吳云?張紫寅
[摘要]硬腦膜動(dòng)靜脈瘺是指發(fā)生在硬腦膜及其附屬物上的異常動(dòng)靜脈分流,目前主要的治療方式為血管內(nèi)治療和開顱手術(shù)治療,但血管內(nèi)治療具有較好療效。本文對(duì)血管內(nèi)治療的常用方法、適應(yīng)證、并發(fā)癥及術(shù)后評(píng)價(jià)的最新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]硬腦膜動(dòng)靜脈瘺;血管內(nèi)治療;海綿竇;微彈簧圈
[中圖分類號(hào)] R743.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2014)16-34-04
Advance research of the intravascular treatment in dural arteriovenous fistula
WU Yun ZHANG Ziyin
Department of Neurosurgery,Meishan People's Hospital,Meishan 620010,China
[Abstract] Dural arteriovenous fistula is anomalous arteriovenous shunt occurred in the dura mater.The main treatment occludes endovascular treatment and craniotomy,but the endovascular treatment is more effect and safe.In this paper,a method commonly used in endovascular therapy,indications,complications,and postoperative evaluation of the latest developments were reviewed.
[Key words] Dural arteriovenous fistula;Endovascular treatment;Cavernous;Micro-coil
硬腦膜動(dòng)靜脈瘺(dural arteriovenous fistulae,DAVF)是指發(fā)生在硬腦膜及其附屬物上的異常動(dòng)靜脈分流,其發(fā)病率約占顱內(nèi)動(dòng)靜脈畸形的10%~15%,其發(fā)生部位以海綿竇、乙狀竇及橫竇多見[1]。DAVF目前主要的治療方式包括保守治療、血管內(nèi)治療、外科開顱手術(shù)、立體定向放射治療,也可采取上述幾種方式聯(lián)合治療[2]。近來,隨著神經(jīng)介入器材及技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,血管內(nèi)治療已成為此類疾病可靠而有效的治療方式[3]。
1 病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制
DAVF的病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,目前對(duì)其尚無統(tǒng)一的定論,屬于先天性疾病還是后天性疾病仍然存在較大爭(zhēng)議[4-5]。自發(fā)現(xiàn)DAVF以來,其就被認(rèn)為是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)靜脈畸形的一種,是由于硬腦膜血管發(fā)育異常造成的,屬于先天性疾病。少數(shù)病例報(bào)道嬰幼兒DAVF常與腦囊性動(dòng)脈瘤、先天性心臟病及腦動(dòng)靜脈畸形等疾病并存,提示DAVF有先天性因素[6]。但關(guān)于嬰幼兒DAVF的報(bào)道比較少見,且胚胎、病理、影像及臨床等方面的依據(jù)仍然不夠充分,故尚不能完全認(rèn)定DAVF是先天性疾病[7]。國內(nèi)外大部分研究[8]表明DAVF是后天獲得性疾病,主要與靜脈竇血栓關(guān)系密切,還與顱內(nèi)腫瘤、激素改變、靜脈竇炎癥、頭部外傷及耳部感染等因素有關(guān)。有學(xué)者
