李亮+盧捷琦+季建華
摘要:供應(yīng)鏈成員間的信息共享對其決策至關(guān)重要。在下訂單前,為了能讓供應(yīng)商設(shè)置足夠的產(chǎn)能,制造商向供應(yīng)商匯報(bào)其預(yù)估的需求,由于與供應(yīng)商對需求的判斷有差異,這會導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)商對制造商產(chǎn)生潛在的不信任。對這種不信任建模,將其看作是一個(gè)概率隨機(jī)變量,通過價(jià)格補(bǔ)償?shù)姆绞絹斫档惋L(fēng)險(xiǎn)。兩階段的博弈方法首先談定補(bǔ)償價(jià)格,然后再對匯報(bào)需求和產(chǎn)能做決策。該分析和數(shù)值算例驗(yàn)證了決策過程,也表明了模型的有效性。
關(guān)鍵詞:供應(yīng)鏈管理;信息共享;價(jià)格補(bǔ)償;信任
中圖分類號:F272.35文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A文章編號:1001-8409(2014)07-0105-05
Price Compensation for Mitigating Demand
Information Sharing Induced Distrust in Supply Chain
LI Liang1, LU Jyechyi2, JI Jianhua1
( 1. SinoUS Global Logistics Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200052
2. School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA 30332)
Abstract: Demand information sharing between supply chain members affects supply chain contract decisions. This paper manufacture reports demand to suppliers before placing orders, but the gap between manufactures report and suppliers forecast demands will induce potential distrust from supplier to manufacture (for trying to gain suppliers capacity/quota). It models the distrust risk as a probability random variable, and mitigate the risk with price compensation. The twostage gametheory based decisions first negotiate compensation price and then decide order/supply quantity. Analytical analyses and numerical examples provide managerial insights and illustrate the efficiency of the decisions.
Key words: supply chain management; information sharing; price compensation; trust
1研究概要
自從20世紀(jì)90年代供應(yīng)鏈管理成為新的研究熱點(diǎn),其中之一便是通過有效的信息共享來優(yōu)化供應(yīng)商、制造商的決策[1],伴隨著全球化和信息化的發(fā)展,封閉的單一企業(yè)是無法在復(fù)雜的競爭環(huán)境下求得生存和發(fā)展的,市場的競爭已經(jīng)從企業(yè)間競爭轉(zhuǎn)向供應(yīng)鏈的競爭[2]。通過信息共享,可以使供應(yīng)鏈各成員提高供應(yīng)商的運(yùn)作效率和控制牛鞭效應(yīng)[3],優(yōu)化整條供應(yīng)鏈的績效水平[4]。
但是,單純依賴供應(yīng)鏈成員間的信息共享是不可靠甚至是危險(xiǎn)的。供應(yīng)鏈成員并不總是希望和合作伙伴分享信息,尤其是關(guān)乎自身利益最大化的信息[5]。近年來的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈成員傾向于背離最優(yōu)化決策[6]。思科公司因?yàn)檫^分依賴客戶需求的預(yù)測,導(dǎo)致21億美元的過量庫存[7]。考慮到以上問題,很多學(xué)者通過各種方式來提高信息共享的積極性。陳長彬等[8]以供貨價(jià)格和交貨提前期對供應(yīng)鏈契約進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),促進(jìn)信息共享的積極性。但單純的契約并不能覆蓋所有信息共享的細(xì)節(jié),研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)信任這種方式也在影響著其中的決策。Uzzi發(fā)現(xiàn)在服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)的縱向?qū)嵶C研究中,多次交易與投資、友誼及其他非利益的因素有關(guān)[9]。Anderson和Coughlan也發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多證據(jù)表明非利益的因素在商業(yè)活動中不乏成功案例[10]。因此本文研究加入信任作為考量的因素之一。
