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小劑量安體舒通對(duì)社區(qū)單純收縮期高血壓患者血壓影響的臨床研究

2014-11-24 23:22姬文慧陸軍鐘寧陳冬冬王占成方寧
上海醫(yī)藥 2014年21期
關(guān)鍵詞:血壓

姬文慧+陸軍+鐘寧+陳冬冬+王占成+方寧遠(yuǎn)

摘 要 目的:研究小劑量安體舒通對(duì)單純收縮期高血壓(isolated systolic hypertension, ISH)患者血壓的影響。方法:83例ISH患者隨機(jī)分為治療組和對(duì)照組,在繼續(xù)目前降壓治療的基礎(chǔ)上,治療組患者每天服用安體舒通10 mg,對(duì)照組患者每天服用維生素C 0.3 g,比較治療前和治療13周后兩組患者的血壓和電解質(zhì)、血肌酐水平。結(jié)果:與治療前相比,治療組患者的收縮壓明顯降低,而舒張壓和血鉀水平?jīng)]有明顯變化,對(duì)照組的收縮壓、舒張壓以及血鉀和血肌酐水平?jīng)]有明顯變化。結(jié)論:小劑量的安體舒通可以安全有效地降低ISH患者的收縮壓。

關(guān)鍵詞 安體舒通 單純收縮期高血壓 血壓

中圖分類號(hào):R983.1; R544.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2014)21-0034-03

Effects of small dose of spironolactone on the patients

with isolated systolic hypertension in community

JI Wenhui1, LU Jun1, ZHONG Ning1, CHEN Dongdong1, WANG Zhancheng2, FANG Ningyuan3

(1. Department of Internal Medicine, Huajing Community Health Service Center of Xuhui District, Shanghai 200231, China;

2. Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Eighth Peoples Hospital, Shanghai 200235, China;

3. Department of Geriatrics, Renji Hospital Affilicated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001,China)

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effect of small dose of spironolactone on the patients with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) in community. Methods: Eighty-three cases of ISH patients were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group. Based on the original antihypertensive treatment, patients in the treatment group took spironolactone at a dose of 10 mg daily while vitamin C 0.3 g daily in the control group. Blood pressure, electrolytes and serum creatinine levels in all patients were detected before treatment and 13 weeks after treatment. Results: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly reduced, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and serum potassium levels had no significant change in the treatment group 13 weeks after treatment while SBP, DBP, serum potassium levels and serum creatinine levels had no significant change in the control group. Conclusion: The SBP of patients with ISH can be safely and effectively reduced by taking a small dose of spironolactone.

KEY WORDS spironolactone; isolated systolic hypertension; blood pressure

隨著社會(huì)老齡化進(jìn)程的加速,老年高血壓患者明顯增加,60歲以上人群的高血壓患病率達(dá)49%,其中單純收縮期高血壓(isolated systolic hypertension, ISH)占60%以上[1],在社區(qū)這個(gè)比例可能還要更高。降壓藥物能有效降低高血壓引起的致命或非致命性心腦血管事件,但對(duì)ISH患者本來(lái)就不高甚至還低的舒張壓的降低可能引起或加重心臟等其他臟器因血流灌注不足導(dǎo)致的功能障礙[2]。安體舒通是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的醛固酮受體拮抗劑,在頑固性高血壓的治療中取得了較好的療效[3]。我們將小劑量安體舒通用于社區(qū)ISH患者的輔助治療,以期降低ISH患者的收縮壓,提高社區(qū)高血壓患者治療的達(dá)標(biāo)率。

資料與方法

一般資料

83例ISH患者均選自2012年2月-2013年10月上海市徐匯區(qū)華涇社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心內(nèi)科門(mén)診和社區(qū)服務(wù)站正在接受降壓治療的輕中度高血壓患者,血壓水平符合《中國(guó)高血壓防治指南 2010》關(guān)于ISH的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即SBP≥140 mmHg、DBP<90 mmHg,并且滿足SBP<180 mmHg。其中男43例,女40例,年齡60~82歲,平均(70±15)歲,病程15~40年,排除合并嚴(yán)重的心腦血管疾病、糖尿病、慢性肝腎功能不全以及已經(jīng)服用安體舒通的患者。

