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抑郁癥患者空腹血糖、血脂及皮質(zhì)醇水平對(duì)照性研究

2014-11-18 16:06謝志兵王高華
中國(guó)實(shí)用醫(yī)藥 2014年32期
關(guān)鍵詞:空腹血糖抑郁癥皮質(zhì)醇

謝志兵 王高華

【摘要】 目的 了解抑郁癥患者糖脂代謝以及應(yīng)激情況。方法 68例抑郁癥患者作為抑郁癥組, 分別采用漢密頓抑郁量表(HAMD17)和漢密頓焦慮量表(HAMA14)、生活事件量表(LES)對(duì)患者情緒狀況以及應(yīng)激狀況進(jìn)行評(píng)定, 監(jiān)測(cè)其空腹血糖(FBG)、甘油三脂(TG)、血清總膽固醇(TC)、皮質(zhì)醇(CO)水平, 與40例對(duì)照組進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果 抑郁癥組的FBG、TG、CO水平顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.01);而TC水平兩組之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);同時(shí)相關(guān)分析發(fā)現(xiàn), 抑郁癥患者LES總分與FBG、CO水平呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05或P<0.01);抑郁癥患者的HAMA總分、精神焦慮因子分及軀體焦慮因子分與TG水平呈正相關(guān)。結(jié)論 抑郁癥患者糖脂代謝存在異常, 與患者長(zhǎng)期的精神刺激有關(guān)。所以, 臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)早期監(jiān)測(cè)抑郁癥患者的血糖、血脂及皮質(zhì)醇水平, 以便早發(fā)現(xiàn)早治療。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 抑郁癥;空腹血糖;血清總膽固醇;甘油三酯;皮質(zhì)醇

【Abstract】 Objective To study the situation of glucolipid metabolism and stress in patients with depression. Methods A total of 68 depression patients were taken as the depression group, and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD17), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA14) and life events scale (LES) were used to assess their mood and stress situation. Comparisons were made between the depression group and the control group with 40 cases in the monitoring results of their fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and cortisol (CO). Results The levels of FBG, TG and CO in the depression group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.01), while the difference of TC between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results of related analysis showed that LES score of depression patients was positively correlated with levels of FBG and CO (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the HAMA score, mental anxiety factors score and physical anxiety factors score were all positively correlated with level of TG. Conclusion The abnormal glucolipid metabolism of depression patients is related with their long-term mental stimulation. Therefore, clinicians ought to take early monitor on the patients blood glucose, blood lipid and cortisol so as to provide timely treatment.

【Key words】 Depression; Fasting blood glucose; Serum total cholesterol; Triglyceride; Cortisol

抑郁癥是精神疾病當(dāng)中最常見(jiàn)的疾病之一, 它以和處境不相稱(chēng)的情緒低落為主, 跨度上可以從悶悶不樂(lè)到悲痛欲絕, 甚至木僵, 其中約15%的患者死于自殺[1]。2型糖尿病以高血糖為特征的代謝紊亂征群, 主要由于胰島素分泌缺陷或胰島素抵抗而引起。有研究表明, 抑郁情緒是構(gòu)成2型糖尿病發(fā)生主要危險(xiǎn)因素之一, 而且影響2型糖尿病患者治療及預(yù)后[2]。同時(shí)有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脂質(zhì)代謝異常也與某些精神障礙也有密切關(guān)系[3] 。Glueck等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥患者的血脂水平異常。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于精神分裂癥患者的糖脂代謝研究較多, 有關(guān)抑郁癥患者糖脂代謝的臨床研究較少。因此, 作者的研究主要是了解抑郁癥患者糖脂代謝是否異常, 其異常是否和長(zhǎng)期心理應(yīng)激有關(guān)。