本文的創(chuàng)新之一就是引入了信任隨機(jī)變量,心理學(xué)中信任的定義為“信任是一方認(rèn)為另一方對于己方弱點(diǎn)仍有善意的行為或目的的心理活動”[11]。本文對于信任的定義為:“信任是在商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的合作中,是供應(yīng)鏈其中一方對另一方信息共享的依賴程度”。把信任看作連續(xù)型隨機(jī)變量,取值在[0,1],涵蓋從完全不信任到完全信任的各種情況。另外一個(gè)創(chuàng)新之處是引入價(jià)格補(bǔ)償?shù)臋C(jī)制。設(shè)定價(jià)格補(bǔ)償,可以有效地促進(jìn)成員間信息共享的可靠性。在實(shí)際的商業(yè)活動中這是常用的方法,因此該機(jī)制可以更準(zhǔn)確地探討決策問題。
2研究背景
信息共享一直以來是學(xué)術(shù)界的研究熱點(diǎn),因?yàn)楣蚕淼慕Y(jié)果直接影響供應(yīng)鏈成員的決策效果。但制造商和供應(yīng)商本身都是不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體,完全的信息共享難以實(shí)現(xiàn),制造商通過向供應(yīng)商匯報(bào)經(jīng)過“修飾”的需求信息,而供應(yīng)商也了解這一點(diǎn),通過各種方式來降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。常用的方法諸如通過協(xié)調(diào)成本信息、供應(yīng)信息、產(chǎn)能信息、需求信息來促進(jìn)信息共享和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)[12~15],或者通過押金、保險(xiǎn)金、期權(quán)等方式降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16~18]。
信任的研究在目前的文獻(xiàn)中主要以實(shí)證的方式。葉飛等[19]研究表明信息共享以關(guān)系資本中的信任與關(guān)系承諾等維度為中間變量間接地作用于企業(yè)經(jīng)營實(shí)效;Ozer首先嘗試將信任看作常數(shù),構(gòu)建到信息共享模型中并討論其作用[20]。Neda等通過構(gòu)建一個(gè)多期間的模型來討論供應(yīng)鏈中的信任和其他社會屬性在供應(yīng)鏈中的作用[21]。這些研究都是把信任定義為常數(shù),但信任作為一種行為,不同人評價(jià)不同。因此本文將信任看作是隨機(jī)變量,更準(zhǔn)確地反映信任的作用。Laeequddin等人曾對信任做過統(tǒng)計(jì)[22],得到了信任的分布函數(shù)。本文則借鑒這個(gè)結(jié)果設(shè)定信任的分布。
隨機(jī)變量信任與初始信任和信息判斷的差異有關(guān)。制造商的歷史信譽(yù)決定著供應(yīng)商的初始信任[21];Resnick等人討論了歷史評價(jià)系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)在eBay、Amazon等平臺上執(zhí)行并獲得成功[23]。Au和Looi分析供應(yīng)商考慮自身和對方匯報(bào)信息的判斷差距來更新自己對制造商的信任初值[24]。成員間彼此共享相關(guān)信息時(shí),對于信息判斷的差異會產(chǎn)生不信任[25]。在得知制造商的匯報(bào)需求時(shí),就會重新調(diào)整信任度及對真實(shí)需求的判斷。這也是本文信任建模中考慮的另一個(gè)因素。
價(jià)格補(bǔ)償在信息共享的研究中較少使用,Eppen等在數(shù)量彈性契約的基礎(chǔ)上建立了補(bǔ)償協(xié)議模型,研究表明補(bǔ)償協(xié)議可以提高供應(yīng)商和零售商的期望收益[26]。Cachon討論了供應(yīng)商價(jià)格的作用及幾種限制情況[27]。馬鈞等人討論了在e化供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)同管理系統(tǒng)中對供應(yīng)鏈成員進(jìn)行價(jià)格補(bǔ)償[28]。本文中用到的參數(shù)及意義如表1所示。表1文中參數(shù)及意義
制造商的參數(shù)供應(yīng)商的參數(shù)M :制造商的期望利潤
P:制造商的出售價(jià)格
TM: 制造商針對供應(yīng)商對其信任值的判斷
DMs:制造商對真實(shí)需求的判斷,是制造商的私有信息,有DM=dM+ε,dm 是DMs的期望值
