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載Crisp1 DNA避孕疫苗殼聚糖納米粒的制備及評價

2014-09-14 02:14胡朵朵董明珍徐明娟
中國生化藥物雜志 2014年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:脂質(zhì)體復合物殼聚糖

胡朵朵,董明珍,徐明娟

(1.交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬新華醫(yī)院婦科,上海200092;2.交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬新華醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,上海200433;3.第二軍醫(yī)大學長海醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,上海200433)

載Crisp1 DNA避孕疫苗殼聚糖納米粒的制備及評價

胡朵朵1,董明珍2,徐明娟3Δ

(1.交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬新華醫(yī)院婦科,上海200092;2.交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬新華醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,上海200433;3.第二軍醫(yī)大學長海醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,上海200433)

目的通過構(gòu)建載Crisp-1DNA疫苗的殼聚糖納米粒,評估真核表達質(zhì)粒pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1的免疫避孕效應(yīng)及殼聚糖納米粒作為DNA避孕疫苗載體的有效性和安全性。方法復凝法制備質(zhì)粒濃度分別為50、100、200μg/mL的殼聚糖-pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1納米粒(CS/DNA NPs),紫外分光光度儀檢測不同質(zhì)粒濃度下DNA的包埋率。于透射電子顯微鏡(TEM)下觀察納米粒形態(tài),用納米粒度分析儀測定納米粒的平均粒徑、多分散度和zeta電位。1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分析殼聚糖納米粒與質(zhì)粒的結(jié)合力及在核酸酶條件下殼聚糖納米粒對質(zhì)粒DNA的保護作用。然后將載Crisp-1DNA疫苗的殼聚糖納米粒直接轉(zhuǎn)染至COS-7細胞,與脂質(zhì)體比較其細胞毒性,細胞轉(zhuǎn)染分為4組:CS/DNA納米復合物轉(zhuǎn)染組:直接加入CS/DNA復合物;脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染組:按脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染法轉(zhuǎn)染質(zhì)粒pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1;pcDNA3.1空載體組:轉(zhuǎn)染過程中加入空載體pcDNA3.1;空白對照組:不給予任何干預措施。并用實時熒光定量PCR和間接免疫熒光細胞化學法鑒定轉(zhuǎn)染后mCrisp-1在COS-7細胞內(nèi)的表達。結(jié)果采用紫外分光光度儀檢測殼聚糖納米粒對不同濃度質(zhì)粒DNA的包埋率,結(jié)果顯示,3種濃度下質(zhì)粒包埋率均達90%以上,但當質(zhì)粒濃度為100μg/mL時,殼聚糖對質(zhì)粒DNA的包埋率最高(94.09±0.17)%,且與另2組相比差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。透射電子顯微鏡下觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)CS/DNA納米復合物形態(tài)較為規(guī)則,近球形,大小較均一,直徑多在150~200 nm之間,散在分布,分散性好。納米粒度分析儀測定結(jié)果顯示,納米粒平均直徑為189.3 nm,多分散指數(shù)為0.459,粒徑分布范圍較窄。Zeta電位約為+0.2mV。1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳結(jié)果顯示,殼聚糖與DNA疫苗結(jié)合后使質(zhì)粒DNA完全阻滯于加樣孔中,并可保護質(zhì)粒DNA不受核酸酶降解。MTT試驗結(jié)果顯示CS/DNA納米復合物組細胞存活率與裸質(zhì)粒組相比無明顯差異,但顯著高于脂質(zhì)體組(P<0.01)。將未處理的正常COS-7細胞和經(jīng)不同方式轉(zhuǎn)染pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1的COS-7細胞分別行間接免疫熒光檢測,結(jié)果顯示,無論是用脂質(zhì)體Lipofectamine 2000TM介導轉(zhuǎn)染的COS-7細胞還是CS/DNA納米復合物直接轉(zhuǎn)染的COS-7細胞中均可看到明亮的綠色熒光,而未處理組和pcDNA3.1空載體轉(zhuǎn)染組細胞未見綠色熒光,表明殼聚糖可有效的介導Crisp-1DNA疫苗在真核細胞中表達。qRT-PCR檢測經(jīng)不同方法轉(zhuǎn)染后COS-7細胞中Crisp-1 mRNA的表達水平,結(jié)果分析顯示,空白對照組和pcDNA3.1空載體組未檢測到Crisp-1 mRNA表達,脂質(zhì)體Lipofectamine 2000TM組Crisp-1 mRNA表達水平略高于CS/DNA納米復合物轉(zhuǎn)染組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。結(jié)論殼聚糖納米??娠@著提高pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1DNA疫苗的免疫效應(yīng),并具有良好的安全性。

