王健??戴云湘??鄭瑋??毛擁軍
[摘要] 目的 研究內皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)Glu298Asp基因多態(tài)性與老年原發(fā)性高血壓(EH)微量白蛋白尿(MAU)的關系。方法 從到醫(yī)院就診的老年EH患者中篩選出202例無顯性蛋白尿的患者,行24h MAU測定,并應用基因芯片技術檢測eNOS Glu298Asp基因多態(tài)性,按照24hMAU定量分為MAU組和非MAU組(NAU組),比較兩組基因型和等位基因分布差異。 結果 兩組等位基因和基因型的分布不同,MAU組等位基因T及含等位基因T的基因型(GT+TT)分布頻率明顯升高(x2=6.62 ,P<0.01;x2=7.29,P<0.01);T等位基因變異使老年EH患者MAU的相對危險度顯著增高(OR=2.361,95%CI=1.256~4.437)。結論 T等位基因是老年EH患者MAU的易感基因,攜帶T等位基因導致老年EH患者出現MAU的風險顯著增高。
[關鍵詞] 內皮型一氧化氮合酶;基因多態(tài)性;老年原發(fā)性高血壓;微量白蛋白尿
[中圖分類號] R544.1 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)18-23-04
原發(fā)性高血壓(essential hypertension,EH)是遺傳易感性和環(huán)境因素相互影響所致的全身性疾病。EH人群中有相當數量的人合并微量白蛋白尿,(microalbuminuria,MAU)的出現是全身性血管內皮受損的標志,也是EH患者亞臨床心血管病變(靶器官損害)的早期標志[1]。老年人血壓波動大,合并癥多,更易導致靶器官損害,內皮基因多態(tài)性與EH并發(fā)蛋白尿之間的關系國內未見報道。本研究從基因水平上就老年人血管內皮與EH并發(fā)蛋白尿之間的關系作一探討。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
對2008~2013年到我院就診的老年(年齡≥60歲)EH患者進行內皮型一氧化氮分酶 (endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)Glu298Asp基因多態(tài)性分析并晨尿尿常規(guī)檢查,排除顯性蛋白尿的患者202例入選本研究。其中男103例,女99例;年齡(73.3±7.6)歲。對入選病例進行24h尿白蛋白排泄率(24hUAER)檢測,按照尿微量白蛋白定量分為MAU(24hUAER≥30mg)組和NAU(24hUAER<30mg)組。排除繼發(fā)性高血壓,糖尿病,原發(fā)性腎臟疾病,風濕免疫性疾病,泌尿系結石,高尿酸血癥及藥物引起的腎臟損害等。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 尿微量白蛋白定量分析 收集早晨7時至次晨7時的24h尿量,采用放射免疫法進行24hUAER定量檢測,30mg/L≤24hUAER<300mg/L為MAU組,24hUAER<30mg/L為NAU組,符合以上條件的患者入選本實驗。24hUAER≥300mg/L為顯性蛋白尿,應排除在外。每位患者均在不同時間接受3次檢驗,取其平均值。
1.2.2 基因分析 基因多態(tài)性檢測用上海百傲生物技術有限公司提供的基因芯片檢測eNOS Glu298Asp等位點基因多態(tài)性(等位基因298Glu簡寫為E,298Asp簡寫為D)。檢測方法如下:(1)抽取被檢者肘靜脈血2mL,用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)抗凝。(2)用快速裂解法提取基因組DNA。采用聚合酶鏈反應(PCR)擴增eNOS基因的特異片段:向各擴增液管中加入Taq酶管溶液0.8mL后,分別加入陰性對照管溶液、陽性對照管溶液或抽提好的樣品上清液,混勻,再放入PCR儀中,按下列條件擴增:94℃25s,56℃25s,72℃25s,做40個循環(huán),最后72℃延伸5min。取各管PCR擴增產物于98℃熱變性5min,取出后迅速放入冰盒,-20℃放置。(3)雜交、顯色及結果檢測在雜交倉中基因芯片與已變性PCR擴增產物混合物混勻雜交。向雜交倉中加入顯色液溶液,44℃放置40min。將顯色載玻片置于BaiO基因生物芯片只讀儀上進行檢測,圖像Array Doctor軟件分析可自動輸出檢測結果,最后檢測出eNOS基因的多態(tài)性位點。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學分析
應用SPSS15.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數據分析。各組間計量資料的比較t檢驗,結果以()表示;計數資料比較采用x2檢驗;基因型及等位基因的相對危險度以優(yōu)勢比(OR)及95%可信區(qū)間(CI)表示。
2 結果
2.1 兩組的基因型分布頻率符合Hardy-winberg平衡
對MAU組和NAU組的eNOS Glu298Asp進行基因多態(tài)性遺傳平衡檢驗,基因型分布測定值與預計值比較,進行x2檢驗。兩組的基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg遺傳平衡規(guī)律(P>0.05),表明標本具有群體代表性。