gM(x) :DM的概率密度函數(shù)
GM(x):DM的分布函數(shù)
DMS :制造商向供應(yīng)商匯報(bào)的需求,有DMS=dMS+ε,dMS是DMS的期望值
Pr(TM<sF):制造商對供應(yīng)商對其信任估計(jì)小于閥值F的概率S :供應(yīng)商的期望利潤
W:供應(yīng)商的出售價(jià)格(即制造商的采購價(jià)格)
W′:供應(yīng)商向制造商提出的補(bǔ)償價(jià)格;ΔW=W′-W:補(bǔ)償價(jià)格和最初價(jià)格的差額
C: 供應(yīng)商的成本價(jià)
Q: 供應(yīng)商根據(jù)判斷設(shè)置的產(chǎn)能
CQ:供應(yīng)商設(shè)置產(chǎn)能Q的單位成本
Ts:供應(yīng)商對制造商的信任值
DS:制造商對真實(shí)需求的判斷,是供應(yīng)商的私有信息,有DS=dS+ε,dS是DS的期望值
gS(x):DS的概率密度函數(shù)
GS(x):DS的分布函數(shù)
D′S:供應(yīng)商根據(jù)自身對制造商的信任TS,結(jié)合DMS更新的需求
F:供應(yīng)商對于制造商信任的閥值,低于這個(gè)值需要制造商提供價(jià)格補(bǔ)償
Pr(TS<F):供應(yīng)商對制造商信任小于閥值F的概率3信任和價(jià)格補(bǔ)償?shù)脑O(shè)置
3.1信任建模
信息共享是現(xiàn)代商業(yè)活動中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。穩(wěn)定的供應(yīng)鏈體系建立在雙方彼此信任的基礎(chǔ)上。由于市場需求的不確定性,往往會影響共享的可靠性。本文將供應(yīng)商對于制造商的信任TS看作隨機(jī)變量,與歷史的信譽(yù)記錄和信息判斷差距有關(guān)。
TS~f(t|T0,ΔS)t∈[0,1]
根據(jù)信任的定義,TS與T0和ΔS有關(guān)。其中T0是制造商的信譽(yù),也就是信任的歷史記錄。這部分的信息基于歷史交易和第三方評價(jià);ΔS是判斷差異率,即制造商匯報(bào)的需求判斷DMS與供應(yīng)商自身對于需求的判斷DS的差異率。為了獲得利益最大化,制造商匯報(bào)的需求DMS是隨機(jī)變量,供應(yīng)商自身的判斷DS也是隨機(jī)變量。另外假設(shè)ε都一樣,描述的都是需求的不確定性,概率分布函數(shù)是Γ(ε),密度函數(shù)為τ(ε)。ΔS與dS和dMS的關(guān)系如下:
ΔS=|dMS-dS|dS×100%
制造商對于市場需求的真實(shí)判斷為DM,dS是供應(yīng)商的私有信息,制造商對dS有一個(gè)估計(jì)值d∧S,因此制造商對于供應(yīng)商對其的信任,計(jì)算結(jié)果為TM,且TM~f(t|T0,ΔM)t∈[0,1],其中:
ΔM=|dMS-d∧S|d∧S×100%
由于ΔS的差異,供應(yīng)商的判斷也隨之發(fā)生變化,Ozer認(rèn)為更新的需求在DMS和DS之間按照TS成線性分布[20],借鑒這個(gè)結(jié)論,供應(yīng)商更新后的需求判斷為:
D′S=TSDMS+(1-TS)DS=TS(dMS+ε)+(1-TS)(dS+ε)=TSdMS+(1-TS)dS+ε
根據(jù)Josang的研究表明[29],beta分布函數(shù),結(jié)合了歷史信譽(yù)和反饋,即B(α,β),其中α是歷史信譽(yù)參數(shù),β是雙方判斷無差異時(shí)的初始信任參數(shù),該分布適用于信任問題。假設(shè)信任服從分布函數(shù),γ表示判斷差異導(dǎo)致的信任差異率,則信任有TS~f(t|T0,ΔS)=B(α,β+γΔS)。同理,制造商對其的計(jì)算信任為TM~f(t|T0,ΔM)=B(α,β+γΔM)。
3.2價(jià)格補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的設(shè)置
供應(yīng)鏈成員設(shè)定補(bǔ)償價(jià)格W′,制造商為了避免補(bǔ)償,在匯報(bào)DMS時(shí)會考慮價(jià)格補(bǔ)償?shù)囊蛩?,供?yīng)商根據(jù)DMS,結(jié)合D′S和TS,設(shè)定產(chǎn)能Q。
4價(jià)格補(bǔ)償機(jī)制下的兩階段博弈效用模型
4.1制造商和供應(yīng)商的效用模型
供應(yīng)商和制造商的決策過程是兩階段斯坦伯格博弈模型。首先供應(yīng)商和制造商談定單位數(shù)量的價(jià)格補(bǔ)償ΔW=W′-W,制造商根據(jù)DM,以及TM設(shè)定DMS,供應(yīng)商根據(jù)DMS及DS,更新D′S并設(shè)定產(chǎn)能Q*。雙方的效用模型為:
