楊新超 柳德斌 王煒
臨床研究
經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術與外科手術治療膜部室間隔缺損的對比研究
楊新超 柳德斌 王煒
作者單位:730000 甘肅省蘭州市,蘭州大學第一醫(yī)院心外科(楊新超);蘭州大學第二醫(yī)院心外科(柳德斌、王煒)
目的 探討經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術治療膜部室間隔缺損(VSD)的優(yōu)勢及臨床應用價值。方法 自2011年9月至2013年2月,選擇40例經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術治療膜部VSD的患者,另外選40例經(jīng)傳統(tǒng)外科修補術治療膜部 VSD 的患者。兩組患者年齡 1~32(15.5±3.5)歲,體重 10.8~58.0(24.2±7.5)kg,膜部室間隔缺損大小為2~14(5.6±0.5)mm。分別依據(jù)兩種不同的方法完成手術,比較兩組的療效、并發(fā)癥及其他相關因素,評估經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術的可行性及優(yōu)越性。結果 經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術組有1例患者封堵失敗,行開胸手術治療,成功率97.5%;外科手術組除1例因急性感染死亡外,余全部手術成功。兩組治療成功率相似,但在術后并發(fā)癥及其他相關因素方面有明顯差別。術后3~12個月隨訪,經(jīng)胸小切口組無新并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn),而外科組新出現(xiàn)一系列并發(fā)癥。結論 盡管經(jīng)胸小切口膜部VSD封堵術較外科手術治療效果相當,但具有術后并發(fā)癥較少、恢復快、創(chuàng)傷小、患者易于接受等優(yōu)點。目前該技術是可行的,且臨床應用價值高。
食管超聲心動圖; 小切口; 膜部室間隔缺損
室間隔缺損(VSD)的治療先后經(jīng)過體外循環(huán)下開胸手術及導管介入封堵術[1-3]的發(fā)展歷程。近年來,隨著技術的不斷進步,經(jīng)食管超聲(TEE)引導右心室穿刺封堵治療VSD技術在我國已成功應用于臨床[4,5],逐漸代替外科手術治療部分VSD。自2011年9月至2013年2月,我科選擇經(jīng)胸小切口膜部VSD封堵術與外科手術患者各40例,進行臨床對比,具體方法如下。
1.1 一般資料 入選標準:所有患者按照以下入選標準進行選擇,包括:①兩組所有患者年齡在1~32(15.5±3.5)歲,體重 10.8~58.0(24.2±7.5)kg;②有明顯左向右分流的膜部室間隔缺損(2~14 mm),不伴有重度肺動脈高壓;③除了動脈導管未閉、房間隔缺損等外,任何伴有其他可以給術后增加風險因素的疾病不適宜入選。患者中2例合并動脈導管未閉,4例合并房間隔缺損,6例有輕度肺動脈高壓,2例合并輕度三尖瓣反流。
1.2 手術基本方法 ①經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術組:患者仰臥位全麻,于胸骨中下段正中切開皮膚3~5 cm,進胸剪開心包并懸吊,右室壁定位,縫荷包并穿刺,在TEE指導下插入導引鋼絲,并穿過膜部VSD進入左室腔內(nèi),沿導絲引入鞘管至左室,確認鞘管置入左室后,退出導絲,將帶有適宜大?。ㄒ话憧蛇x擇比測量VSD范圍大1~2 mm)封堵器的導管沿鞘管置入至左室(如圖1),順序釋放左室面?zhèn)惚P,TEE證實膜部室間隔缺損無殘余分流,心內(nèi)結構未受影響,特別是主動脈瓣的啟閉正常(圖2),于右室腔內(nèi)釋放右室面?zhèn)惚P,輕行推拉實驗證實無移位(如圖3),撤出輸送裝置后縫線打結,依常規(guī)逐層關胸。②外科手術組:所有患者均依常規(guī)在全麻下采用胸骨正中切口,淺低溫、體外循環(huán)下利用自體心包完成膜部VSD修補,對于伴隨病癥給予對癥處理,術后心包、縱隔內(nèi)置管引流,進監(jiān)護病房。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法 所有資料采用Stata 10.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行處理。計量資料以±s表示,計數(shù)資料用χ2檢驗和Fisher檢驗比較,部分組間資料的比較采用簡單t檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 療效及并發(fā)癥比較 ①經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術組:本組所選40例膜部VSD患者的缺損大小均為3~7 mm,治療后除1例術后2 d出現(xiàn)Ⅲ度傳導阻滯(給予激素治療及抗凝治療后尚未恢復)行二次開胸手術治療外,余均獲封堵成功,成功率達97.5%。術后5例出現(xiàn)微量殘余分流(均<2 mm),輕度傳導及心律異常7例,給予對癥治療后恢復較可,2例出現(xiàn)輕度主動脈瓣和三尖瓣反流,患者無癥狀,未給予治療。左室舒張末壓(IVEDP)由術前平均(10.8±3.0)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)降至術后的(7.1±2.6)mm Hg(P<0.05);心胸比率(C/T)由術前的0.48±0.05減小至術后的0.46±0.05(P<0.05)。②外科組:本組治療40例膜部VSD患者的缺損相對較大,均為2~14 mm,治療后除1例因急性感染死亡外,余全部手術成功。