分組與治療隨訪

根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字編碼表,把入選患者隨機(jī)分為兩組,對(duì)照組41例,治療組42例,入選患者繼續(xù)接受原有治療,在完成常規(guī)的血電解質(zhì)、腎功能等實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查后,對(duì)照組患者服用維生素C 0.3 g/d,試驗(yàn)組患者服用安體舒通10 mg/d。每月隨訪1次血壓和血電解質(zhì),隨訪期共13周。

統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS 17.0分析軟件,計(jì)量資料以(均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差)表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料以頻數(shù)表示。兩組間均數(shù)的比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié)果

兩組患者在性別組成、年齡、血壓水平和電解質(zhì)水平、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等方面相近,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。

治療13周后,對(duì)照組患者的血壓、血清鉀、血肌酐沒(méi)有明顯變化,治療組患者的收縮壓明顯降低[(167±48.0) mmHg 對(duì) (158±6.51) mmHg, P<0.05],舒張壓略有降低、血清鉀水平略有升高,但與治療前的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。

治療組有1例在第8周時(shí)出現(xiàn)血鉀升高(5.7 mmol/L),退出研究,2例出現(xiàn)輕微單側(cè)乳房脹痛,完成全程隨訪。

討論

收縮壓、舒張壓、平均動(dòng)脈壓以及脈壓等血壓參數(shù)在心腦血管事件的預(yù)測(cè)方面都有一定的意義,近年來(lái)引起重視。在50歲以前,大多數(shù)高血壓患者以舒張壓升高為主,收縮壓接近正常,50歲以后,收縮壓逐漸升高,而舒張壓則呈下降趨勢(shì),脈壓差增加,而脈壓與大動(dòng)脈彈性功能相關(guān),脈壓升高成為較強(qiáng)的冠心病事件預(yù)測(cè)因子[1]。ISH是老年高血壓最常見(jiàn)的臨床類型[4],它是指收縮壓升高而舒張壓不高甚至降低的一種狀態(tài)?!吨袊?guó)高血壓防治指南2010》把ISH定義為在未使用降壓藥物的情況下,非同日3次測(cè)量收縮壓≥140 mmHg,舒張壓<90 mmHg。研究證實(shí),SBP每增加10 mmHg,亞洲人群腦卒中與致死性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增加53%與31%[5]。導(dǎo)致ISH的原因較多,主要與隨年齡增長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)脈硬化程度增加[6]、血壓調(diào)節(jié)的神經(jīng)體液機(jī)制異常以及老年性心臟瓣膜變化以及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常有關(guān)[7]。研究顯示[8],ISH的心血管病死率明顯高于雙期高血壓, 積極控制血壓可以讓老年高血壓患者獲益[9]。不少老年ISH合并冠心病,過(guò)度降低舒張壓會(huì)加重心肌缺血,因此,老年ISH的患者在降壓治療過(guò)程中要兼顧舒張壓水平[10]。血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑(ACEI)和血管緊張素II受體阻滯劑(ARB)是高血壓患者降壓治療的常用藥物,但是老年ISH患者常以低腎素、低交感活性、高容量、高搏出量為特點(diǎn)[11],利尿劑對(duì)其的治療效果較好。安體舒通在心衰患者治療中的有益作用已得到業(yè)界的一致推崇[12],它的有益作用源于其對(duì)血管基礎(chǔ)病變的改善,這可能有助于改善因動(dòng)脈管壁僵硬度增加而致的老年ISH患者脈壓的增加。正是因?yàn)榘搀w舒通拮抗醛固酮、對(duì)抗去甲腎上腺素、AngⅡ、抑制膠原的合成以及直接擴(kuò)張外周血管等作用,近年來(lái)把它用于頑固性高血壓的治療,這對(duì)降低老年ISH患者的心腦血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有重要的意義[3]。張俊松等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),高血壓患者服用小劑量安體舒通,1個(gè)月后就有輕度的降壓效應(yīng),而且主要是以降低收縮壓為主,這種作用到3個(gè)月時(shí)更加明顯。