M=E[(P-W)×min(DM,Q)]-(W′-W)QPr(TM S=E[(W-C)×min(D′S,Q)-CQQ]+(W′-W)QPr(TS 4.2命題1: 當(dāng)dS=dMS時(shí),供應(yīng)商要求的補(bǔ)償金額不低于制造商估計(jì)的補(bǔ)償金額 當(dāng)制造商匯報(bào)dMS,有 TS~f(t|T0,ΔS)=B(α,β+γ|dMS-dS|dS×100%)和TM~f(t|T0,ΔM)=B(α,β+γ|dM-d∧S|dS^×100%)。當(dāng)ΔS=0時(shí),TS~f(t|T0,ΔS)=B(α,β)。根據(jù)信任函數(shù)的性質(zhì),此時(shí)TS為最大值。即在α,β均為已知的情況下,有ETM≤ETS。 此時(shí)供應(yīng)商認(rèn)為應(yīng)設(shè)置的單位補(bǔ)償價(jià)格為ΔWPr(TS ΔWQ*Pr(TM 4.3命題2: 價(jià)格補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的調(diào)節(jié)作用 價(jià)格補(bǔ)償機(jī)制可以對制造商和供應(yīng)商的期望利潤產(chǎn)生變化,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)制造商和供應(yīng)商的博弈均衡。若沒有價(jià)格補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,則雙方的效用函數(shù)為: M=E[(P-W)×min(DM,Q)]) S=E[(W-C)×min(D′S,Q)-CQQ] 根據(jù)Ozer [20]的研究表明,當(dāng)制造商匯報(bào)DMS需求給供應(yīng)商時(shí),供應(yīng)商的最佳產(chǎn)能設(shè)置為: Q*(DMS)=argmax{E[(W-C)×min(D′S,Q)-CQQ]}=dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W) 將Q*式代入制造商的效用函數(shù),考慮Q* M(Q*(DMS))=E[(P-W)×min(DM,Q*(DMS)) =(P-W)*{∫dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)0xgM(x)dx+∫∞dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)(dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W))gM(x)dx} 對dMS求導(dǎo),有: dM(Q*(DMS))]dMS=[P-W]×{[dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)]×g[dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)]+∫∞dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)gM(x)dx+(dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W))×(-g[dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)]}=[P-W]*∫∞dMS+Γ-1(P-W-CQP-W)gM(x)dx 分析上式,有: d[M(Q*(DMS))]dMS>0 因而得出制造商匯報(bào)的是其利潤的增函數(shù),制造商有動機(jī)為提高其利潤而虛報(bào),雙方不存在博弈均衡。 4.4命題3:一般情況下,模型存在使雙方利潤最大化的博弈均衡點(diǎn) 考慮一般情況,供應(yīng)商對制造商不足夠信任時(shí),雙方通過價(jià)格補(bǔ)償機(jī)制來約束。下面首先從供應(yīng)商的利潤開始研究。 (1)供應(yīng)商的利潤函數(shù) S=E[(W-C)×min(D′S,Q)-CQQ]+(W′-W)QPr(TS 其中D′S=TSDMS+(1-TS)DS 改寫供應(yīng)商利潤函數(shù): S(Q)=(W-C)×[∫Q0xg′S(x)dx+∫∞QQg′S(x)dx]-CQQ+(W′-W)QPr[TS≤F] 在供應(yīng)商設(shè)置Q時(shí),W′和DMS均為已知數(shù)。 S對Q一階導(dǎo)為: (S)′Q=(W-C)×[Qg′S(Q)+(1-G′S(Q))+Q(-g′S(Q))]-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]
=(W-C)×(1-G′S(Q))-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]
S對Q二階導(dǎo)為:
(S)″Q=(W-C)×(-g′S(Q))
一般情況W-C>0,且g′S(Q)>0,因?yàn)楠稴對Q二階導(dǎo)為負(fù)。求Q的極值只需S對Q一階導(dǎo)為零即可。即:
(S)′Q=(W-C)×[Qg′S(Q)+(1-G′S(Q))+Q(-g′S(Q))]-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]
=(W-C)×(1-G′S(Q))-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]=0
解之:
Q*=G′-1S(W-C-CQ+(W′-W)Pr[TS≤F]W-C)
(2)制造商的利潤函數(shù)
當(dāng)供應(yīng)商設(shè)置產(chǎn)能Q*后,制造商的利潤函數(shù)變?yōu)?