免疫避孕;疫苗;富含半胱氨酸分泌蛋白-1;DNA;生育

目前,非病毒載體由于具有較好的生物安全性已越來越多地運用于基因治療研究中。殼聚糖是一種帶正電荷的天然聚合物,無細胞毒性,且具有很好的生物相容性和生物降解性,近年來作為一種新開發(fā)的載體系統(tǒng)得到了廣泛而深入的研究。本研究采用復凝法構(gòu)建了載Crisp-1DNA疫苗的殼聚糖納米粒,并對其相關(guān)物理學、生物學活性進行測定,最后通過與脂質(zhì)體Lipofectamine 2000TM轉(zhuǎn)染進行比較,評估其細胞毒性和轉(zhuǎn)染效率,為后續(xù)研究其免疫避孕效應(yīng)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 質(zhì)粒和細胞 真核表達質(zhì)粒pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1(本實驗室前期構(gòu)建);pcDNA3.1(+)載體(Novagen公司);COS-7細胞(中國科學院上海生化細胞所);感受態(tài)大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)DH5α(本實驗室保存)。

1.2 溶液的配制

20mM冰乙酸(HAc):吸取冰乙酸114.3μL,加去離子水至100mL,混勻。

5 mM醋酸鈉(NaAc):稱取NaAc-3H2O 34.02 mg,加入40mL去離子水攪拌溶解后加水定容至50mL。

5mM Na2S04溶液:稱取無水Na2S0435.5mg,加入40mL去離子水攪拌溶解后定容至體積為50mL。

殼聚糖儲存液(5mg/mL):0.02%殼聚糖溶液:稱取殼聚糖10.0mg,溶解2mL 20mM冰乙酸溶液中,37℃,200 r/min搖床過夜,使殼聚糖充分溶解,得到5mg/mL殼聚糖儲存液,4℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

MTT溶液(5mg/mL):稱取MTT 0.5 g,溶于100mL的PBS溶液中,0.22μm針式濾器過濾除菌,-20℃避光保存。

1.3 方法

1.3.1 殼聚糖-pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1納米復合物的制備:取殼聚糖儲存液2mL,加入至48m L 5mM NaAc溶液中,使殼聚糖濃度為0.02%(W/V);將0.02%殼聚糖溶液和5mM Na2SO4溶液分別用0.22μM針式濾器過濾除菌;取適量pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1質(zhì)粒溶液加入5mM Na2SO4溶液中,調(diào)節(jié)其濃度分別為50、100、200μg/mL,分別記為CS/DNA 50,CS/DNA 100,CS/DNA 200。將0.02%殼聚糖溶液和3種不同濃度的pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1/Na2SO4(5mM)溶液置于55℃恒溫水浴30min。分別取等體積的殼聚糖溶液與pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1溶液迅速混勻,渦旋30 s,室溫靜置30 min,所得pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1-殼聚糖納米粒懸液即可用于生物學鑒定和細胞轉(zhuǎn)染。

1.3.2 DNA包埋率的計算:取上述不同質(zhì)粒濃度的納米粒懸液200μL,4℃,14000 g離心30min,收集上清液,紫外分光光度法(OD260)檢測上清液中質(zhì)粒DNA的含量,并計算不同質(zhì)粒濃度下的包埋率。

1.3.3 納米粒形態(tài)觀察:取少量上述制備好的納米?;鞈乙旱沃龄佊刑寄さ你~網(wǎng)上,靜置2min;用濾紙吸干混懸液,滴加2%磷鎢酸,負染2min;于透射電子顯微鏡(TEM)下觀察納米粒形態(tài),并選取有代表性的視野拍照。