通過建立靜脈竇高壓動(dòng)物模型已經(jīng)證實(shí),靜脈竇高壓在DAVF的形成過程中起舉足輕重的作用[9]。靜脈竇血栓形成引起靜脈竇高壓,導(dǎo)致硬腦膜內(nèi)微小血管異常交通形成。硬腦膜內(nèi)微小血管異常交通的發(fā)展再次加重靜脈狹窄或閉塞,最終導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈與硬腦膜靜脈的直接交通。此外,血管原性生長(zhǎng)因子的釋放如血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子與堿性成纖維母細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子可促使新生血管形成及DAVF的發(fā)展。
2 臨床表現(xiàn)
DAVF的癥狀主要與瘺口的位置及引流靜脈類型密切相關(guān),其臨床癥狀輕重不一,由輕微到惡性癥狀不等。個(gè)別病例可自愈或長(zhǎng)期無癥狀性緩慢進(jìn)展。瘺口的部位不同引起的臨床癥狀有較大差異,如海綿竇區(qū)的DAVF引起的癥狀和體征與頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺大致相同,表現(xiàn)為搏動(dòng)性突眼、眼球突出、球結(jié)膜充血水腫等眼部癥狀;而橫竇區(qū)及乙狀竇區(qū)的DAVF 典型癥狀為患側(cè)顳部聽診聞及搏動(dòng)性顱內(nèi)血管雜音;另外靜脈引流方向同樣決定DAVF的臨床表現(xiàn):(1)引流靜脈主要向皮層靜脈引流時(shí),則引起蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的機(jī)率增加;(2)引流靜脈血流方向?yàn)轫樍鲿r(shí),則表現(xiàn)為動(dòng)靜脈短路引起的顱內(nèi)缺血及顱內(nèi)血管雜音等表現(xiàn);(3)引流靜脈血流方向?yàn)槟媪鲿r(shí),除了順流引起的臨床癥狀外,還表現(xiàn)為顱內(nèi)靜脈高壓的表現(xiàn),如靜脈迂曲、擴(kuò)張及血管壁變薄,
可引起劇烈頭痛、顱內(nèi)出血等癥狀。研究認(rèn)為DAVF的靜脈引流模式是預(yù)測(cè)顱內(nèi)出血及預(yù)后最重要的因素。評(píng)估與此相關(guān)的腦血管造影表現(xiàn)包括:皮層靜脈的逆向引流、靜脈曲張或靜脈瘤樣結(jié)構(gòu)以及深靜脈引流。
3 分類
DAVF分類不一,根據(jù)病灶部位可以分為前顱底DAVF、中顱底DAVF、后顱底DAVF及海綿竇旁DAVF。根據(jù)病變范圍分為:?jiǎn)渭冃訢AVF,即病灶范圍局限于硬腦膜;混合性DAVF,包括:(1)腦膜-腦動(dòng)靜脈畸形,病變累及部位在硬腦膜靜脈竇或硬腦膜靜脈,皮層動(dòng)脈參與供血,靜脈引流方向主要為硬腦膜靜脈竇;(2)頭皮、顱骨、硬腦膜復(fù)合動(dòng)靜脈瘺:病變累及頭皮、顱骨和硬腦膜,瘺口較大,盜血體征明顯,供血?jiǎng)用}顯著擴(kuò)張,病灶主要由頸外動(dòng)脈分支和椎動(dòng)脈肌支供血,引流靜脈主要為表腔靜脈、板障靜脈和腦皮層靜脈。亦有多種分類方式用來評(píng)估DAVF血管造影解剖的意義,即靜脈引流模式與臨床表現(xiàn)及預(yù)后的關(guān)系[10]。較常用的有Borden分型和Cognard分型(表1、表2)。前者僅分為三個(gè)亞型,臨床上簡(jiǎn)單易用。后者詳細(xì)闡述了引流模式,包括是否正常引流、或逆向引流,皮層靜脈引流是否存在。Cognard分型更加精確的比較了臨床表現(xiàn)與影像學(xué)特征,而且包括了向脊髓周圍引流的引流模式。endprint
4 影像學(xué)檢查
目前用于DAVF疾病的影像學(xué)檢查主要有CTA、CTV、MRA、MRV及全腦血管造影等方式。CT、MRI檢查具有無創(chuàng)、檢查簡(jiǎn)單及易普及性,被作為此類疾病的首選檢查方法。頭顱CT掃描對(duì)DAVF引起的繼發(fā)性改變,如顱內(nèi)出血、靜脈竇血栓形成的檢出率極高。MRI平掃具有腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)異常迂曲擴(kuò)張的血管流空現(xiàn)象,MRA動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端或顱外動(dòng)脈有大量擴(kuò)張的側(cè)支動(dòng)脈形成,MRV腦靜脈竇部分閉塞或腦靜脈缺如等,高度提示有DAVF形成。