邵 杭,梅文莉,李 薇,蓋翠娟,朱國鵬,戴好富*
1海南大學(xué)園藝園林學(xué)院,???570228;2 中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院熱帶生物技術(shù)研究所 農(nóng)業(yè)部熱帶作物生物學(xué)與遺傳資源利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;3 海南省沉香工程技術(shù)研究中心,???571101
柳葉擬沉香(Gyrinops salicifoliaRidl)是瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)擬沉香屬(Gyrinops)的一種常綠喬木,是巴布亞·新幾內(nèi)亞特有樹種[1]。迄今為止,全世界共發(fā)現(xiàn)8 種擬沉香屬植物,主要分布于東南亞地區(qū)以及印度尼西亞群島一帶,與沉香屬(Aquilaria)植物一起被認(rèn)為是能產(chǎn)沉香的物種[2,3],且均被列入了《瀕危野生動(dòng)植物種國際貿(mào)易公約》(CITES)附錄Ⅱ。沉香作為傳統(tǒng)名貴藥材和天然香料,具有行氣止痛,溫中止嘔,納氣平喘的功能,可用于治療胸腹脹悶疼痛,胃寒嘔吐呃逆,腎虛氣逆喘急[4]?,F(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究表明,沉香具有抗菌[5]、抗癌[6,7]、消炎[8]、神經(jīng)保護(hù)[9,10]和降血糖[11]等功效。目前各國學(xué)者對沉香屬植物所產(chǎn)沉香的化學(xué)成分研究較多,發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要為倍半萜和2-(2-苯乙基)色酮類化合物[12-18],而對擬沉香屬植物的化學(xué)成分研究甚少,其所產(chǎn)沉香的化學(xué)成分研究還未見報(bào)道。本次研究主要對柳葉擬沉香所產(chǎn)沉香的化學(xué)成分及其藥理活性進(jìn)行研究,利用各種柱色譜和波譜學(xué)方法,共分離鑒定出8 個(gè)2-(2-苯乙基)色酮類化合物,均為首次從擬沉香屬植物所產(chǎn)沉香中分離得到,并采用Elman 比色法對全部化合物進(jìn)行活性測試,結(jié)果表明化合物2~4、7 對乙酰膽堿酯酶具有一定的抑制活性。
薄層層析硅膠板和柱色譜硅膠(200~300 目)和硅膠H 為青島海洋化工廠產(chǎn)品;Sephadex LH-20為Merck 公司產(chǎn)品;ODS(20~45 μm)為Fuji 公司產(chǎn)品;MS 譜在Autospec-3000 質(zhì)譜儀上測定;NMR用Brucker AV-500 型超導(dǎo)核磁儀測定,以TMS 為內(nèi)標(biāo);N-1000(2L)立式旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀為上海愛朗儀器有限公司;SHZ-D(ш)循環(huán)真空泵為上海隆拓儀器設(shè)備有限公司;DX-2015 低溫循環(huán)機(jī)為北京長流科學(xué)儀器有限公司;BP221S 萬分之一電子秤為北京賽多利斯天平有限公司;乙酰膽堿酯酶(041M7009V)、碘化硫代乙酰膽堿(BCBF0420V)、二硫代二硝基苯甲酸(DNTB)(SHBD2937V)、他克林(07220AV)均購自Sigma 公司;ELX-800 酶標(biāo)儀購自美國寶特公司;超凈工作臺為上海博訊實(shí)業(yè)有限公司醫(yī)療設(shè)備廠。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)樣品于2014年12月購買于澳門,經(jīng)中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院熱帶生物技術(shù)研究所王軍博士鑒定該沉香的源植物為柳葉擬沉香Gyrinops salicifoliaRidl,憑證標(biāo)本(CX20141222)存放于中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院熱帶生物技術(shù)研究所。
柳葉擬沉香根產(chǎn)沉香(491.1 g)用95%乙醇加熱回流提取三次,減壓濃縮,得到乙醇提取物(177.4 g),將提取物分散于水中成懸濁液,用乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,得到乙酸乙酯萃取物(141.2 g),正丁醇萃取物(26.8 g)。乙酸乙酯部分采用硅膠(硅膠H)減壓柱,以氯仿-甲醇(1∶0~0∶1)梯度洗脫,分段收集得到10 個(gè)流分(Fr.1~10)。Fr.2(5.1 g)經(jīng)ODS(甲醇-水=3∶7~1∶0)梯度洗脫,得到14 個(gè)流分(Fr.2-1~Fr.2-14)。Fr.2-7(190.0 mg)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(氯仿-甲醇=1∶1),再經(jīng)反復(fù)硅膠柱(200~300 目)色譜(石油醚-乙酸乙酯=30∶1)洗脫,得到化合物2(11.2 mg)。Fr.2-8(340.0 mg)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇),再經(jīng)反復(fù)硅膠柱(200~300目)色譜(石油醚-乙酸乙酯=20∶1)洗脫,得到化合物1(5.3 mg)和3(13.5 mg)。