∷王偉濱
近年來,中國人在建筑方面刮起一股“復(fù)古風(fēng)”,只是所“復(fù)”之“古”,并非我們自己的,而是西洋的。今日中國各地如同巨型積木一般的高樓大廈之外,這也算體現(xiàn)了另一種審美情趣吧。最近有西方學(xué)者Bianca Bosker著書Original Copies: Architectural Mimicry(模仿)in Contemporary China,對此發(fā)了一通議論,頗有幾分見地。該書稱,當(dāng)下中國建筑的“復(fù)古西洋風(fēng)”(Bosker稱此類建筑為duplitecture,系由duplicate與architecture合成)是:“China’s most popular and startling architectural movement: the construction of monumental themed communities(主題社區(qū))that replicate(復(fù)制)towns and cities in the West”。當(dāng)然,說到洋建筑對國人的吸引,本難用簡單一句“崇洋風(fēng)”的評語帶過,Bosker便在中國的duplitecture中看到不少“中國特色”,其中最有意味的莫過于其“二元對立”的“和諧存在”吧。Bosker說:“I was intrigued by how at odds(不一致)these developments were with the futuristic, hyper-modern skyscrapers being built—and touted(兜售,吹噓)—in China’s metropolises(大都市); how dramatically these communities split with China’s own rich architectural traditions; and the gulf(巨大的差距)between the
excitement among developers, residents and officials for these themescapes(主題景觀)on the one hand, and the disdain(蔑視)with which they were regarded by many critics and architects on the other”。洋建筑在中國,真可謂:“土豪(大概應(yīng)譯為nouveau riche或local tycoon吧)與洋相齊飛,大廈共殘?jiān)簧薄?/p>
不過,批評者們的毒舌且慢搖動,想想看,今天中國的建筑之美,除了“復(fù)”西洋之古外,可供我們選擇的空間實(shí)在不多。漫步巴黎、羅馬、倫敦(當(dāng)然又是rich class干的事),滿眼都是或華麗或古樸的矗立了數(shù)百年的老建筑,令人不得不心生感嘆,而環(huán)顧我們的故土,又有幾座老屋還在人世呢?如此想來,有人愿意將西洋老屋平移到我們的國度,就并不稀奇了。
然而,老屋,特別是西洋老屋,與中國文化的確有諸多格格不入的地方。根本說來,中國人雖然也有老屋情懷,但其程度總難與洋人相比,個中緣由或許是中國建筑主要是易朽的土木結(jié)構(gòu),與西方堅(jiān)實(shí)的磚石結(jié)構(gòu)相比,難免單薄了許多。今日英國鄉(xiāng)間,年代斑駁的古屋仍星羅棋布,且并非展覽館、紀(jì)念堂,而是有人生活、繁衍于其中的活生生的居住地;而在我國,即使偶見百年老宅,也或因搖搖欲墜,而被作為危房劃入拆除名冊,或作為名人故居,而被嚴(yán)加保護(hù),總之是斷斷不會容人居住的。
細(xì)究起來,中西方對于建筑材料“石頭”其實(shí)有著不同的認(rèn)識:在我國的建筑中,石頭往往并非因?yàn)樗鼈兊膶?shí)用價值而被利用,匠人(和收藏者)選擇它們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)首要往往是“奇”(bizarre)——奇石、老樹、小橋、流水是中國人在建筑上的審美情趣。即使是不“奇”的石頭,也不用來做房子,而是或用來做石碑,或用來做個石獅子,總之是派上些“藝術(shù)”用場。而在西方,從古埃及直到19世紀(jì),石頭一直是建筑的主要材料,石匠(stonemason)而非木匠(carpenter)也便成了西洋建筑的主角。
中國的故事中,有關(guān)老屋的并不多見,即使是直接以“屋”為名,如《紅樓夢》,也是主要講人事,相對于人來說,屋子只能算作點(diǎn)綴和附屬,沒有了人,大廈重樓也便沒有多少意義了。賈寶玉與林妹妹雖然也算大宅子里兩個被重重門戶鎖住的靈魂,但是,顯然因?yàn)橹袊孔犹^光亮與清秀,使得他們少了那一分老屋“居住者”(是residents而不是owners,因?yàn)槲葑哟嬖诘镁昧耍悴粚儆谑裁慈肆耍?yīng)有的“鬼氣”(也就是陰沉之氣melancholy)。中國的樓臺屋宇是因人而建,“雕欄玉砌應(yīng)猶在,只是朱顏改”,這是中國人的感傷;然而對西洋人而言,屋宇的意義往往遠(yuǎn)大于人。房子,特別是老房子,幾乎總是有自己靈魂的,它們的存在不再是為“居住者”遮風(fēng)擋雨,而是以它們的宏大、雄偉,甚至僵化,成為一種規(guī)范與法則,反倒是居住者成為房屋的一種“裝飾”了。