1.3.4 凝膠阻滯分析:制備1%瓊脂糖凝膠;取5μL CS/DNA納米復合物與1μL 6×DNA電泳上樣緩沖液混勻后,用移液槍將樣品加入凹孔中;紫外凝膠成像儀觀察并照相,分析殼聚糖納米粒與質(zhì)粒的結(jié)合力。

1.3.5 DNase I保護試驗:取殼聚糖納米質(zhì)粒復合物樣本和裸質(zhì)粒DNA溶液各20μL(含質(zhì)粒DNA 1μg),分別加入0.2μL DNaseI,37℃反應(yīng)30 min,0℃冰浴15 mim終止反應(yīng),以含0.5μg/mL溴化乙錠的1%瓊脂糖凝膠進行電泳分析(100 V,30min)。

1.3.6 殼聚糖-pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1納米粒復合物的轉(zhuǎn)染:細胞轉(zhuǎn)染分為4組:CS/DNA納米復合物轉(zhuǎn)染組:直接加入CS/DNA復合物;脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染組:按脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染法轉(zhuǎn)染質(zhì)粒pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1;pcDNA3.1空載體組:轉(zhuǎn)染過程中加入空載體pcDNA3.1;空白對照組:不給予任何干預措施。轉(zhuǎn)染方法:細胞鋪板:用0.25%胰酶消化單層培養(yǎng)的COS-7細胞,計數(shù)后以2×105細胞/孔接種于6孔板,加入不含抗生素的培養(yǎng)基2mL,37℃,5%CO2培養(yǎng)細胞23~48 h,使細胞生長穩(wěn)定并達到細胞貼壁覆蓋率80%左右;轉(zhuǎn)染前1天,吸棄6孔板中的培養(yǎng)液,加入2mL無血清無抗生素的培養(yǎng)液將細胞洗滌2次,加入新鮮的完全培養(yǎng)基待轉(zhuǎn)染。脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染組加入Opti-MEMIReduced Serum Medium培養(yǎng)細胞,將不同體積的CS/DNA納米復合物(使DNA含量為4μg/孔)直接加入到相應(yīng)的細胞孔中,搖動培養(yǎng)板,輕輕混勻;37℃,5%CO2繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4~6 h后,吸棄轉(zhuǎn)染液,更換完全培養(yǎng)基,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h后取細胞檢測轉(zhuǎn)染基因的表達。

1.3.7 間接免疫熒光細胞化學檢測轉(zhuǎn)染后Crisp-1在COS-7細胞中的表達:將多聚賴氨酸處理過的蓋玻片自然晾干,高壓蒸汽滅菌備用;用0.25%胰酶消化對數(shù)生長期的COS-7細胞,調(diào)整細胞濃度;將上述處理過的無菌蓋玻片置于六孔板中,以1×105細胞/孔加入細胞懸液;進行質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染;終止轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h,吸出培養(yǎng)基,用PBS洗3次,每次5 min;4%預冷的多聚甲醛-PBS固定液加入培養(yǎng)孔中,固定15 min;吸出固定液,PBS洗3次,每次5min;加入0.5 mL 0.2%Triton X-100溶液,通透10 min;吸出Triton X-100溶液,PBS洗3次,每次5min;加入10%BSA 37℃封閉1 h;吸出10%BSA,加入一抗孵育液(10%BSA稀釋,山羊抗鼠CRISP-1單抗,1∶100稀釋),放入濕盒中4℃過夜;吸出一抗孵育液,PBS洗3次,每次5min;加入二抗孵育液(10%BSA稀釋,F(xiàn)ITC標記的兔抗山羊IgG,1∶100稀釋),37℃避光孵育90min;吸出二抗孵育液,PBS洗3次,每次5min;50%甘油-PBS封片,熒光顯微鏡下觀察。

1.3.8 qRT-PCR檢測轉(zhuǎn)染后COS-7細胞中Crisp-1 mRNA的表達:取上述轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后的COS-7細胞,分別提取總RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,行qRT-PCR擴增檢測各組細胞中CRISP-1 mRNA的相對表達量。