Fr.3(7.2 g)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇),再經(jīng)ODS(甲醇-水=3∶7~1∶0)梯度洗脫,得到19 個(gè)流分(Fr.3-1~Fr.3-19)。Fr.3-5(143.4 mg)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇),再經(jīng)反復(fù)硅膠柱(200~300 目)色譜(氯仿-甲醇=100∶1)洗脫,得到化合物4(10.4 mg)。Fr.3-6(99.3 mg)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇),得到Fr.3-6-1(66.0 mg)。Fr.3-6-1(66.0 mg)再經(jīng)反復(fù)硅膠柱(200~300 目)色譜(氯仿-甲醇=200∶1)洗脫,得到化合物8(5.3 mg)。Fr.4(11.5 g)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇),再經(jīng)ODS(甲醇-水=3∶7~1∶0)梯度洗脫,得到11 個(gè)流分(Fr.4-1~ Fr.4-11)。Fr.4-3(180.9 mg)經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇),再經(jīng)反復(fù)硅膠柱(200~300目)色譜(氯仿-甲醇=100∶1、80∶1)洗脫,得到化合物5(4.1 mg)、6(4.0 mg)和7(6.3 mg)。
化合物1 無色油狀;ESI-MSm/z273 [M +Na]+;分子式為C17H14O2;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz)δ:8.21 (1H,dd,J=8.0,2.0 Hz,H-5),7.68(1H,dd,J=7.7,6.0 Hz,H-7),7.46 (1H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-8),7.41 (1H,t,J=7.6 Hz,H-6),7.28(5H,m,H-2',H-3',H-4',H-5',H-6'),6.18 (1H,s,H-3),3.09 (2H,m,H-7'),2.97 (2H,m,H-8');13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz)δ:168.5 (C-2),110.4 (C-3),178.4 (C-4),125.1 (C-5),125.9 (C-6),133.7(C-7),118.0 (C-8),156.6 (C-9),123.9 (C-10),139.9 (C-1'),128.8 (C-2',C-6'),128.4 (C-3',C-5'),126.7 (C-4'),33.1 (C-7'),36.3 (C-8')。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[16]對照基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。
化合物2 黃色粉末;ESI-MSm/z305 [M +Na]+,281 [M-H]-;分子式為C17H14O4;1H NMR(CDCl3,500 MHz)δ:7.19 (5H,m,H-2',H-3',H-4',H-5',H-6'),7.09 (1H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-7),6.59(1H,dd,J=8.8,1.2 Hz,H-6),6.02 (1H,s,H-3),3.04 (2H,m,H-7'),2.94 (2H,m,H-8');13C NMR(CDCl3,125 MHz)δ:170.1 (C-2),108.6 (C-3),183.7 (C-4),139.6 (C-5),110.2 (C-6),121.8 (C-7),137.1 (C-8),152.1 (C-9),110.8 (C-10),144.8 (C-1'),128.7 (C-2',C-6'),128.3 (C-3',C-5'),126.6 (C-4'),32.8 (C-7'),35.9 (C-8')。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[13]對照基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。
化合物3 黃色粉末;ESI-MSm/z335 [M +Na]+,311 [M-H]-;分子式為C18H16O5;1H NMR(CD3OD,500 MHz)δ:7.40 (1H,d,J=9.2 Hz,H-7),7.37 (2H,d,J=9.2 Hz,H-2',H-6'),7.07(2H,d,J=8.6 Hz,H-3',H-5'),6.88 (1H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-6),6.29 (1H,s,H-3),4.02 (3H,s,4'-OCH3),3.30(2H,m,H-8'),3.23 (2H,m,H-7');13C NMR (CD3OD,125 MHz)δ:171.3 (C-2),109.1(C-3),184.4 (C-4),152.4 (C-5),110.6 (C-6),122.4 (C-7),138.0 (C-8),145.6 (C-9),111.3 (C-10),132.3 (C-1'),129.8 (C-2',C-6'),114.5 (C-3',C-5'),158.8 (C-4'),55.5 (4'-OCH3),32.4 (C-7'),36.8 (C-8')。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[13]對照基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為5,8-二羥基-2-[2-(4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮。