M=E[(P-W)×min(DM,Q*)]-(W′-W)Q*Pr(TM 制造商的利潤函數(shù)對DMS求一階導(dǎo)和二階導(dǎo): 一階導(dǎo)為: d(M(DMS))dDMS={(P-W)×[∫Q*0xgM(x)dx+∫∞Q*Q**gM(x)dx]-(W′-W)Q*Pr[TM =(P-W)×(1-GM(Q*))-(W′-W)Pr[TM 二階導(dǎo)為: dd(M(DMS))dD″MS=-(P-W)×gM(Q*)+(W′-W)Pr[TS =-(P-W)×gM(Q*)-(W′-W)Q*Pr[TM 分析二階導(dǎo),其中-(P-W)×gM(Q*)<0;當(dāng)dMS=d∧S時(shí)TM最大,Pr[TM 綜合上述推導(dǎo),dd(M(DMS))dD″MS<0,M(DMS)是dMS的凹函數(shù)。那么dMS的最佳設(shè)置為: d*MS={dMSd(M(DMS))dDMS=0} (3)價(jià)格補(bǔ)償?shù)脑O(shè)置 接下來求解價(jià)格補(bǔ)償?shù)脑O(shè)置,價(jià)格補(bǔ)償?shù)脑O(shè)置需要滿足以下條件: S(W′=W′*)≥S(W′=W) & M(W′=W′*)≥0 當(dāng)最優(yōu)匯報(bào)需求d*MS和最優(yōu)產(chǎn)能設(shè)置Q*給定,供應(yīng)商對于制造商的信任T*s也同時(shí)給出,此時(shí)供應(yīng)商的利潤函數(shù)為: S(Q*)=E[(W-C)×min(T*Sd*MS+(1-T*S)d*S+ε,Q*)-CQQ*]+(W′-W)Q*Pr[T*S 聯(lián)立上述方程,則W′的設(shè)置應(yīng)為: W′*={W′|argmax{E[(W-C)×min(T*Sd*MS+(1-T*S)d*S+ε,Q*)-CQQ*]+(W′-W)Q*Pr[T*S St.S(W′=W′*)≥S(W′=W) & M(W′=W′*)≥0 5數(shù)值研究 接下來通過一個(gè)數(shù)值研究,來幫助理解決策的制定過程。設(shè)定參數(shù)如下: P=60,W=40,C=20,DM~N(85,20),DS~N(70,20),CQ=10,γ=10,α=3,β=1,F(xiàn)=01 代入各項(xiàng)參數(shù)的實(shí)際數(shù)值后,雙方的效用模型變?yōu)椋?/p> M=20×Emin(85+ε,Q)-(W′-40)QPr[TM≤01] S=20×Emin(TS×dMS+(1-TS)×70+ε,Q)-10Q]+(W′-40)QPr[TS≤01] 其中dMS、Q、W′為決策變量。根據(jù)命題1的結(jié)論,當(dāng)dS=dMS時(shí),供應(yīng)商要求的補(bǔ)償金額不低于制造商估計(jì)的補(bǔ)償金額。因此對此效用函數(shù)作一些調(diào)整,用TS代替TM。 首先考慮供應(yīng)商效用函數(shù)最大化,通過賦值隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生100組數(shù)據(jù)代入到該效用模型中,用多項(xiàng)式線性擬合,可以得到S和dMS、Q、W′的關(guān)系如下: S=001525d3MS-00096d2MSQ-00326d2MSW′-00123dMSW′2+00134dMSQW′-00074W′3+000134QW′2-1279d2MS-01354Q2+1959W′2+10344dMSQ-1129W′Q+50630dMSW′-5612dMS-681Q-24429W′+612071 為了求解S的極值,對Q求導(dǎo),結(jié)果如下: Q*=-00355d2MS+00495dMSW′+00049W′2+3820dMS-4171W′-25153 將Q*代入到制造商效用函數(shù)中,同時(shí)仿照求解S的方法,可以得到M和dMS、W′關(guān)系式,如下: M=-27279+66964W′-0637d2MS+12134dMSW′-4298W′2-0001781d2MSW′-00001646dMSW′2+00005597W′3 求解制造商利潤最大化,對dMS求導(dǎo),可以得到dMS和W′的關(guān)系式: d*MS=00001646W′2+12134W′1274+0003561W′ 對于W′的取值,需滿足: W′*={W′argmax{E[(W-C)×min(T*Sd*MS+(1-T*S)d*S+ε,Q*)-CQQ*]+(W′-W)Q*Pr[T*S StS(W′=W′*)≥S(W′=W) & M(W′=W′*)≥0 綜合以上算式,制造商和供應(yīng)商的博弈均衡點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在下列決策值: W′*=10302;d*MS=7725;Q*=7333 6結(jié)論 本文研究了基于隨機(jī)變量信任和價(jià)格補(bǔ)償機(jī)制下的信息共享問題,這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究很多,但引入信任因素的研究較少,且大多涉及到信任的信息共享研究都集中在實(shí)證研究領(lǐng)域中,本文嘗試將信任看作隨機(jī)變量,并假定隨機(jī)變量信任服從beta分布。另外引入價(jià)格補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,有效提高信息共享的積極性。通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),引入價(jià)格補(bǔ)償可以提高供應(yīng)鏈成員間的信息共享積極性。隨機(jī)變量信任的引入也更符合實(shí)際的商業(yè)決策制定。 對于其他提高信息共享有效性的方法,比如保險(xiǎn)金等,以及考慮不同操作方法的效用比較,會幫助我們更深入地了解商業(yè)決策的過程,而這些問題將會是下一步的研究方向。 參考文獻(xiàn): [1]Tsay and Agrawal.Channel Conflict and Coordination in the E-commerce Age[J]. Production & Operations Management,2004:13(1):93-110. [2]Van Der Vorst J G A J,Beulens A J M,De Wit W,et al. Supply Chain Management in Food Chains: Improving Performance by Reducing Uncertainty [ J] . IntTrans Opl Res,1998,5: 487- 499. [3]Lee H ,Padmanabhan P,Whang S. Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip Effect [ J] . Management Science,1997,43(4) ,546- 558.