1 資料與方法

1. 1 一般資料 抑郁癥組為2007年3月~2008年3月在湖北省人民醫(yī)院精神科就診的門(mén)診及住院患者。共入組68例, 其中男29例(42.6%), 女39例(57.4%), 患者平均年齡(36.41±13.84)歲;發(fā)病情況:首發(fā)40例(58.8%), 復(fù)發(fā)28例(41.2%);起病有誘因者36例(52.9%), 起病無(wú)明顯誘因者32例(47.1%);均為單相抑郁。入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡18~65歲, 符合美國(guó)精神障礙分類(lèi)與診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第四版(DSM-Ⅳ)中抑郁發(fā)作的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 且均為單相抑郁發(fā)作, HAMD17評(píng)分>17分, ≥4周以上時(shí)間未服用抗精神類(lèi)藥物。同意參加本項(xiàng)研究, 并簽寫(xiě)書(shū)面知情同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):排除其他精神障礙;排除糖尿病和高血脂患者。對(duì)照組:共入組40例, 其中男18例(45.0%), 女22例(55.0%), 平均年齡(34.86±12.67)歲。對(duì)照組均來(lái)自湖北省人民醫(yī)院精神科研究生、進(jìn)修醫(yī)生及實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)生, 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)同抑郁癥組。抑郁癥組與對(duì)照組平均年齡、兩組間性別構(gòu)成差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=0.580, χ2=0.057, P>0.05), 具有可比性。endprint

1. 2 方法 ①抑郁癥組一般資料收集:包括性別、年齡、病程、發(fā)作次數(shù)、發(fā)病是否有心理以及因素。②體質(zhì)參數(shù):對(duì)所有入組對(duì)象測(cè)量身高、體重、腰圍、臀圍, 計(jì)算體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)及腰圍/臀圍比值(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)腰臀比), BMI=體重/身高2(kg/cm2)。③用漢密頓抑郁量表(HAMD17)和漢密頓焦慮量表(HAMA14)對(duì)抑郁癥患者情緒狀況進(jìn)行評(píng)定。用生活事件量表(LES)對(duì)患者近期應(yīng)激情況進(jìn)行評(píng)定。④實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定:檢測(cè)空腹血糖(FBG)、血清總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、皮質(zhì)醇(CO)。

1. 3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用SPSS11.5軟件。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差( x-±s)表示, 采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)和相關(guān)分析。本研究中均采用雙側(cè)P檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2. 1 抑郁癥組和對(duì)照組體質(zhì)參數(shù)、FBG、TC、TG、CO水平的比較 抑郁癥組與對(duì)照組相比:BMI、腰臀比、體重均差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);抑郁癥組FBG、TG、CO值明顯高于對(duì)照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01);兩組TC水平差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。

2. 2 抑郁發(fā)作有誘因組與無(wú)明顯誘因組體質(zhì)參數(shù)、FBG、TC、TG、CO水平值比較 抑郁發(fā)作有誘因組CO水平明顯高于發(fā)作無(wú)明顯誘因組, 差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組間體質(zhì)參數(shù)、FBG、TC、TG值差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。

2. 3 抑郁癥組HAMD17、HAMA14總分、因子分、LES分與FBG、TC、TG、CO的相關(guān)性分析 HAMD認(rèn)知因子與TC水平正相關(guān)(P<0.05);HAMA總分、HAMA精神性焦慮因子、軀體性焦慮因子分與TG水平呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05);LES總分與FBG、CO水平呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05或P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表3。

3 討論

抑郁癥和糖尿病在多方面關(guān)系密切。國(guó)外Lysy 等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在糖尿病患者中抑郁癥發(fā)病率明顯高于正常人群。另一項(xiàng)研究關(guān)于抑郁癥患者糖尿病發(fā)現(xiàn)研究, 是Eaton等[6]對(duì)1715例患抑郁癥但無(wú)糖尿病危險(xiǎn)的人群隨訪13年, 認(rèn)為重度抑郁也將是2型糖尿病的危險(xiǎn)因素, 正如“生活方式、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素”等已經(jīng)確定的糖尿病主要危險(xiǎn)因素一樣, 抑郁情緒降低了機(jī)體對(duì)糖代謝的調(diào)節(jié)能力, 從而影響體內(nèi)糖代謝。他的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生時(shí)間上, 抑郁癥的發(fā)生早于2型糖尿病的發(fā)生。國(guó)內(nèi)謝紅濤等[7]也曾做過(guò)相關(guān)調(diào)查性研究, 對(duì)248例抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行追蹤調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn), 抑郁癥患者中糖尿病的患病率明顯高于正常人, 為10.9% , 認(rèn)為伴發(fā)軀體疾病數(shù)目和發(fā)病誘因、高脂血癥是抑郁癥合并糖尿病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。本研究中抑郁癥組和對(duì)照組相比平均年齡、BMI、腰圍、臀圍、腰臀比均差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05), 抑郁癥患者的空腹血糖(FBG)水平明顯高于對(duì)照組, 兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。同時(shí), 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁患者應(yīng)激性激素皮質(zhì)醇水平明顯高于正常對(duì)照組, 比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01), 說(shuō)明抑郁癥與應(yīng)激明顯相關(guān)。患者長(zhǎng)期處于應(yīng)激狀態(tài), 體內(nèi)皮質(zhì)醇分泌增加, 降低了葡萄糖的利用, 促進(jìn)糖異生, 另外皮質(zhì)醇拮抗胰島素抑制血糖的利用, 使血糖升高[8]。作者進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)LES總分與FBG、CO水平呈正相關(guān), 比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01), 表明患者遭受的壓力越大, 其糖脂代謝越異常。