我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),小劑量安體舒通(10 mg/d)治療13周后,ISH患者的收縮壓明顯降低,而舒張壓和血鉀、血肌酐水平?jīng)]有明顯變化。安體舒通降低收縮壓的主要機(jī)理可能有:①輕微的利尿作用;②降低血管壁僵硬度、減慢脈搏波速度和動(dòng)脈反射波增強(qiáng)指數(shù),這是安體舒通降低收縮壓的主要機(jī)制[14];③抑制醛固酮逃逸。長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用ACEI或ARB可引起醛固酮逃逸現(xiàn)象,促使血壓升高,而安體舒通具有抑制醛固酮逃逸的作用[15]。

目前,關(guān)于安體舒通治療頑固性高血壓的研究,使用的劑量在12.5~60 mg/d不等,隨劑量的加大,高血鉀和血清肌酐升高的比例也有所增加。我們用的劑量是10 mg/d(半粒),不僅患者服用方便,而且血鉀升高、乳房脹痛等不良反應(yīng)也很少,提示10 mg/d的安體舒通口服可以安全地用于腎功能正常的ISH患者,這無(wú)疑對(duì)社區(qū)高血壓的治療提供了一種有效手段。關(guān)于其長(zhǎng)期治療的療效以及合理劑量的選擇,有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

參考文獻(xiàn)

中國(guó)高血壓防治指南修訂委員會(huì). 中國(guó)高血壓防治指南2010[J]. 中華心血管病雜志, 2011, 39(7): 579-583.

Vanhanen H, Thijs L, Birkenhager W, et al. Prevalence and persistency of orthostatic blood pressure fall in older patients with Isolated systolic hypertension[J]. J Hum Hyperten, 1996, 10(9): 607-612.

Vaclavik J, Sedlak R, Plachy M, et al. Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT) — study protocol[J]. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub, 201l, 155(2): 143-148.

Pepe S, Lakatta EG. Aging hearts and vessels:masters of adaptation and survival[J]. Cardiovase Res, 2005, 66(2): 190-193.

Wu Z, Yao C, Zhao D, et al. Sino-MONICA project: a collaborative study on trends and determinants in cardiovascular diseases in China. Part i: morbidity and mortality monitoring[J]. Circulation, 2001, 103(3): 462-468.

Safar ME. Pulse presure, arterial stifness and wave reflections (augumentation index) was a cadiovascular risk factors in hypertension[J]. Cadiovasc Dis, 2008, 2(1): 13-24.

Jamse MA, Robinson TG, Panerai RB, et al. Arterial baroreceptor cardiac reflex sensitivity in the eldedy[J]. Hypertension, 1996, 28(6): 953-960.

Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Naqai K, et al. Progrosis of isolated systolic and isolated diastolic hypertension as asseaaed by self-management of blood presrue at home. The Ohsama study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2000, 160(21): 3301-3306.

Beckett NS, Peers R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older[J]. N Eng J Med, 2008, 358(18): 1887-1898.

Messerli FH, Panjrath GS. The J-curve between blood presure and coronary artery disese or essential hypertension: exactly how enssential[J]. J Am coll Cadiol, 2009, 54(20): 1827-1834.

黃平. 老年人高血壓治療新進(jìn)展[J]. 中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2004, 23(1): 60-62.

Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and managment of chronic heart failure in the adult:execllsive summary[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2002, 21(2): 189-203.

張俊松, 鄧節(jié)喜, 郭壽貴, 等. 螺內(nèi)酯治療頑固性高血壓的隨機(jī)、單盲、對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[J]. 海南醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2012, 18(6): 788-793.