CT及MRI能準(zhǔn)確顯示DAVF的供血?jiǎng)用}及引流靜脈情況,但不能顯示瘺口處血流變化及顱內(nèi)外危險(xiǎn)吻合情況。DSA可以較好的顯示出DAVF本身所固有的特征,包括瘺口的部位,多發(fā)瘺口血供的特點(diǎn),靜脈引流方式,甚至可以間接地了解瘺口血流量的大小及顱內(nèi)血液動(dòng)力學(xué)特征,是確診本病的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。因此,結(jié)合臨床表現(xiàn),行顱腦CT和磁共振檢查時(shí),如發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑硬腦膜動(dòng)靜脈瘺,應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行DSA檢查。
5 治療
5.1 治療原則
DAVF的理想治療目的是永久完全地閉塞硬腦膜動(dòng)靜脈壁上的瘺口、顱內(nèi)血液循環(huán)恢復(fù)正常、控制無效分流、臨床癥狀完全消失。目前尚無一種理想的方法能夠完全閉塞所有的瘺口。目前其主要治療方式包括保守治療,外科開顱手術(shù)治療,血管內(nèi)治療,放射治療,也可上述幾種方式聯(lián)合應(yīng)用。究竟采取何種治療方式最佳,目前尚無定論,大部分學(xué)者[11]根據(jù)Cognard分型法提出如下治療原則:Ⅰ型先行頸動(dòng)脈壓迫,無效者可用經(jīng)動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù);Ⅱa型先行經(jīng)動(dòng)脈顆粒栓塞術(shù),無效者可用NBCA栓塞或經(jīng)靜脈栓塞;Ⅱa+Ⅱb型可經(jīng)動(dòng)脈栓塞、手術(shù)切除靜脈竇和經(jīng)靜脈栓塞;Ⅲ~Ⅴ型具有侵襲性,可采用血管內(nèi)介入治療、手術(shù)治療、放射治療和綜合治療。也可按照Borden分類法,Ⅱ及Ⅲ型的患者均需要治療,特別是引流靜脈迂曲且呈瘤樣擴(kuò)張,則需要立即治療,防止其破裂出血。對(duì)于BordenI型的DAVF是否需要治療,則存在較大的爭(zhēng)議。不主張積極治療者認(rèn)為BordenI型有可能長(zhǎng)期不進(jìn)展,甚至有自愈的可能性,若采取不恰當(dāng)?shù)闹委煼绞娇赡茉黾恿硗獾墓┭獎(jiǎng)用},使瘺口更加彌散,增加了出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及治療的難度。主張積極治療者認(rèn)為其有可能會(huì)有進(jìn)一步進(jìn)展的可能。綜合國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)得出,存在下述表現(xiàn)的BordenI型患者應(yīng)該治療:(1)有影響生活的劇烈頭痛和顱內(nèi)雜音,且無法耐受者;(2)有顱內(nèi)壓增高表現(xiàn),影像學(xué)檢查提示有較大顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)者;(3)有局灶性神經(jīng)功能障礙,進(jìn)行性加重。本文主要就DAVF的血管內(nèi)治療進(jìn)展作一綜述。
5.2 血管內(nèi)治療
5.2.1 經(jīng)動(dòng)脈途徑 經(jīng)動(dòng)脈入路栓塞治療DAVF是應(yīng)用血管內(nèi)治療最經(jīng)典、最早及有效的治療方案,栓塞材料可以為真絲線段、NBCA膠、ONYX膠及微彈簧圈等。經(jīng)動(dòng)脈途徑的適應(yīng)癥為[12]:(1)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈或椎動(dòng)脈的腦膜支供血時(shí),栓塞是能避開正常腦組織的供血?jiǎng)用};(2)若以頸外動(dòng)脈供血為主,則要造影時(shí)確認(rèn)無危險(xiǎn)吻合,或者栓塞時(shí)能夠避開危險(xiǎn)吻合。目前國內(nèi)外報(bào)道使用最多栓塞劑為ONYX膠,且均達(dá)到了滿意的臨床效果。如果供血?jiǎng)用}粗大、瘺口相對(duì)較大、血流量大,主張首先使用微彈簧圈先栓塞一部分瘺口,再使用ONYX膠或NBCA膠栓塞殘余瘺口;若供血?jiǎng)用}細(xì)小、瘺口眾多,血流較緩慢,瘺口呈篩眼網(wǎng)狀分布,則可直接使用NBCA膠或ONYX膠栓塞。