本研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥組甘油三酯(TG)水平明顯高于對(duì)照組, 兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。這與Glueck等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥患者TG水平增高結(jié)果一致。但也有研究結(jié)果提示重度抑郁發(fā)作患者甘油三脂(TG)水平與正常健康人群比較無(wú)差異 [9]。作者的相關(guān)分析研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 抑郁癥組TG水平與HAMA總分及其因子分呈正相關(guān), 提示抑郁癥患者甘油三脂水平的升高與其伴有的焦慮癥狀有關(guān)。TG水平升高與脂毒性密切相關(guān), 導(dǎo)致胰島素抵抗和胰島素功能減退, 最終可引起血糖升高[10]。這也可能與本研究中抑郁癥患者空腹血糖水平高于對(duì)照組有關(guān)。

血清總膽固醇水平與抑郁的關(guān)系已經(jīng)被廣泛研究。Partonen等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)重度抑郁的患者總膽固醇水平下降, 認(rèn)為抑郁發(fā)作的嚴(yán)重程度以及消極觀念與膽固醇水平下降有關(guān)。Gabriel等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥患者經(jīng)過(guò)抗抑郁治療4周后總膽固醇水平明顯升高。作者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥組血清總膽固醇(TC)與對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05), 可能由于本研究抑郁癥患者大部分來(lái)自開(kāi)放性臨床心理病房, 有嚴(yán)重自殺觀念及行為的患者極少, 所以?xún)山M間膽固醇水平無(wú)明顯差異。但國(guó)外也有不少研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁和總膽固醇水平下降有關(guān)[13, 14]。因此低血清總膽固醇水平與抑郁癥狀間的關(guān)系有待進(jìn)一步研究來(lái)證實(shí)。

總之, 抑郁癥患者皮質(zhì)醇水平明顯高于正常人, 說(shuō)明抑郁癥發(fā)作與應(yīng)激有一定關(guān)系, 這種變化可能是重大生活事件與其他因素共同作用的結(jié)果。同時(shí)抑郁癥患者存在一定的糖脂代謝異常, 其異??赡芘c患者長(zhǎng)期處于慢性應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下有關(guān);臨床醫(yī)師有必要對(duì)抑郁癥患者的血糖、血脂水平進(jìn)行隨訪監(jiān)測(cè), 以便早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療糖脂代謝性疾病。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 王汝寬. 2001年世界衛(wèi)生報(bào)告.北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社, 2001: 13.

[2] Engum A, Mykletun A, Midthjell K, et al. Depression and Diabetes: A Large Population-based Study of Sociodemographic, Lifestyle and Clinical Factors Associated with Depression in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(8):1904-1909.endprint

[3] Boston PF, Dursun SM, Reveley MA. Cholesterol and mental disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1996, 169(6):682-689.

[4] Glueck CJ, Tieger M, Kunkel R, et al. Hypocholeslerolemia and affective disorders. Am. J. Med.Sci, 1994(308):218-225.

[5] Lysy Z, Da Costa D, Dasgupta K. The association of physical activity and depression in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med, 2008, 25(10):1133-1141.

[6] Eaton WW, Armenian H, Gallo J, et al. Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes: a prospective population-based study. Diabetes care, 1996, 19(10):1097-1102.

[7] 謝紅濤.施慎遜.住院抑郁癥患者糖尿病患病率調(diào)查.臨床精神醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2006, 16(1):21-23.

[8] Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, et al. Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature.Diabetes Care, 2000, 23(7):934-942.

[9] Olusi SO, Fido AA. Serum lipid concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 1996, 40(11):1128-1131.

[10] 楊文英. 從脂毒性到糖尿病再到血脂異常.國(guó)外醫(yī)學(xué)(內(nèi)分泌學(xué)分冊(cè)), 2004, 24(4):287-288.