London GM. Role of arterial walI properties in the pathogenesis of systolic hypertension[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2005, 18(1Pt2): 19S-22S.

付紅莉, 趙三明, 房振. 原發(fā)性高血壓病人醛固酮逃逸現(xiàn)象及螺內(nèi)酯的干預(yù)研究[J]. 中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志, 2005, 3(10): 859-861.

(收稿日期:2014-05-19)

Safar ME. Pulse presure, arterial stifness and wave reflections (augumentation index) was a cadiovascular risk factors in hypertension[J]. Cadiovasc Dis, 2008, 2(1): 13-24.

Jamse MA, Robinson TG, Panerai RB, et al. Arterial baroreceptor cardiac reflex sensitivity in the eldedy[J]. Hypertension, 1996, 28(6): 953-960.

Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Naqai K, et al. Progrosis of isolated systolic and isolated diastolic hypertension as asseaaed by self-management of blood presrue at home. The Ohsama study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2000, 160(21): 3301-3306.

Beckett NS, Peers R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older[J]. N Eng J Med, 2008, 358(18): 1887-1898.

Messerli FH, Panjrath GS. The J-curve between blood presure and coronary artery disese or essential hypertension: exactly how enssential[J]. J Am coll Cadiol, 2009, 54(20): 1827-1834.

黃平. 老年人高血壓治療新進(jìn)展[J]. 中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2004, 23(1): 60-62.

Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and managment of chronic heart failure in the adult:execllsive summary[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2002, 21(2): 189-203.

張俊松, 鄧節(jié)喜, 郭壽貴, 等. 螺內(nèi)酯治療頑固性高血壓的隨機(jī)、單盲、對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[J]. 海南醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2012, 18(6): 788-793.

London GM. Role of arterial walI properties in the pathogenesis of systolic hypertension[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2005, 18(1Pt2): 19S-22S.

付紅莉, 趙三明, 房振. 原發(fā)性高血壓病人醛固酮逃逸現(xiàn)象及螺內(nèi)酯的干預(yù)研究[J]. 中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志, 2005, 3(10): 859-861.

(收稿日期:2014-05-19)

Safar ME. Pulse presure, arterial stifness and wave reflections (augumentation index) was a cadiovascular risk factors in hypertension[J]. Cadiovasc Dis, 2008, 2(1): 13-24.

Jamse MA, Robinson TG, Panerai RB, et al. Arterial baroreceptor cardiac reflex sensitivity in the eldedy[J]. Hypertension, 1996, 28(6): 953-960.

Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Naqai K, et al. Progrosis of isolated systolic and isolated diastolic hypertension as asseaaed by self-management of blood presrue at home. The Ohsama study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2000, 160(21): 3301-3306.

Beckett NS, Peers R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older[J]. N Eng J Med, 2008, 358(18): 1887-1898.

Messerli FH, Panjrath GS. The J-curve between blood presure and coronary artery disese or essential hypertension: exactly how enssential[J]. J Am coll Cadiol, 2009, 54(20): 1827-1834.

黃平. 老年人高血壓治療新進(jìn)展[J]. 中華老年醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2004, 23(1): 60-62.

Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and managment of chronic heart failure in the adult:execllsive summary[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2002, 21(2): 189-203.

張俊松, 鄧節(jié)喜, 郭壽貴, 等. 螺內(nèi)酯治療頑固性高血壓的隨機(jī)、單盲、對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[J]. 海南醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2012, 18(6): 788-793.

London GM. Role of arterial walI properties in the pathogenesis of systolic hypertension[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2005, 18(1Pt2): 19S-22S.

付紅莉, 趙三明, 房振. 原發(fā)性高血壓病人醛固酮逃逸現(xiàn)象及螺內(nèi)酯的干預(yù)研究[J]. 中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志, 2005, 3(10): 859-861.

(收稿日期:2014-05-19)

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