1.3.9 細胞毒性檢測:用0.25%胰酶消化單層培養(yǎng)的COS-7細胞,以每孔內(nèi)1×104個細胞接種于96孔板;培養(yǎng)至細胞貼壁后,將裸DNA、脂質(zhì)體-質(zhì)粒DNA、及殼聚糖-質(zhì)粒DNA分別加入細胞孔中,只加培養(yǎng)液的空白孔調(diào)零,非處理細胞為空白對照組;溫箱中培養(yǎng)48 h后取出96孔板,加入MTT 20μL,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h;吸棄全部上清液,每孔加入150μL DMSO,搖床上震蕩10min,使結(jié)晶物充分溶解;選擇570 nm波長,以空白孔調(diào)零,酶標儀測其吸光度值并計算各組細胞存活率。各組細胞存活率計算方法為:細胞存活率(%)=OD570(實驗組)/OD570(空白對照組)×100%

1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法 所有實驗數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 13.0軟件包進行處理和統(tǒng)計分析。正態(tài)計量資料用“±s”表示,采用One-way-ANOVA進行組間比較,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 DNA包埋率 采用紫外分光光度儀檢測殼聚糖對不同濃度質(zhì)粒DNA的包埋率,結(jié)果顯示,3種濃度下質(zhì)粒DNA的包埋率均達90%以上,但當質(zhì)粒濃度為100μg/mL時,殼聚糖對質(zhì)粒DNA的包埋率最高,與另2組相比差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,見表1)。

表1 不同質(zhì)粒濃度下殼聚糖對pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1的包埋率Tab.1 Encapsulation rate of chitosan on pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1 of different concentrations of plasmid

2.2 CS/DNA納米復合物的形態(tài)學觀察 透射電子顯微鏡觀察結(jié)果顯示,CS/DNA納米復合物形態(tài)較為規(guī)則,近球形,大小較均一,直徑多在150~200 nm之間,散在分布,分散性好(見圖1)。

圖1 殼聚糖/pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1納米粒透射電鏡成像Fig.1 Transmission electron microscopy imaging of Chitosan/pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1 nanoparticles

2.3 凝膠阻滯分析 1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳結(jié)果顯示,殼聚糖與DNA疫苗結(jié)合后使質(zhì)粒DNA阻滯于加樣孔中,未觀察到質(zhì)粒跑出,而裸質(zhì)粒組可見2條清晰的質(zhì)粒條帶,加樣孔中無質(zhì)粒殘留,說明殼聚糖能有效地包裹質(zhì)粒DNA(見圖2)。

圖2 殼聚糖納米粒與質(zhì)粒DNA結(jié)合試驗電泳圖Fig.2 Electrophoresis of binding test of Chitosan nanoparticleswith plasmid DNA

2.4 DNase I保護試驗 將各組質(zhì)粒與DNaseI共同孵育后,1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳結(jié)果如圖3所示,裸質(zhì)粒DNA孔中無任何條帶出現(xiàn);而不同質(zhì)粒DNA濃度的CS/DNA納米復合物中的質(zhì)粒DNA均被阻滯于上樣孔中,說明裸質(zhì)粒DNA被DNase I降解,而殼聚糖能保護質(zhì)粒DNA不受核酸酶降解。

圖3 殼聚糖納米粒對質(zhì)粒DNA保護試驗電泳圖Fig.3 Electrophoresis of protection test of Chitosan nanoparticles on plasmid DNA

2.5 細胞毒性檢測(MTT) MTT試驗結(jié)果顯示以未處理組細胞成活率為100%計算,裸質(zhì)粒DNA組、脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染質(zhì)粒DNA組、CS/DNA納米復合物組細胞存活率分別為(86.74± 3.26)%、(29.13±4.02)%、(83.08±5.64)%。CS/DNA納米復合物組細胞存活率與裸質(zhì)粒組相比無明顯差異,但顯著高于脂質(zhì)體組(P<0.01,見圖4)。

圖4 各組細胞存活率比較Fig.4 Comparison of cell survival rate*P<0.01,與裸質(zhì)粒DNA組相比較,compared with nude DNA group;#P<0.01,與CS/DNA組相比較,compared with CS/DNA group