在我讀過的有關(guān)老屋的書中,印象較深的有愛倫·坡(Edgar Allan Poe)的The Fall of the House of Usher(《厄舍府的倒塌》),伊夫林·沃(Evelyn Waugh)的Brideshead Revisited(《故園風(fēng)雨后》)和石黑一雄(Kazuo Ishiguro)的The Remains of the Day(《長日將盡》)。Poe是美國人,但他那份對于古屋的迷戀卻是屬于英國,或至少是歐洲的,與狂野而現(xiàn)代的美國極為不同。在Poe的故事中,Roderick Usher和他的妹妹Madeline住在一棟龐大的、瀕臨崩塌的古宅(capacious,disintegrating house)中,兄妹二人生命的意義似乎便是等待著與古宅一同逝去的那一天。Roderick相信他生活的整棟古屋是有生命的,古屋已經(jīng)與居住者之間因?yàn)橹χβ穆?lián)系而合成一體:[He believes in] “the sentience(知覺)of all vegetable things. ... The belief was connected with the gray stones of the home of his forefathers. The conditions of the sentience had been here,he imagined, fulfilled in the method of collocation(排列)of these stones—in the order of their arrangement, as well as in that of the many fungi(霉菌)which overspread(布滿)them, and of the decayed(腐朽的)trees which stood around—above all, in the long undisturbed endurance of this arrangement, and in its reduplication in the still waters(止水)of the tarn(小湖). Its evidence—the evidence of the sentience—was to be seen, he said, in the gradual yet certain condensation(凝結(jié))of an atmosphere of their own about the waters and the walls. The result was discoverable,he added, in that silent yet importunate(糾纏不休的)and terrible influence which for centuries had moulded(塑造)the destinies of his family, and which made him what I now saw him—what he was”??傊u石結(jié)構(gòu)的房屋,與附著其上的霉菌、枯樹、止水、空氣和人糾纏在一起,已經(jīng)分不出彼此。這就是古屋的魔力:老房子House of Usher像一塊磁石,像一張蛛網(wǎng),粘住了所有靠近它的生命,也賦予了所有與它有關(guān)的存在物以生命。怪不得故事的敘述者,Roderick Usher的無名朋友,對于這棟老房子會下這樣的斷語呢:“I know not how it was—but, with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded(滲透,彌漫)my spirit. I say insufferable; for the feeling was unrelieved by any of that half-pleasurable, because poetic sentiment with which the mind usually receives even the sternest natural images of the desolate or terrible”。(不知為什么,對這房子只一瞥,我便感到一股無法忍受的陰森之氣侵入我的靈魂。我說“無法忍受”,因?yàn)槊鎸臎龌蚩膳碌?,哪怕是最冷峻的自然景象,心靈中本會產(chǎn)生某種因?yàn)樵娨舛o人幾分愉悅的感覺,但此刻我的心情卻并未因此而有絲毫緩解)。