[4]Dejonckheere J,Disney S M,Lambrecht M R. The Impact of Information Enrichment on the Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chain: A Control Engineering Perspective[ J] . European Journal of Operational Research,2004,8(153) : 727-750.
[5]Weixin Shang,Albert Y Ha,Shilu Tong.s Information Sharing in a Supply Chain with a Common Retailer[N]. Working paper.
[6]Bendoly E,KDonohue, KLSchultz. Behavior in Operations Management: Assessing Recent Findings and Revisiting Old Dssumptions[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2006,24(6):737-752.
[7]Files J. Economic Downturn Leaves Cisco with Stacks of Excess Inventory[A]. San Jose Mercury News (April 27) 1C,2001.
[8]陳長彬,楊忠. 需求信息共享激勵(lì)與供應(yīng)鏈契約設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 系統(tǒng)管理學(xué)報(bào),2008,17(6):639-647.
[9]Brian Uzzi. The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect. American Sociological Review,1996,61(4):674-698.
[10]Channel Management: Structure,Governance,and Relationship Management[M]. In B. A. Weitz and R. Wensley (Eds.),Handbook of Marketing. Thousand Oaks,California: Sage Publications.
[11]Rousseau D,SSitkin,RBurt,et al. Not so Different After all: A Cross-discipline View of Trust[J]. Acad. Management Rev,1998,23(3): 393-404.
[12]L Li. Optimal Operating Policies for Multiplant Stochastic Manufacturing Systems in a Changing Environment[J]. Management Science,2001,47(11): 1539-1551.
[13]Brian Tomlin. On the Value of Mitigation and Contingency Strategies for Managing Supply Chain Disruption Risks[J]. Management Science,2006,52(5): 639-657.
[14]Anna Nagurney,Matsypura Dmytro. Global Supply Chain Network Dynamics with Multicriteria Decision-making Under Risk and Uncertainty[J]. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,2005,41(6):585-612.
[15]Sezer ülkü L. Beril Toktay,Enver Yücesan. Risk Ownership in Contract Manufacturing[J].MSOM Summer,2007,9(3)225-241.
[16]Margaret Walls. Deposit-Refund Systems in Practice and Theory[A]. Resources for the Future Washington DC[C].2011. 11-47.
[17]Tom Baker,Jonathan Simon. Embracing Risk: The Changing Culture of Insurance and Responsibility [M].University of Chicago Press: Paddyfield Chopin,2002.
[18]He Xu. Managing Production and Procurement Through Option Contracts in Supply Chains with Random Yield[J]. International Journal of Production Economics ,2010,126(2): 306-313.
[19]葉飛,薛運(yùn)普. 供應(yīng)鏈伙伴間信息共享對運(yùn)營績效的間接作用機(jī)理研究—以關(guān)系資本為中間變量[J].中國管理科學(xué),2011,19(6):112-125.
[20]zalp zer,Yanchong Zheng,Kay-Yut Chen. Trust in Forecast Information Sharing[J]. Management Science,2011,57(6):1111-1137.
[21]Neda Ebrahim-Khanjari,Wallace Hopp,Seyed M RIravani. Trust and Information Sharing in Supply Chains[J]. Production and Operations Management,2011,21(3):444-464.
[22]Laeequddin M,B SSahay,Vinita Sahay, K Abdul Waheed. Measuring Trust in Supply Chain Partners Relationships[J]. Measuring Business Excellence,2010,14(3):53-69.
[23]PResnick,KKuwabara,R Zeckhauser,et al. Reputation Systems[J].Communications of the ACM,2000,43(12):45-48.
[24]R Au,M Looi,P Ashley. Automated Cross-organisational Trust Establishment on Extranets[J].Australian Computer Science Communications,2001,23(6):3-11.
[25]Avinandan Mukherjee,Prithwiraj Nath. A Model ofTrust in Online Relationship Banking[J].International Journal of Bank Marketing,2003,21(1):5-15.
[26]Eppen G,Iyer A. Backup Agreements in Fashion Buying-the Value of Upstream Flexibility [J]. Management Science ,1997,43(11) : 1469-1484.
[27]Gérard PCachon. The Allocation of Inventory Risk in a Supply Chain: Push,Pull,and Advance-Purchase Discount Contracts[J]. Management Science,2004,50(2): 222-238.
[28]馬鈞,王寧. e化供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)同管理系統(tǒng)框架[J]. 現(xiàn)代管理科學(xué),2007,12: 83-86.