[11] Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J, et al. Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1999, 175(3):259-262.

[12] Gabriel A. Changes in plasma cholesterol in mood disorder patients: Does treatment make a difference? Journal of affective disorders, 2007, 99(1):273-278.

[13] Deisenhammer E A, Kramer-Reinstadler K, Liensberger D, et al. No evidence for an association between serum cholesterol and the course of depression and suicidality. Psychiatry research, 2004, 121(3):253-261.

[14] Luis G, Victoria VS, Julia MA, et al. Relation of serum cholesterol, lip, srotonin and tryptophan levls to severity of depression and to suicide attempts. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 2000, 25(4):371-377.

[收稿日期:2014-07-03]endprint

[3] Boston PF, Dursun SM, Reveley MA. Cholesterol and mental disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1996, 169(6):682-689.

[4] Glueck CJ, Tieger M, Kunkel R, et al. Hypocholeslerolemia and affective disorders. Am. J. Med.Sci, 1994(308):218-225.

[5] Lysy Z, Da Costa D, Dasgupta K. The association of physical activity and depression in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med, 2008, 25(10):1133-1141.

[6] Eaton WW, Armenian H, Gallo J, et al. Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes: a prospective population-based study. Diabetes care, 1996, 19(10):1097-1102.

[7] 謝紅濤.施慎遜.住院抑郁癥患者糖尿病患病率調(diào)查.臨床精神醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2006, 16(1):21-23.

[8] Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, et al. Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature.Diabetes Care, 2000, 23(7):934-942.

[9] Olusi SO, Fido AA. Serum lipid concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 1996, 40(11):1128-1131.

[10] 楊文英. 從脂毒性到糖尿病再到血脂異常.國(guó)外醫(yī)學(xué)(內(nèi)分泌學(xué)分冊(cè)), 2004, 24(4):287-288.

[11] Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J, et al. Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1999, 175(3):259-262.

[12] Gabriel A. Changes in plasma cholesterol in mood disorder patients: Does treatment make a difference? Journal of affective disorders, 2007, 99(1):273-278.

[13] Deisenhammer E A, Kramer-Reinstadler K, Liensberger D, et al. No evidence for an association between serum cholesterol and the course of depression and suicidality. Psychiatry research, 2004, 121(3):253-261.

[14] Luis G, Victoria VS, Julia MA, et al. Relation of serum cholesterol, lip, srotonin and tryptophan levls to severity of depression and to suicide attempts. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 2000, 25(4):371-377.

[收稿日期:2014-07-03]endprint

[3] Boston PF, Dursun SM, Reveley MA. Cholesterol and mental disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1996, 169(6):682-689.

[4] Glueck CJ, Tieger M, Kunkel R, et al. Hypocholeslerolemia and affective disorders. Am. J. Med.Sci, 1994(308):218-225.

[5] Lysy Z, Da Costa D, Dasgupta K. The association of physical activity and depression in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med, 2008, 25(10):1133-1141.

[6] Eaton WW, Armenian H, Gallo J, et al. Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes: a prospective population-based study. Diabetes care, 1996, 19(10):1097-1102.

[7] 謝紅濤.施慎遜.住院抑郁癥患者糖尿病患病率調(diào)查.臨床精神醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2006, 16(1):21-23.

[8] Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, et al. Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature.Diabetes Care, 2000, 23(7):934-942.

[9] Olusi SO, Fido AA. Serum lipid concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 1996, 40(11):1128-1131.

[10] 楊文英. 從脂毒性到糖尿病再到血脂異常.國(guó)外醫(yī)學(xué)(內(nèi)分泌學(xué)分冊(cè)), 2004, 24(4):287-288.

[11] Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J, et al. Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1999, 175(3):259-262.

[12] Gabriel A. Changes in plasma cholesterol in mood disorder patients: Does treatment make a difference? Journal of affective disorders, 2007, 99(1):273-278.

[13] Deisenhammer E A, Kramer-Reinstadler K, Liensberger D, et al. No evidence for an association between serum cholesterol and the course of depression and suicidality. Psychiatry research, 2004, 121(3):253-261.

[14] Luis G, Victoria VS, Julia MA, et al. Relation of serum cholesterol, lip, srotonin and tryptophan levls to severity of depression and to suicide attempts. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 2000, 25(4):371-377.

[收稿日期:2014-07-03]endprint

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