當(dāng)然,老宅并非全然鬼氣,它給人更多的是對于過去的懷念,那“過去”,不論是好是壞,對于有回憶的人來說,大概總是好的?!癢e possess nothing certainly except the past,”伊夫林·沃說。在《故園風(fēng)雨后》的Preface(前言)中,對于自己的創(chuàng)作緣起,沃這樣說:“It was a bleak period of present privation(匱乏)and threatening disaster(此處指二戰(zhàn)時期)—the period of soya beans and Basic English—and in consequence the book is infused(注入)with a kind of gluttony(饑渴,貪食), for food and wine, for the splendors of the recent past, and for rhetorical(修辭的,華麗的)and ornamental(裝飾的)language, which now with a full stomach I find distasteful.”在這多少有些對于曾經(jīng)的“饑渴”有所貶低的話語中,難以抑制地散發(fā)著對于秩序、美麗以至繁復(fù)的渴望?!癐t seemed then that the ancestral seats which were our chief national artistic achievement were doomed to decay and spoliation(腐朽)like the monasteries in the sixteenth century”。的確,就交流而言,Basic English比King’s English要實(shí)用;就果腹而言,soya beans也比English banquets方便,然而,前者終究無法取代后者。故事的敘述者Charles Ryder被老屋Brideshead和老屋的主人、篤信天主教的Flyte一家所吸引。Roman Catholicism(羅馬天主教)以它的華麗和炫目曾令苦行者們頗多微詞,然而Brideshead宗教氣質(zhì)卻愈加烘托出它的尊嚴(yán)與高貴。就像樸素的新教(Protestantism)面對雍容的,同時也難免顯得腐朽的天主教一樣,新時代的人們面對莊嚴(yán)的老宅,也總是同樣心懷復(fù)雜情感。于是,在多年之后,當(dāng)Charles機(jī)緣巧合,在戰(zhàn)爭中重游Brideshead,雖然舊地已是滿目瘡痍,但他卻分明看到了老宅中散發(fā)出新的光明:“Something quite remote from anything the builders intended, has come out of their work, and out of the fierce little human tragedy in which I played; something none of us thought about at the time; a small red flame—a beaten-copper(銅箔)lamp of deplorable(糟糕的)design relit before the beatencopper doors of a tabernacle(神龕); the flame which the old knights saw from their tombs, which they saw put out;that flame burns again for other soldiers, far from home,farther, in heart, than Acre(圣地阿科古城)or Jerusalem(耶路撒冷). It could not have been lit but for the builders and the tragedians(悲劇作家), and there I found it this morning, burning anew among the old stones”。
不過,對于古屋的忠誠與熱愛,可能更多的并非來源于古屋的主人,或是Charles Ryder這樣的局外仰慕者,而是來自古屋的看護(hù)者,盡責(zé)的butler(管家)?!堕L日將盡》中的主人公Stevens,便是這樣的一個butler,一個多少有些傻氣的,然而又極為鄭重其事的看護(hù)者。古屋不像一般的cottage(農(nóng)舍),它注定是無法讓人開玩笑的,因此,Stevens對于古屋的新主人來自美國的紳士Mr. Farraday的banters(玩笑)頗為介意;雖然他也曾努力要“reciprocate my employer’s bantering”(回應(yīng)雇主的玩笑),但卻總是難以成功,因?yàn)?,若是像Darlington Hall這樣的老宅也容得下“玩笑”,那么這老宅便也就失去意義了。有時候,“老頑固”也可以算作一種“尊嚴(yán)”的體現(xiàn)吧。
最后要說的是,對于西洋古屋的興趣,也算是中國人在經(jīng)歷了轟轟烈烈、摧枯拉朽的“拆遷風(fēng)潮”之后在“建筑審美”上的一種覺醒吧;雖然在懵懵懂懂中,我們已經(jīng)不記得自己的過去究竟是怎樣的,對于將來也僅有些模糊的想法。不過,愿意記住一些過去,哪怕是別人的過去,終究不是件壞事。