[29]Josang, RIsmail. The Beta Reputation System[A]. In Proceedings of the 15th Bled Electronic Conference[C].2002.
(責(zé)任編輯:秦穎)
[4]Dejonckheere J,Disney S M,Lambrecht M R. The Impact of Information Enrichment on the Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chain: A Control Engineering Perspective[ J] . European Journal of Operational Research,2004,8(153) : 727-750.
[5]Weixin Shang,Albert Y Ha,Shilu Tong.s Information Sharing in a Supply Chain with a Common Retailer[N]. Working paper.
[6]Bendoly E,KDonohue, KLSchultz. Behavior in Operations Management: Assessing Recent Findings and Revisiting Old Dssumptions[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2006,24(6):737-752.
[7]Files J. Economic Downturn Leaves Cisco with Stacks of Excess Inventory[A]. San Jose Mercury News (April 27) 1C,2001.
[8]陳長彬,楊忠. 需求信息共享激勵(lì)與供應(yīng)鏈契約設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 系統(tǒng)管理學(xué)報(bào),2008,17(6):639-647.
[9]Brian Uzzi. The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect. American Sociological Review,1996,61(4):674-698.
[10]Channel Management: Structure,Governance,and Relationship Management[M]. In B. A. Weitz and R. Wensley (Eds.),Handbook of Marketing. Thousand Oaks,California: Sage Publications.
[11]Rousseau D,SSitkin,RBurt,et al. Not so Different After all: A Cross-discipline View of Trust[J]. Acad. Management Rev,1998,23(3): 393-404.
[12]L Li. Optimal Operating Policies for Multiplant Stochastic Manufacturing Systems in a Changing Environment[J]. Management Science,2001,47(11): 1539-1551.
[13]Brian Tomlin. On the Value of Mitigation and Contingency Strategies for Managing Supply Chain Disruption Risks[J]. Management Science,2006,52(5): 639-657.
[14]Anna Nagurney,Matsypura Dmytro. Global Supply Chain Network Dynamics with Multicriteria Decision-making Under Risk and Uncertainty[J]. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,2005,41(6):585-612.
[15]Sezer ülkü L. Beril Toktay,Enver Yücesan. Risk Ownership in Contract Manufacturing[J].MSOM Summer,2007,9(3)225-241.
[16]Margaret Walls. Deposit-Refund Systems in Practice and Theory[A]. Resources for the Future Washington DC[C].2011. 11-47.
[17]Tom Baker,Jonathan Simon. Embracing Risk: The Changing Culture of Insurance and Responsibility [M].University of Chicago Press: Paddyfield Chopin,2002.
[18]He Xu. Managing Production and Procurement Through Option Contracts in Supply Chains with Random Yield[J]. International Journal of Production Economics ,2010,126(2): 306-313.
[19]葉飛,薛運(yùn)普. 供應(yīng)鏈伙伴間信息共享對運(yùn)營績效的間接作用機(jī)理研究—以關(guān)系資本為中間變量[J].中國管理科學(xué),2011,19(6):112-125.
[20]zalp zer,Yanchong Zheng,Kay-Yut Chen. Trust in Forecast Information Sharing[J]. Management Science,2011,57(6):1111-1137.
[21]Neda Ebrahim-Khanjari,Wallace Hopp,Seyed M RIravani. Trust and Information Sharing in Supply Chains[J]. Production and Operations Management,2011,21(3):444-464.
[22]Laeequddin M,B SSahay,Vinita Sahay, K Abdul Waheed. Measuring Trust in Supply Chain Partners Relationships[J]. Measuring Business Excellence,2010,14(3):53-69.
[23]PResnick,KKuwabara,R Zeckhauser,et al. Reputation Systems[J].Communications of the ACM,2000,43(12):45-48.
[24]R Au,M Looi,P Ashley. Automated Cross-organisational Trust Establishment on Extranets[J].Australian Computer Science Communications,2001,23(6):3-11.
[25]Avinandan Mukherjee,Prithwiraj Nath. A Model ofTrust in Online Relationship Banking[J].International Journal of Bank Marketing,2003,21(1):5-15.
[26]Eppen G,Iyer A. Backup Agreements in Fashion Buying-the Value of Upstream Flexibility [J]. Management Science ,1997,43(11) : 1469-1484.
[27]Gérard PCachon. The Allocation of Inventory Risk in a Supply Chain: Push,Pull,and Advance-Purchase Discount Contracts[J]. Management Science,2004,50(2): 222-238.
[28]馬鈞,王寧. e化供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)同管理系統(tǒng)框架[J]. 現(xiàn)代管理科學(xué),2007,12: 83-86.
[29]Josang, RIsmail. The Beta Reputation System[A]. In Proceedings of the 15th Bled Electronic Conference[C].2002.