目前很少運(yùn)用PVA顆粒栓塞DAVF,原因?yàn)闊o法清楚地觀察到PVA顆粒返流情況,且PVA顆粒很容易進(jìn)入靜脈系統(tǒng),從而引起致命地肺栓塞,目前僅用于以頸外動(dòng)脈分支供血的部分DAVF,且一般選擇PVA顆粒的直徑應(yīng)較大。新型血管內(nèi)液體栓塞劑Onyx是由次乙烯醇異分子聚合物(Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer,EVOH)、二甲基亞砜(Dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)及鉭粉微粒按照一定比例組成的混懸液,由于其具有良好的彌散性、較快的聚合性、較高的粘滯性、相對(duì)不粘管性、良好的可控性及反復(fù)推注性,目前已廣泛地應(yīng)用于DAVF的栓塞中[13]。經(jīng)動(dòng)脈途徑栓塞的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于:頸動(dòng)脈途徑簡(jiǎn)單易操作,通過Onyx膠既能達(dá)到完全閉塞瘺口的目的且又不影響靜脈竇的正?;亓?,應(yīng)作為DAVF的首選。操作過程中應(yīng)注意:使用Onyx膠栓塞時(shí)一定要在路圖下進(jìn)行操作,避免Onyx膠通過危險(xiǎn)吻合進(jìn)入其它顱內(nèi)正常的供血?jiǎng)用}分支;選擇供血?jiǎng)用}時(shí)一定要選擇返流空間大、走形較直的血管,避免返流過長(zhǎng)引起滯管;栓塞時(shí)若出現(xiàn)返流,則應(yīng)立即停止注膠,等待約2~3min后再次注射,通過注射-返流-等待-再注射的方式改變Onyx膠的流動(dòng)方向,達(dá)到理想栓塞的目的。
5.2.2 經(jīng)靜脈途徑 經(jīng)靜脈途徑是指通過股靜脈竇途徑到達(dá)瘺口,通過注射Onyx膠栓塞瘺口,同時(shí)還可以使用溶栓藥打通靜脈竇血栓及釋放支架解決靜脈竇狹窄的問題。其主要適應(yīng)癥為[14]:(1)經(jīng)動(dòng)脈途徑無法到達(dá)瘺口者;(2)靜脈竇急性血栓形成需要急性溶栓者;(3)靜脈竇狹窄需要安置支架者;(4)Cognard分型為Ⅱ-Ⅳ型者。此途徑的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于:(1)可以避免經(jīng)動(dòng)脈途徑栓塞不能完全閉塞瘺口,使側(cè)支循環(huán)更加豐富,導(dǎo)致病情反復(fù)或者加重;(2)可避免經(jīng)動(dòng)脈途徑時(shí),栓塞劑通過危險(xiǎn)吻合到達(dá)其他供血?jiǎng)用}導(dǎo)致誤栓等并發(fā)癥;(3)當(dāng)引流靜脈或靜脈竇無正常引流靜脈時(shí),可以直接栓塞,閉塞瘺口,使一次性治愈率較動(dòng)脈入路提高。但是經(jīng)靜脈途徑栓塞DAVF依然存在下列問題[15-17]:對(duì)BordenⅡ型患者,如瘺口末閉全而將靜脈竇堵塞,正?;亓鬟M(jìn)一步受阻,反而加重皮層返流;對(duì)BordcnⅡ型小腦幕DAVF,常需經(jīng)深靜脈途徑才能達(dá)到瘺口,深靜脈壁薄,易出血,且容易引起靜脈性腦梗塞[18]。
綜上所述,目前隨著神經(jīng)介入技術(shù)及器材的發(fā)展,血管內(nèi)治療DAVF的治愈率不斷提高,已成為治療治療該病的首選治療方案[19]。但由于該病非常復(fù)雜,通過術(shù)前腦血管造影仔細(xì)評(píng)估患者瘺口大小、部位、供血?jiǎng)用}、引流靜脈及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)等因素成為血管內(nèi)栓塞的關(guān)鍵,隨著對(duì)該病的深入研究,對(duì)該病的治療將會(huì)取得新的進(jìn)展[20-21]。endprint
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[4] Tsimpas A,Heros RC.Stereotactic radiosurgery with or without embolization for intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Neurosurgery,2011,69(3):E789-90.