2.6 間接免疫熒光細胞化學檢測經(jīng)不同方法轉(zhuǎn)染后Crisp-1在COS-7細胞中的表達 將未處理的正常COS-7細胞和經(jīng)不同方式轉(zhuǎn)染pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1的COS-7細胞用4%多聚甲醛-PBS固定液固定后,分別行間接免疫熒光(IIF)檢測。如圖5所示,經(jīng)過相同處理后,無論是用脂質(zhì)體Lipofectamine 2000TM介導轉(zhuǎn)染的COS-7細胞中還是載DNA殼聚糖納米微球直接轉(zhuǎn)染的COS-7細胞中均可看到明亮的綠色熒光,而未處理組和pcDNA3.1空載體轉(zhuǎn)染組未見綠色熒光,表明殼聚糖亦可有效的介導Crisp-1DNA疫苗在真核細胞中表達。

圖5 pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1質(zhì)粒經(jīng)不同方法轉(zhuǎn)染COS-7細胞后Crisp-1的熒光表達Fig.5 Fluorescent expression of Crisp-1 in COS-7 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1 plasmid by differentmethods

2.7 不同方法轉(zhuǎn)染后COS-7細胞中Crisp-1mRNA的表達實時熒光定量PCR檢測經(jīng)不同方法轉(zhuǎn)染后COS-7細胞中Crisp-1 mRNA的表達水平,結(jié)果見圖6,溶解曲線分析顯示Crisp-1和β-actin mRNA PCR產(chǎn)物均表現(xiàn)為單一峰,產(chǎn)物Tm值分別為82.5℃和86℃。熒光定量結(jié)果分析顯示,空白對照組和pcDNA3.1空載體組未檢測到Crisp-1mRNA表達,脂質(zhì)體Lipofectamine 2000TM組Crisp-1 mRNA表達水平略高于CS/DNA納米復合物轉(zhuǎn)染組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。

圖6 實時熒光定量PCR檢測COS-7細胞中Crisp-1 mRNA的表達水平*P<0.05,與對照組相比較Fig.6 Crisp-1 mRNA expression in COS-7 cells detected by real time fluorescent quantitative PCR*P<0.05,compared with the control group

3 討論

近年來,DNA疫苗已引起了廣大學者的重視并將其應(yīng)用于多種疾病的治療。但是多數(shù)研究顯示:裸DNA疫苗經(jīng)注射給藥后,產(chǎn)生的免疫效應(yīng)并不十分理想[1-3],分析其原因,可能是由于裸DNA帶負電荷,而細胞膜上也帶一定的負電荷,因此DNA難以通過脂質(zhì)的細胞膜被細胞吸收,而在體內(nèi)又易被核酸酶降解而迅速清除[2-4];另一方面,可能是質(zhì)粒DNA轉(zhuǎn)運到組織細胞尤其是抗原遞呈細胞(APc)的效率較低,從而導致抗原表達水平低下[5-7]。因此,研制一種新的基因給藥系統(tǒng),保護DNA在體內(nèi)免受生物環(huán)境的破壞,使其有效導入靶細胞,從而增強DNA疫苗的主動免疫效果,是DNA疫苗發(fā)展過程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。

殼聚糖,是一種帶正電荷的天然聚合物,其化學名為(1,4)-2-氨基-2-脫氧-8-D-葡萄糖,由于其無細胞毒性,具有很好的生物相容性和生物降解性、易與DNA結(jié)合形成納米微粒等特點[8-9],近年來作為一種新的載體系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)被成功的應(yīng)用于基因的體內(nèi)外轉(zhuǎn)染[10-12]。并有研究證實,殼聚糖與不同抗原一起給藥時可起到協(xié)同作用,優(yōu)化免疫效果[13-14]。導致裸質(zhì)粒DNA免疫效應(yīng)低下的原因之一是其在體內(nèi)易被核酸酶降解,1998年Jameela SR等率先證實,殼聚糖納米粒包裹寡聚核苷酸后,可增加寡核苷酸進入細胞內(nèi)的量,并增加寡核苷酸抗核酸酶的能力,增強其在細胞內(nèi)的穩(wěn)定性,有效保護DNA不被核酸酶降解,使之更為持久地發(fā)揮效應(yīng)[15]。該結(jié)果后來得到了很多學者的證實。本實驗通過DNase I消化實驗檢測CS-pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1納米復合物的抗核酸酶能力,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)當DNase I濃度為25U/mL,遠超過生理劑量時,CS-pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1納米復合物能有效保護DNA不被降解。

