethyl-secoisolariciresinol。
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