2.2 兩組臨床資料比較
兩組的年齡、性別、吸煙率、高血壓病程、腰圍/臀圍(WHR)、體重指數(BMI)及總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
表1 患者臨床基線資料特征()
組別 MAU組 NAU組 P
性別(男/女) 97(48/49) 105(55/50) 0.68*
吸煙(%) 32.0 27.6 0.50#
年齡(歲) 73.01±7.747 73.54±7.459 0.62
TG(mmol/L) 2.085 8±0.583 93 2.051 5±0.637 78 0.69
TC(mmol/L) 4.953 9±1.061 28 4.922 3±1.036 49 0.83
LDL-C(mmol/L) 3.344 8±1.040 23 3.378 6±0.829 89 0.80endprint
BMI(kg/m2) 24.243 6±1.168 77 24.454 7±1.121 66 0.19
WHR 0.799 0±0.047 49 0.802 5±0.048 89 0.60
EH病程(年) 14.350 5±8.536 74 14.857 1±6.964 79 0.64
注:*x2=0.169;#x2=0.455
2.3 MAU組與非MAU組eNOS Glu298Asp基因分布頻率的比較
在本檢測結果中,因TT基因型例數太少(見表2),TT和GT基因型被合并處理(見表3)。經χ2檢驗,MAU組T等位基因及含T基因型比例高于NAU組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(前者P<0.05,后者P<0.01)。與不攜帶T等位基因相人群相比較,攜帶T等位基因的人群發(fā)生MAU危險性高(OR=2.361,95%CI=1.256~4.437)。見表2。
3 討論
EH患者,特別是老年人,多存在胰島素抵抗,eNOS活性減弱,一氧化氮合成及釋放減少,內皮依賴性血管舒張功能嚴重受損,血管床的緊張性、血管壁的通透性增高,腎臟血管痙攣收縮,腎血流下
降、腎小管重吸收功能減退而出現蛋白尿[2]。目前的研究也證實了內皮依賴性舒張功能與MAU的發(fā)生密切相關[3]。
本研究將eNOS基因第7外顯子Glu298Asp(G894T)突變作為篩查目標,探討單基因突變與老年高血壓患者MAU易感性的關系。本研究結果顯示,與非MAU組相比較,MAU組Glu/Asp基因型的分布頻率有顯著差異,eNOS基因298Glu→Asp變異顯著增加老年EH患者MAU的危險,多因素回歸分析顯示MAU與Glu/Asp基因的分布頻率有關,而且排除高血壓因素的影響后仍有意義。有學者認為,eNOS基因外顯子7上894位核苷酸位點G→T的突變,導致構象由α螺旋變?yōu)榫o密折疊[4],從而影響eNOS的功能,NO生成減少,導致內皮功能受損。eNOS輔因子(如NADPH)缺乏可能與患者NO合成減少有關[5-7],由于eNOS以NADPH為輔酶,eNOS基因的298Glu/298Asp基因型存在時,可能由于消耗了大量的NADPH,導致NO生成進一步減少,從而促進心、腎微血管床的損害。
目前關于eNOS基因Glu298Asp多態(tài)性與MAU的關系國內外報道不一。董硯虎[8],付正菊[9],Young Shin Shin[10],Intissar Ezzidi等[11]研究認為,eNOS基因第7外顯子G894T點突變可能與糖尿病腎病的進展有關。而Hiroyuki Tamemoto[12],Dell'Omo G等[13]研究則認為,eNOSGlu298Asp基因的GluAsp或AspAsp基因型與白蛋白尿無關。Jachymova等[14]發(fā)現捷克高加索人群eNOS基因的Glu298Asp多態(tài)性可能是患者對傳統(tǒng)降壓治療的抵抗因素之一,T等位基因可能是患者的治療反應的預測因素。Chen等[15]研究發(fā)現,eNOS基因G894T多態(tài)性與白人的EH危險、胰島素抵抗有關。Srivastava等[16]研究認為Glu298Asp基因多態(tài)性與亞洲人高血壓相關。Khawaja等[17]研究包括146例高血壓和186例對照者的研究未發(fā)現G894T與巴基斯坦成人高血壓相關。
目前有關MAU易感基因的研究較多,結果不一。MAU可能受多基因變異的共同影響,且存在人種和地域差異,單基因突變的研究很難對其靶基因進行準確判定和選擇,多基因之間的相互聯系已逐漸引起人們的重視。這就需要我們進行多基因聯合檢測,積極探討各易感基因之間的交互作用,以期早日明確MAU的影響因素,對靶器官的損害進行早期防治。
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[8] 董硯虎 曲世平 呂文山,等.染色體7q35區(qū)基因多態(tài)性與糖尿病腎病的易感性[J].中華內分泌代謝雜志,2005,1(2):47-50.