術后2例出現(xiàn)少量殘余分流(3 mm),2例出現(xiàn)心包積液后行穿刺引流術,2例術后傷口出血行二次開胸縫合止血治療,少量胸腔積液2例,部分性肺膨脹不全3例,心包少量積氣1例,輕度主動脈瓣反流1例,輕度左前分支阻滯1例。以上并發(fā)癥均經(jīng)對癥治療后相應改善或治愈。左室舒張末徑(LVEDD)由術前的(38.9±5.6)mm 降至術后的 (36.8±5.4)mm (P<0.05);胸心比率(C/T)值由術前的 0.50±0.06 減小至術后的 0.43±0.05(P<0.05)。③其他指標比較:經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術組在手術耗時、術后ICU監(jiān)護時間、總住院天數(shù)、術后恢復時間等方面均顯著少于外科組,但在器材費及治療總費用上要明顯高于外科組。封堵術組無患者輸血,外科組共40人次需要輸血液制品,其中輸全血22人次(400~1200 ml)、輸血漿8人次(200~400 ml)、輸紅細胞 10人次(2~8 U)。余指標如左室射血分數(shù)(LVEF)、左室收縮末內(nèi)徑(LVESD)、左室舒張末容量(LVEDV)及左室收縮末容量(LVESV)等術后兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。見表 1~3。
2.2 隨訪 經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術組患者術后3~12個月隨訪查TTE示:仍見3例1~2 mm的微量殘余分流,1例中度三尖瓣反流,2例傳導阻滯;余封堵器回聲清晰,位置正常穩(wěn)固,未發(fā)現(xiàn)移位與脫落,心功能各項評價指標正常。外科組出院后3~17個月復查心臟彩超示:殘余分流及反流情況消失,輕度傳導阻滯及主動脈瓣關閉不全未消失,另外新出現(xiàn)心包積液和三尖瓣反流各2例,1例傷口紅腫、發(fā)炎,1例心功能衰竭,1例因與手術無關的急性胃腸炎死亡,分別給予心包引流、消炎等對癥治療后癥狀有所緩解。
經(jīng)胸小切口右心室穿刺膜部VSD封堵術是一項新開展的微創(chuàng)雜交技術。該技術的臨床應用體現(xiàn)了VSD治療策略的轉變。目前,臨床上不斷有關此技術成功應用的報道[6-8],其技術越來越成熟。相比而言,經(jīng)胸小切口封堵這一新技術避免了外科手術所帶來的不利因素,在臨床上具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。本研究是通過臨床對比來發(fā)現(xiàn)其優(yōu)缺點,充分發(fā)揮臨床優(yōu)勢,同時解決不足之處。我們觀察兩組治療結果發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組療效(成功率及相關心功能變化)近似(如表1)。但經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術較外科手術在術后并發(fā)癥及其他相關因素方面明顯具有并發(fā)癥少、手術時間短、操作簡單、安全有效[4,9]、美容效果好[10]和短期結果可接受[11]等優(yōu)點(如表2、3),更重要的是目前這項技術可以有效代替外科手術應用于其他簡單的先天性心臟病,如經(jīng)右房的房間隔缺損封堵術[12-14]和動脈導管未閉封堵術[15,16],所以其治療范圍也在不斷擴大。但這畢竟是一項全新技術,仍有局限性,我們應該注意到其術后殘余漏發(fā)生率高、費用高及易導致傳導阻滯[17]等不足之處。同時,該項新技術應用前景廣泛,但臨床技能尚不成熟,其應用范圍相對較局限,目前僅適用于選擇簡單且缺損相對較小的VSD,所以要使該技術能夠成熟而且更廣泛地用于臨床,還需不斷地進行臨床研究和技術改進。當然,這就要求醫(yī)師必須具有良好的超聲基礎和專業(yè)知識,能夠結合臨床經(jīng)驗篩選更廣泛的適應證,合理選擇封堵器大小,這是預防和有效避免術后并發(fā)癥的關鍵。同時更多中心參與的長期隨訪研究將進一步為該術式提供循證支持,以確保新技術的有效性。
總體來說,采用這種新型微創(chuàng)封堵技術治療膜部VSD是有效、可行的。相信隨著國產(chǎn)VSD封堵器的研發(fā)、臨床研究的不斷進步,其術后分流率高、傳導阻滯嚴重、器材費用高等缺點會得到相應的解決,同時適應證也會越來越廣。經(jīng)胸小切口封堵技術將逐步替代外科手術成為治療VSD的首選方法。
表1 兩組術后結果比較(±s)
表1 兩組術后結果比較(±s)
組別 例數(shù) 男/女 年齡(歲)心胸比率(C/T)經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術組 40 24/16 15.0±3.0 24.2±5.5 5.0±0.3 97.5 7.1±2.6 38.2±5.6 28±6 85±6 34±4 51±3 0.46±0.05體重(kg)室缺大小(mm)手術成功率(%)LVEDP(mm Hg)LVEDD(mm)LVESD(mm)LVEDV(ml)LVESV(ml)LVEF(%)外科組 40 22/18 15.5±3.5 24.2±7.5 6.8±0.4 97.5 7.2±2.3 36.8±5.4 26±5 83±8 32±3 49±3 0.43±0.05 P 值 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 <0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
表2 兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況(例)