[5] 張紫寅,王朝華,謝曉東,等.微彈簧圈栓塞難治性外傷性頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺的療效觀察[J].介入放射學(xué)雜志,2011,20(7):518-521.
[6] Saraf R,Shrivastava M,Kumar N,et al.Embolization of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with ONYX: Indications,techniques,and outcomes[J].Indian J Radiol Imaging,2010,20(1):26-33.
[7] Stiefel MF,Albuquerque FC,Park MS,et al.Endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae using Onyx:a case series[J].Neurosurgery,2009,65(6):132-139.
[8] 張紫寅,王朝華,謝曉東.頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺的血管內(nèi)治療[J].解剖與臨床,2010,15(5):382-384.
[9] Hirata E,Higashi T,Iwamuro Y,et al.Angioplasty and stent deployment in acute sinus thrombosis following endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].J Clin Neurosci,2009,16(5):725-727.
[10] Nogueira RG,Dabus G,Rabinov JD,et al.Onyx embolization for the treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae:initial experience with long-term follow-up.Technical case report[J].Neurosurgery,2009,64(1):E197-198.
[11] 文雯,張紫寅,郭海志,等.外傷性頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺的診療進(jìn)展[J].臨床合理用藥雜志,2012,5(9B):168-170.
[12] Matsumaru Y.Treatment strategy for dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].No Shinkei Geka.2006,34(4):351-363.
[13] Guillevin R,Vallee JN,Cormier E,et al.N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae:CT evaluation,technical features,and outcome prognosis in 26 cases[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2005,26(4):929-935.
[14] Macdonald JH,Millar JS,Barker CS.Endovascular treatment of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae:a single-centre,14-year experience and the impact of Onyx on local practice[J].Neuroradiology,2010,52(5):387-395.
[15] Singh V,Smith WS,Lawton MT,et al.Risk factors for hemorrhagic presentation in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Neurosurgery,2008,62(3):628-635.
[16] Dützmann S,Beck J,Gerlach R,et al.Management,risk factors and outcome of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae:a single-center experience[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),2011,153(6):1273-1281.
[17] Ziyin Zhang,Kun Yang,Chaohua Wang,et al.Congenital Pial Arteriovenous Fistula in the Temporal Region Draining into Cavernous Sinus:A Case Report[J].Korean J Radiol,2013,14(3):497-500.
[18] Zhang Z,Chen Y,Tang JJ,et al.Frequent loss expression of dab2 and promotor hypermethylation in human cancers:A meta-analysis and systematic review[J].Pak J Med Sci,2014,30(2):432-437.
[19] Rivera R,Blanc R,Piotin M,et al.Single hole cerebral arteriovenous fistula between the anterior choroidal artery and the basal vein of Rosenthal in a child[J].Childs Nerv Syst,2009,25(11):1521-1523.
[20] Ji Yeoun Lee,Young-Je Son,Jeong Eun Kim.Intracranial Pial Arteriovenous Fistulas[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2008,44(2):101-104.