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[10] Young Shin Shin, Sang Hong Baek, Ki Yuk Chang,et al. Relations between eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism and progression of diabetic nephropathy[J].Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,2004,3(9):257-265.
[11] Intissar Ezzidi,Nabil Mtiraoui,Manel Ben Hadj Mohamed,et al.Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase Glu298Asp,4b/a,and ?786T>C gene variants with diabetic nephropathy[J].Journal of Diabetes and its Complications,2008,5(9-10):331-338.
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(上接第頁)
[12] Hiroyuki Tamemoto,San-E Ishikawa,Masanobu Kawakami.Association of the Glu298Asp polymorphism of the eNOS Gene with ischemic heart disease in Japanese diabetic subjects[J].Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,2008,2(5):275-279.
[13] Dell'omo G,Penno G,Pucci L,et al.Lack of association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms, microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive men[J]. J Hypertens,2007,25(7):1389-1395.
[14] Jachymova M,Horky K,Battas J,et al.Association of the Glu298Asp polymorphism in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with essential hypertension resistant to conventional therapy[J].Bioehem Biophys Res Commun,2001,284(2):426-430.
[15] Chen W,Srininasan SR,Elkabany A,et al.Combined effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism(G89T)and insulin resistance status on blood pressure and familial risk of hypertension in young adults:the Bogalusa Heart Study[J].Am J of hypertens,2001,14(10):1046-1052.
[16] Srivastava K,Narangb R,Sreenivasc V,et al.Association of eNOS Glu298Asp gene polymorphism with essential ypertension in Asian Individuals[J].Clin Chim Aeta,2008, 387(1-2):80-83.
[17] Khawaja MR,Taj F,Ahmad U,et al.Association of endothelial nitric oxide Synthase gene G894T polymorphism with essential hypertension in an adult Pakistani Pathan population[J].Int J Cardiol,2007(116):113-115.
(收稿日期:2014-05-12)endprint
[8] 董硯虎 曲世平 呂文山,等.染色體7q35區(qū)基因多態(tài)性與糖尿病腎病的易感性[J].中華內分泌代謝雜志,2005,1(2):47-50.
[9] 付正菊,李長貴,王忠超,等.醛糖還原酶和內皮型一氧化氮合酶基因多態(tài)性并存與糖尿病腎病發(fā)病的相關性[J].中國組織工程研究與臨床康復,2007,11(34):6893-6896.
[10] Young Shin Shin, Sang Hong Baek, Ki Yuk Chang,et al. Relations between eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism and progression of diabetic nephropathy[J].Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,2004,3(9):257-265.