本文采用2種不同的方法進行轉(zhuǎn)染,結(jié)果顯示以殼聚糖納米粒為載體的pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1也可在COS-7細胞中有效表達,且表達部位一致。實時熒光定量PCR檢測結(jié)果顯示脂質(zhì)體Lipofectamine 2000TM組Crisp-1mRNA表達水平要略高于CS/DNA納米復合物轉(zhuǎn)染組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。脂質(zhì)體在臨床上作為基因載體應(yīng)用的最大障礙為其細胞毒性,在本實驗中,我們采用MTT試驗對2種方法轉(zhuǎn)染后COS-7細胞的存活率進行檢測,結(jié)果顯示:與脂質(zhì)體Lipofectamine 2000TM轉(zhuǎn)染方法相比,殼聚糖組細胞存活率顯著高于脂質(zhì)體組(P<0.01),說明殼聚糖微粒具有較小的細胞毒性和較高的安全性。因此,本實驗成功地構(gòu)建了以殼聚糖納米微粒為載體的Crisp-1-DNA避孕疫苗,并證實殼聚糖可有效地將DNA避孕疫苗轉(zhuǎn)染至真核細胞中,且安全無毒性。

[1]Naz RK,Gupta SK,Gupta JC,etal.Recentadvances in contraceptive vaccine development:amini-review[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(12):3271-3283.

[2]Finer LB,Henshaw SK.Disparit ies in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States,1994 and 2001[J].Perspect Sex Reprod Health,2006,38(2):90-96.

[3]Ellerman DA,Busso D,Maldera JA,et al.Immunocontraceptive properties of recombinant sperm protein DE:implications for the development of novel contraceptives[J].Fertil Steril,2008,89(1):199-205.

[4]謝淑武,孫祖越,曹霖.附睪與男性避孕研究進展[J].生殖與避孕,2006,26(2):99-103.

[5]Naz RK.Vaccine for contraception targeting sperm[J].Immunol Rev,1999,171:193-202.

[6]Naz RK.Antisperm contraceptive vaccines:wherewe are and wherewe are going?[J].Am JReprod Immunol,2011,66(1):5-12.

[7]Cameo MS,Blaquier JA.Androgen-controlled specific proteins in rat epididymis[J].JEndocr,1976,69(1):317-324.

[8]Kohane AC,Cameo MS,Pieiro L,et al.Distribut ion and site of production of specific proteins in the rat epididymis[J].Biol Reprod,1980,23(1):181-187.

[9]Kohane AC,Gonzlez Echeverra FM,Pieiro L,et al.Interaction of proteins of epididymal origin with spermatozoa[J].Biol Reprod,1980,23(4):737-742.

[10]Rochwerger L,Cohen DJ,Cuasnicu PS.Mammalian sperm-egg fusion:the rat egg has complementary sites for a sperm protein thatmediates gamete fusion[J].Dev Biol,1992,153(1):83-90.

[11]Perez Martinez S,Conesa D,Cuasnicu PS.Potential contraceptive use of epididymal proteins:evidence for the participation of specific antibodiesagainst ratepididymal protein DE inmale and female fertility inhibition[J].JReprod Immunol,1995,29(1):31-45.

[12]Ellerman DA,Brantua VS,Martinez SP,et al.Potential contraceptive use of epididymal proteins:immunizat ion ofmale ratswith epididymal protein DE inhibits sperm fusion ability[J].Biol Reprod,1998,59(5):1029-1036.

[13]Cohen DJ,Ellerman DA,CuasnicúPS.Mammalian sperm-egg fusion:Evidence that epididy al protein DE plays a role in mouse gamete Fusion[J].Biol Reprod,2000,63(2):462-468.