[21] 鐘海,白茫茫,李健. 硬腦膜動(dòng)靜脈瘺的認(rèn)識(shí)及其血管內(nèi)栓塞的治療進(jìn)展[J].中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2014,21(14):192-193.
(收稿日期:2014-06-13)endprint
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Gross BA,Du R.The natural history of cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Neurosurgery,2012,71(3):594-602.
[2] Shi ZS,Loh Y,Gonzalez N,et al.Flow control techniques for Onyx embolization of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2013,5(4):311-316.
[3] Wajnberg E,Spilberg G,Rezende MT,et al.Endovascular treatment of tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Interv Neuroradiol,2012,18(1):60-68.
[4] Tsimpas A,Heros RC.Stereotactic radiosurgery with or without embolization for intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Neurosurgery,2011,69(3):E789-90.
[5] 張紫寅,王朝華,謝曉東,等.微彈簧圈栓塞難治性外傷性頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺的療效觀察[J].介入放射學(xué)雜志,2011,20(7):518-521.
[6] Saraf R,Shrivastava M,Kumar N,et al.Embolization of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with ONYX: Indications,techniques,and outcomes[J].Indian J Radiol Imaging,2010,20(1):26-33.
[7] Stiefel MF,Albuquerque FC,Park MS,et al.Endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae using Onyx:a case series[J].Neurosurgery,2009,65(6):132-139.
[8] 張紫寅,王朝華,謝曉東.頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺的血管內(nèi)治療[J].解剖與臨床,2010,15(5):382-384.
[9] Hirata E,Higashi T,Iwamuro Y,et al.Angioplasty and stent deployment in acute sinus thrombosis following endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].J Clin Neurosci,2009,16(5):725-727.
[10] Nogueira RG,Dabus G,Rabinov JD,et al.Onyx embolization for the treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae:initial experience with long-term follow-up.Technical case report[J].Neurosurgery,2009,64(1):E197-198.
[11] 文雯,張紫寅,郭海志,等.外傷性頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺的診療進(jìn)展[J].臨床合理用藥雜志,2012,5(9B):168-170.
[12] Matsumaru Y.Treatment strategy for dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].No Shinkei Geka.2006,34(4):351-363.
[13] Guillevin R,Vallee JN,Cormier E,et al.N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae:CT evaluation,technical features,and outcome prognosis in 26 cases[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2005,26(4):929-935.
[14] Macdonald JH,Millar JS,Barker CS.Endovascular treatment of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae:a single-centre,14-year experience and the impact of Onyx on local practice[J].Neuroradiology,2010,52(5):387-395.
[15] Singh V,Smith WS,Lawton MT,et al.Risk factors for hemorrhagic presentation in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Neurosurgery,2008,62(3):628-635.
[16] Dützmann S,Beck J,Gerlach R,et al.Management,risk factors and outcome of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae:a single-center experience[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),2011,153(6):1273-1281.
[17] Ziyin Zhang,Kun Yang,Chaohua Wang,et al.Congenital Pial Arteriovenous Fistula in the Temporal Region Draining into Cavernous Sinus:A Case Report[J].Korean J Radiol,2013,14(3):497-500.
[18] Zhang Z,Chen Y,Tang JJ,et al.Frequent loss expression of dab2 and promotor hypermethylation in human cancers:A meta-analysis and systematic review[J].Pak J Med Sci,2014,30(2):432-437.
[19] Rivera R,Blanc R,Piotin M,et al.Single hole cerebral arteriovenous fistula between the anterior choroidal artery and the basal vein of Rosenthal in a child[J].Childs Nerv Syst,2009,25(11):1521-1523.
[20] Ji Yeoun Lee,Young-Je Son,Jeong Eun Kim.Intracranial Pial Arteriovenous Fistulas[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2008,44(2):101-104.
[21] 鐘海,白茫茫,李健. 硬腦膜動(dòng)靜脈瘺的認(rèn)識(shí)及其血管內(nèi)栓塞的治療進(jìn)展[J].中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2014,21(14):192-193.