(責(zé)任編輯:秦穎)
[4]Dejonckheere J,Disney S M,Lambrecht M R. The Impact of Information Enrichment on the Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chain: A Control Engineering Perspective[ J] . European Journal of Operational Research,2004,8(153) : 727-750.
[5]Weixin Shang,Albert Y Ha,Shilu Tong.s Information Sharing in a Supply Chain with a Common Retailer[N]. Working paper.
[6]Bendoly E,KDonohue, KLSchultz. Behavior in Operations Management: Assessing Recent Findings and Revisiting Old Dssumptions[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2006,24(6):737-752.
[7]Files J. Economic Downturn Leaves Cisco with Stacks of Excess Inventory[A]. San Jose Mercury News (April 27) 1C,2001.
[8]陳長彬,楊忠. 需求信息共享激勵(lì)與供應(yīng)鏈契約設(shè)計(jì)[J]. 系統(tǒng)管理學(xué)報(bào),2008,17(6):639-647.
[9]Brian Uzzi. The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect. American Sociological Review,1996,61(4):674-698.
[10]Channel Management: Structure,Governance,and Relationship Management[M]. In B. A. Weitz and R. Wensley (Eds.),Handbook of Marketing. Thousand Oaks,California: Sage Publications.
[11]Rousseau D,SSitkin,RBurt,et al. Not so Different After all: A Cross-discipline View of Trust[J]. Acad. Management Rev,1998,23(3): 393-404.
[12]L Li. Optimal Operating Policies for Multiplant Stochastic Manufacturing Systems in a Changing Environment[J]. Management Science,2001,47(11): 1539-1551.
[13]Brian Tomlin. On the Value of Mitigation and Contingency Strategies for Managing Supply Chain Disruption Risks[J]. Management Science,2006,52(5): 639-657.
[14]Anna Nagurney,Matsypura Dmytro. Global Supply Chain Network Dynamics with Multicriteria Decision-making Under Risk and Uncertainty[J]. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,2005,41(6):585-612.
[15]Sezer ülkü L. Beril Toktay,Enver Yücesan. Risk Ownership in Contract Manufacturing[J].MSOM Summer,2007,9(3)225-241.
[16]Margaret Walls. Deposit-Refund Systems in Practice and Theory[A]. Resources for the Future Washington DC[C].2011. 11-47.
[17]Tom Baker,Jonathan Simon. Embracing Risk: The Changing Culture of Insurance and Responsibility [M].University of Chicago Press: Paddyfield Chopin,2002.
[18]He Xu. Managing Production and Procurement Through Option Contracts in Supply Chains with Random Yield[J]. International Journal of Production Economics ,2010,126(2): 306-313.
[19]葉飛,薛運(yùn)普. 供應(yīng)鏈伙伴間信息共享對運(yùn)營績效的間接作用機(jī)理研究—以關(guān)系資本為中間變量[J].中國管理科學(xué),2011,19(6):112-125.
[20]zalp zer,Yanchong Zheng,Kay-Yut Chen. Trust in Forecast Information Sharing[J]. Management Science,2011,57(6):1111-1137.
[21]Neda Ebrahim-Khanjari,Wallace Hopp,Seyed M RIravani. Trust and Information Sharing in Supply Chains[J]. Production and Operations Management,2011,21(3):444-464.
[22]Laeequddin M,B SSahay,Vinita Sahay, K Abdul Waheed. Measuring Trust in Supply Chain Partners Relationships[J]. Measuring Business Excellence,2010,14(3):53-69.
[23]PResnick,KKuwabara,R Zeckhauser,et al. Reputation Systems[J].Communications of the ACM,2000,43(12):45-48.
[24]R Au,M Looi,P Ashley. Automated Cross-organisational Trust Establishment on Extranets[J].Australian Computer Science Communications,2001,23(6):3-11.
[25]Avinandan Mukherjee,Prithwiraj Nath. A Model ofTrust in Online Relationship Banking[J].International Journal of Bank Marketing,2003,21(1):5-15.
[26]Eppen G,Iyer A. Backup Agreements in Fashion Buying-the Value of Upstream Flexibility [J]. Management Science ,1997,43(11) : 1469-1484.
[27]Gérard PCachon. The Allocation of Inventory Risk in a Supply Chain: Push,Pull,and Advance-Purchase Discount Contracts[J]. Management Science,2004,50(2): 222-238.
[28]馬鈞,王寧. e化供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)同管理系統(tǒng)框架[J]. 現(xiàn)代管理科學(xué),2007,12: 83-86.
[29]Josang, RIsmail. The Beta Reputation System[A]. In Proceedings of the 15th Bled Electronic Conference[C].2002.
(責(zé)任編輯:秦穎)