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(編校:吳茜,秦曉英)

Preparation and evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles carrying Crisp1 DNA contraceptive vaccine

HU Duo-duo1,DONG Ming-zhen2,XU Ming-juan3Δ

(1.Department of Gynaecology,Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jiaotong University,Shanghai200092,China;
2.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jiaotong University,Shanghai200433,
China;3.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Second Military Medical University Changhai Hospital,Shanghai200433,China)

ObjectiveTo evaluate immunological contraception effect of eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1 and the efficacy and safety of chitosan nanoparticle as carrier of DNA contraceptive vaccine by constructing chitosan nanoparticles containing Crisp-1DNA vaccine.MethodsChitosan-pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1 Nanoparticles(CS/DNA NPs)were prepared by complex coagulation technology at the plasmid concentration of 50,100,200μg/mL respectively.Encapsulation rate of DNA in different concentration of plasmids were measured by UV spectrophotometer.The morphology of the CS/DNA NPswere observed by transmission electron microscope(TEM),the average particle size,polydispersity and zeta potentialweremeasured by nano particle analyzer.The binding force of chitosan nanoparticles and plasmid and the protective effect of chitosan nanoparticles on DNA were determined by 1%agarose gel electrophoresis.CS/DNA NPswere transfected into COS-7 cells directly in vitro,the cytotoxicity on cellwere evaluated by MTT.Transfected COS-7 cells were divided into four groups,CS/DNA NPs group:added CS/DNA NPs directly;lipofection transfection group:pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1was transfected with lipofectin transfection;pcDNA3.1 empty vector group:

pcDNA3.1 empty vector in the transfection process;blank control group:received no interveningmeasure.The expression ofmCrisp-1 in COS-7 cellswere determined by qRT-PCR and IF.ResultsThe UV spectrophotometer results showed that the plasmid embedding rate were allmore than 90%at the three concentrations.However,embedding rate at the concentration of100μg/mL(94.09±0.17)%was highest,which was significantly higher than the other two groups(P<0.05). CS/DNA NPswere observed by TEM,the shape was regular,spherical or elliptical,and the size of those particles was between 150~200 nm with a narrow distribution.The nano-particle analyzer results showed that themean diameter of CS/DNA NPswas 189.3 nm,and the polydispersity index was 0.459 with a narrow particle size distribution range.The zeta potentialwas approximately+0.2mV.Gel electrophoresis results showed that themigration of plasmid DNA was completely retarded in the sample wells due to the binding capacity of chitosan with DNA.and plasmid DNA in the CS/DNA NPs was protected from nuclease degradation.In MTT assay,in contrast to the control naked DNA,the cell viability of CS/DNA NPs had no significantly difference,however,itwas significantly higher than for Lipofectamine 2000TM(P<0.01).Untreated normal COS-7 cells and transfected by pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1cellswere detected by indirect immunofluorescence,results showed that the bright green fluorescence could be observed both in COS-7 cells transfected with CS/DNA NPs and Lipofectamine 2000TM.However,COS-7 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1 alone or untreated normal cells failed to show any fluorescence,showed that chitosan could effectivelymediate Crisp-1DNA vaccine express in eukaryotic cells real-time PCR analysis showed that there was no Crisp-1 mRNA expressed in neither untreated cells nor pcDNA3.1 vector transfected cells.The Crisp-1 mRNA expression level of Lipofectamine 2000TMtransfected cells was slightly higher than that of CS/DNA NPs transfected cells,however,there was no significant difference. Conclusion Chitosan nanoparticles could significantly increase immunological effect of the pcDNA3.1-Crisp-1 DNA vaccine,and have good security.

immunocontraception;vaccine;cysteine-rich secretory protein-1;DNA;fertility

R71

A

1005-1678(2014)08-0038-05

青年科研項目(11QYJ023)

胡朵朵,女,主治醫(yī)師,博士在讀,研究方向:婦科腫瘤,E-mail:ya_duo@hotmail.com;徐明娟,通信作者,女,主任醫(yī)師,博士,研究方向:產(chǎn)科危重病的診治,E-mail:mingjuanxu68@yahoo.com。

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