化合物4 淡粉色粉末;ESI-MSm/z305[M +Na]+,281 [M-H]-;分子式為C17H14O4;1H NMR(CD3OD,500 MHz)δ:7.25 (4H,m,H-2',H-3',H-5',H-6'),7.17 (1H,m,H-4'),6.87 (1H,d,J=2.8 Hz,H-5),6.77 (1H,d,J=2.6 Hz,H-7),6.06(1H,s,H-3),3.10 (2H,m,H-7'),2.98 (2H,m,H-8');13C NMR (CD3OD,125 MHz)δ:170.7 (C-2),109.6 (C-3),180.7 (C-4),99.1 (C-5),156.2 (C-6),109.6 (C-7),148.9 (C-8),142.2 (C-9),125.7(C-10),141.3 (C-1'),129.5 (C-2',C-6'),129.4(C-3',C-5'),127.3 (C-4'),33.9 (C-7'),37.2 (C-8')。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[17]對照基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為6,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。
化合物5 無色油狀;ESI-MSm/z335 [M +Na]+,311 [M-H]-;分子式為C18H16O5;1H NMR(DMSO-d6,500 MHz)δ:9.72 (1H,s,4'-OH),9.21(1H,s,6-OH),7.24 (1H,s,H-5),7.13 (1H,s,H-8),7.03 (2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-2',H-6'),6.66(2H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-3',H-5'),6.03 (1H,s,H-3,),3.90 (3H,s,7-OCH3),2.87 (4H,m,H-7',H-8');13C NMR (DMSO-d6,125 MHz)δ:167.8 (C-2),108.8 (C-3),176.1 (C-4),107.2 (C-5),144.9(C-6),153.5 (C-7),100.4 (C-8),151.0 (C-9),116.5 (C-10),130.2 (C-1'),129.2 (C-2',C-6'),115.2 (C-3',C-5'),155.7 (C-4'),31.4 (C-7'),35.3 (C-8'),56.2 (7-OCH3)。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[10]對照基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為6-羥基-7-甲氧基-2-[2-(4-羥基苯)乙基]色酮。
化合物6 淡黃色粉末;ESI-MSm/z365[M +Na]+,341 [M-H]-;分子式為C19H18O6;1H NMR(CDCl3,500 MHz)δ:7.63 (1H,s,H-5),7.37 (1H,s,H-8),7.02 (1H,d,J=1.87 Hz,H-2'),6.96(1H,d,J=8.00 Hz,H-6'),6.91 (1H,dd,J=8.03,1.94 Hz,H-5'),6.34 (1H,s,H-3),4.27 (3H,s,6-OCH3),4.01 (3H,s,4'-OCH3),3.26 (2H,m,H-7'),3.22 (2H,m,H-8');13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz)δ:170.9 (C-2),109.9 (C-3),180.1 (C-4),108.4 (C-5),148.9 (C-6),155.6 (C-7),100.8 (C-8),153.7 (C-9),117.8 (C-10),132.9 (C-1'),116.2 (C-2'),146.6 (C-3'),146.0 (C-4'),113.2(C-5'),121.9 (C-6'),33.9 (C-7'),37.4 (C-8'),57.0 (6-OCH3),56.3 (4'-OCH3)。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[10]對照基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為6-甲氧基-7-羥基-2-[2-(3-羥基-4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮。