(收稿日期:2014-06-13)endprint
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Gross BA,Du R.The natural history of cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Neurosurgery,2012,71(3):594-602.
[2] Shi ZS,Loh Y,Gonzalez N,et al.Flow control techniques for Onyx embolization of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2013,5(4):311-316.
[3] Wajnberg E,Spilberg G,Rezende MT,et al.Endovascular treatment of tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Interv Neuroradiol,2012,18(1):60-68.
[4] Tsimpas A,Heros RC.Stereotactic radiosurgery with or without embolization for intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Neurosurgery,2011,69(3):E789-90.
[5] 張紫寅,王朝華,謝曉東,等.微彈簧圈栓塞難治性外傷性頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺的療效觀察[J].介入放射學(xué)雜志,2011,20(7):518-521.
[6] Saraf R,Shrivastava M,Kumar N,et al.Embolization of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with ONYX: Indications,techniques,and outcomes[J].Indian J Radiol Imaging,2010,20(1):26-33.
[7] Stiefel MF,Albuquerque FC,Park MS,et al.Endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae using Onyx:a case series[J].Neurosurgery,2009,65(6):132-139.
[8] 張紫寅,王朝華,謝曉東.頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺的血管內(nèi)治療[J].解剖與臨床,2010,15(5):382-384.
[9] Hirata E,Higashi T,Iwamuro Y,et al.Angioplasty and stent deployment in acute sinus thrombosis following endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].J Clin Neurosci,2009,16(5):725-727.
[10] Nogueira RG,Dabus G,Rabinov JD,et al.Onyx embolization for the treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae:initial experience with long-term follow-up.Technical case report[J].Neurosurgery,2009,64(1):E197-198.
[11] 文雯,張紫寅,郭海志,等.外傷性頸動(dòng)脈海綿竇瘺的診療進(jìn)展[J].臨床合理用藥雜志,2012,5(9B):168-170.
[12] Matsumaru Y.Treatment strategy for dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].No Shinkei Geka.2006,34(4):351-363.
[13] Guillevin R,Vallee JN,Cormier E,et al.N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae:CT evaluation,technical features,and outcome prognosis in 26 cases[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2005,26(4):929-935.
[14] Macdonald JH,Millar JS,Barker CS.Endovascular treatment of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae:a single-centre,14-year experience and the impact of Onyx on local practice[J].Neuroradiology,2010,52(5):387-395.
[15] Singh V,Smith WS,Lawton MT,et al.Risk factors for hemorrhagic presentation in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulae[J].Neurosurgery,2008,62(3):628-635.
[16] Dützmann S,Beck J,Gerlach R,et al.Management,risk factors and outcome of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae:a single-center experience[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),2011,153(6):1273-1281.
[17] Ziyin Zhang,Kun Yang,Chaohua Wang,et al.Congenital Pial Arteriovenous Fistula in the Temporal Region Draining into Cavernous Sinus:A Case Report[J].Korean J Radiol,2013,14(3):497-500.
[18] Zhang Z,Chen Y,Tang JJ,et al.Frequent loss expression of dab2 and promotor hypermethylation in human cancers:A meta-analysis and systematic review[J].Pak J Med Sci,2014,30(2):432-437.
[19] Rivera R,Blanc R,Piotin M,et al.Single hole cerebral arteriovenous fistula between the anterior choroidal artery and the basal vein of Rosenthal in a child[J].Childs Nerv Syst,2009,25(11):1521-1523.
[20] Ji Yeoun Lee,Young-Je Son,Jeong Eun Kim.Intracranial Pial Arteriovenous Fistulas[J].J Korean Neurosurg Soc,2008,44(2):101-104.
[21] 鐘海,白茫茫,李健. 硬腦膜動(dòng)靜脈瘺的認(rèn)識(shí)及其血管內(nèi)栓塞的治療進(jìn)展[J].中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥,2014,21(14):192-193.
(收稿日期:2014-06-13)endprint