表3 兩組其他指標比較(±s)
表3 兩組其他指標比較(±s)
組別 室缺位置 手術創(chuàng)傷總費用(萬元)經(jīng)胸小切口封堵術組 膜周部 胸骨中下段 無需 無需 48±21 1~2 4~7 3~7 2.5~4.5 3.5~7.0情況 體外循環(huán) 輸血量(ml)手術時間(min)術后ICU監(jiān)護(d)總住院天數(shù)(d)術后恢復時間(d)器材費(萬元)外科組 膜周部 胸骨正中 需 400~1200 145±26 1~15 8~32 80~160 0.2~0.9 2.5~4.0 P 值 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
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Comparative study on treatment of perimembrane ventricular septal defects by the chest small incision closure of VSD and by surgical repair
YANG Xin-chao*,LIU De-bin,WANG Wei.*Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,the First Hospital Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China
Objective To discuss the advantages of device closure via a small lower sternal incision of perimembrane VSD and the clinical application value,constantly summarize the clinical experiences.Methods Between September 2011 and February 2013,40 patients who underwent closure via a small lower sternal incision and another 40 patients who underwent the conventional surgical repair of perimembrane VSD were collected,aged 12 months to 32 years(15.5±3.5)years old with a body weight of 10.8-58.0(24.2±7.5)kg,the size of perimembrane VSD was 2-14(5.6±0.5)mm.Assessing the superiority and feasibility of closure via a small lower sternal incision by comparing with each other.Results The small incision group was successful in all patients,except for 1 patient who required immediate surgical conversion after the operation failed (97.5%).The surgical group∶all patients are successful in 40 patients except one patient died of acute infection.The success rate of device closure was similar to the surgical repair.However,there were many significant differences in complications and other related factors.In a follow-up period of 3 to 12 months there was no new complications in the small incision group,but surgical group appeared lots of new complications.Conclusion Though the success rate of device closure is similar to the surgical repair,but the recovery time, complications,trauma to the vessels and other relevant factors decrease.At present,this technique is feasible,its clinical application value is quite high and the patients are easy to accept it.
Transesophageal echocardiography; Small incision; Perimembrane ventricular septal defects
LIU De-bin,E-mail:ldebin@yahoo.com.cn
柳德斌,E-mail:ldebin@yahoo.com.cn
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5301.2014.04.011
R654.2
B
1672-5301(2014)04-0323-04
2013-10-09)