化合物7 淡黃色油狀;ESI-MSm/z365[M +Na]+,341 [M-H]-;分子式為C19H18O6;1H NMR(CDCl3,500 MHz)δ:7.65 (1H,s,H-5),6.89 (1H,s,H-8),6.81 (1H,d,J=2,4 Hz,H-2'),6.78 (1H,d,J=8.2 Hz,H-5'),6.67 (1H,dd,J=8.2,2.4 Hz,H-6'),6.10 (1H,s,H-3),4.03 (3H,s,7-OCH3),3.88 (3H,s,4'-OCH3),2.97 (2H,t,J=2.8 Hz,H-7'),2.87 (2H,t,J=3.3 Hz,H-8');13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz)δ:167.9 (C-2),109.7 (C-3),177.9 (C-4),108.4 (C-5),145.8 (C-6),152.1(C-7),99.2 (C-8),152.1 (C-9),117.9 (C-10),133.2 (C-1'),114.6 (C-2'),144.0 (C-3'),145.4(C-4'),110.9 (C-5'),119.8 (C-6'),32.6 (C-7'),36.3 (C-8'),56.6 (7-OCH3),56.1 (4'-OCH3)。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[10]對照基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為6-羥基-7-甲氧基-2-[2-(3-羥基-4-甲氧基苯)乙基]色酮。
化合物8 淡黃色粉末;ESI-MSm/z335[M +Na]+,311 [M-H]-;分子式為C18H16O5;1H NMR(CD3OD,500 MHz)δ:7.44 (1H,d,J=9.0 Hz,H-8),7.40 (1H,dd,J=3.1,1.7 Hz,H-5),7.24 (1H,ddd,J=9.1,3.0,1.5 Hz,H-7),6.79 (1H,d,J=2.2 Hz,H-2'),6.70 (1H,d,J=8.2 Hz,H-5'),6.64(1H,ddd,J=8.2,4.1,2.0 Hz,H-6'),6.11 (1H,s,H-3),3.82 (3H,s,3'-OCH3),2.96 (4H,m,H-7',H-8');13C NMR (CD3OD,125 MHz)δ:171.0 (C-2),109.6 (C-3),180.5 (C-4),108.7 (C-5),155.9 (C-6),124.3 (C-7),120.3 (C-8),151.8 (C-9),124.9(C-10),133.8 (C-1'),112.6 (C-2'),147.2 (C-3'),147.3 (C-4'),116.2 (C-5'),120.2 (C-6'),33.2 (C-7'),37.1 (C-8'),56.4 (3'-OCH3)。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[18]對照基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為6-羥基-2-[2-(3-甲氧基-4-羥基苯)乙基]色酮。
用Elman 法[19]測定化合物1~8 和乙酸乙酯萃取物的抗乙酰膽堿酯酶活性。待測樣品均用DMSO進(jìn)行溶解。取110 μL 磷酸緩沖液(pH 8.0),10 μL待測樣品(50 μg/mL)和40 μL 乙酰膽堿酯酶(0.02 μg/mL)于96 孔板中,溫育20 min(30 ℃),之后加入DTNB(2.48 mg/mL)和碘化硫代乙酰膽堿(1.81 mg/mL)等體積混合液20 μL,反應(yīng)體系總共200 μL,30 min 后,405 nm 處酶標(biāo)儀進(jìn)行檢測。陽性對照為他克林,反應(yīng)終濃度為0.08 μg/mL,陰性對照為DMSO,反應(yīng)終濃度為0.1%,實(shí)驗(yàn)3 次重復(fù)。按照(E-S)/ E × 100% 來計(jì)算化合物對乙酰膽堿酯酶的抑制率(E 為陰性對照平均吸光值,S 為待測樣品的平均吸光值)。測試結(jié)果(見表1)表明,乙酸乙酯萃取物和化合物2~4、7 對乙酰膽堿酯酶具有一定的抑制活性。
表1 乙酸乙酯萃取物與化合物1-8 的乙酰膽酯酶抑制活性(濃度:50 μg/mL)Table 1 AChE inhibitory activity of EtOAc extract and compounds 1-8 at 50 μg/mL
本實(shí)驗(yàn)采取多種色譜技術(shù),從柳葉擬沉香所產(chǎn)沉香中分離得到了8 個(gè)2-(2-苯乙基)色酮類化合物,均為首次從擬沉香屬植物所產(chǎn)沉香中分離得到。乙酰膽堿脂酶抑制活性測試結(jié)果顯示,化合物2~4、7 對乙酰膽堿酯酶具有一定的抑制活性。
本次研究發(fā)現(xiàn)2-(2-苯乙基)色酮類化合物是柳葉擬沉香所產(chǎn)沉香的一類主要化學(xué)成分,與沉香屬植物所產(chǎn)沉香的主要化學(xué)成分類別一致。2-(2-苯乙基)色酮類化合物是評價(jià)沉香品質(zhì)的主要成分之一[20],本次研究結(jié)果豐富了擬沉香屬植物所產(chǎn)沉香的化學(xué)成分,不僅為更好地探索擬沉香屬植物結(jié)香機(jī)制奠定了理論基礎(chǔ),也為該屬植物及其所產(chǎn)沉香的開發(fā)和利用提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。
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