[11] Intissar Ezzidi,Nabil Mtiraoui,Manel Ben Hadj Mohamed,et al.Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase Glu298Asp,4b/a,and ?786T>C gene variants with diabetic nephropathy[J].Journal of Diabetes and its Complications,2008,5(9-10):331-338.
(下轉第頁)
(上接第頁)
[12] Hiroyuki Tamemoto,San-E Ishikawa,Masanobu Kawakami.Association of the Glu298Asp polymorphism of the eNOS Gene with ischemic heart disease in Japanese diabetic subjects[J].Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,2008,2(5):275-279.
[13] Dell'omo G,Penno G,Pucci L,et al.Lack of association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms, microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive men[J]. J Hypertens,2007,25(7):1389-1395.
[14] Jachymova M,Horky K,Battas J,et al.Association of the Glu298Asp polymorphism in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with essential hypertension resistant to conventional therapy[J].Bioehem Biophys Res Commun,2001,284(2):426-430.
[15] Chen W,Srininasan SR,Elkabany A,et al.Combined effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism(G89T)and insulin resistance status on blood pressure and familial risk of hypertension in young adults:the Bogalusa Heart Study[J].Am J of hypertens,2001,14(10):1046-1052.
[16] Srivastava K,Narangb R,Sreenivasc V,et al.Association of eNOS Glu298Asp gene polymorphism with essential ypertension in Asian Individuals[J].Clin Chim Aeta,2008, 387(1-2):80-83.
[17] Khawaja MR,Taj F,Ahmad U,et al.Association of endothelial nitric oxide Synthase gene G894T polymorphism with essential hypertension in an adult Pakistani Pathan population[J].Int J Cardiol,2007(116):113-115.
(收稿日期:2014-05-12)endprint
[8] 董硯虎 曲世平 呂文山,等.染色體7q35區(qū)基因多態(tài)性與糖尿病腎病的易感性[J].中華內分泌代謝雜志,2005,1(2):47-50.
[9] 付正菊,李長貴,王忠超,等.醛糖還原酶和內皮型一氧化氮合酶基因多態(tài)性并存與糖尿病腎病發(fā)病的相關性[J].中國組織工程研究與臨床康復,2007,11(34):6893-6896.
[10] Young Shin Shin, Sang Hong Baek, Ki Yuk Chang,et al. Relations between eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism and progression of diabetic nephropathy[J].Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,2004,3(9):257-265.
[11] Intissar Ezzidi,Nabil Mtiraoui,Manel Ben Hadj Mohamed,et al.Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase Glu298Asp,4b/a,and ?786T>C gene variants with diabetic nephropathy[J].Journal of Diabetes and its Complications,2008,5(9-10):331-338.
(下轉第頁)
(上接第頁)
[12] Hiroyuki Tamemoto,San-E Ishikawa,Masanobu Kawakami.Association of the Glu298Asp polymorphism of the eNOS Gene with ischemic heart disease in Japanese diabetic subjects[J].Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,2008,2(5):275-279.
[13] Dell'omo G,Penno G,Pucci L,et al.Lack of association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms, microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive men[J]. J Hypertens,2007,25(7):1389-1395.
[14] Jachymova M,Horky K,Battas J,et al.Association of the Glu298Asp polymorphism in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with essential hypertension resistant to conventional therapy[J].Bioehem Biophys Res Commun,2001,284(2):426-430.
[15] Chen W,Srininasan SR,Elkabany A,et al.Combined effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism(G89T)and insulin resistance status on blood pressure and familial risk of hypertension in young adults:the Bogalusa Heart Study[J].Am J of hypertens,2001,14(10):1046-1052.
[16] Srivastava K,Narangb R,Sreenivasc V,et al.Association of eNOS Glu298Asp gene polymorphism with essential ypertension in Asian Individuals[J].Clin Chim Aeta,2008, 387(1-2):80-83.
[17] Khawaja MR,Taj F,Ahmad U,et al.Association of endothelial nitric oxide Synthase gene G894T polymorphism with essential hypertension in an adult Pakistani Pathan population[J].Int J Cardiol,2007(116):113-115.
(收稿日期:2014-05-12)endprint