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【摘 要】本文主要考慮無線通信系統(tǒng)中經(jīng)過無線衰落信道傳播后的信號在多天線接收機中幀檢測與同步的問題。本文在信號檢測過程中引入了利用天線分集和時間分集的不同信號合并算法,通過對上述算法在瑞利衰落信道下的接收性能的理論分析和仿真分析來進行研究。
【關(guān)鍵詞】幀檢測;分集接收;合并算法
【Abstract】In this paper, we consider the problem of frame detection by using multiple antennas over wireless fading channels. We introduce frame detection with different combining schemes including space diversity and time diversity, performance of which is studied for the Rayleigh fading channel using both theoretical analysis and simulations.
【Key words】Frame detection; Diversity reception; Combining algorithm
0 引言
在無線通信系統(tǒng)中,同步是非常重要的,尤其在信號受到無線衰落信道干擾后依然需要檢測信號是否存在并可被接收。在這種場景下,能量檢測接收是比較合理的方式,因為能量檢測有著優(yōu)秀的檢測性能,并且對于系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)要求較低[1]。能量檢測接收機檢測接收信號的能量,并且把接收信號的能量與預(yù)設(shè)的閾值進行比較,而預(yù)設(shè)的閾值則與虛警概率有關(guān)系。
Urkowitz[2]研究了確定信號的能量檢測問題,在該研究中假定信號傳輸通過平坦衰落和帶限高斯白噪聲信道。特別的Urkowitz通過應(yīng)用采樣定理和χ2分布得到了檢測概率與虛警概率之間的關(guān)系。Kostylev[3]研究了類似的問題,即當無線信號傳輸經(jīng)過了可變衰落信道時的信號接收檢測同步問題。在瑞利衰落信道下的檢測概率通過公式閉式表示后,萊斯衰落信道和Nakagami衰落信道下的檢測概率也可以通過公式來閉式表達。 本文中在信號檢測過程中引入了利用天線分集和時間分集的不同信號合并算法。本論文中會衡量和比較經(jīng)過衰落信道的接收信號基于選擇合并、等增益合并、最大比合并和多幀合并等信號檢測概率和漏檢概率。
論文其余部分按如下架構(gòu)撰寫。第1部分中介紹了信道模型和LTE 中的主同步信號。第2部分介紹了匹配濾波器和基于最大比合并方案的幀檢測同步算法。最后在第3部分給出了本文的結(jié)果。
1 系統(tǒng)模型
經(jīng)過瑞利衰落信道接收到的復(fù)數(shù)包絡(luò)可以用下式表示:
其中xk是能量為Ex,周期為Tx的發(fā)射符號。yk,i 是第i個接收天線上的接收符號。hk,i是信道增益, nk,i表示方差為No的零均值復(fù)高斯白噪聲。N是幀長。接收天線數(shù)是Nr。假定信道增益hk在一個符號周期里保持恒定,且擁有歸一化的平均功率,也就是E{hkhk*}=1。最后我們假定星座集合及大小是X and |X|。
1.1 信道模型
信道動態(tài)特性用一階高斯馬爾可夫過程[4-6]:
其中fdTx是最大歸一化多普勒頻率J0(·)是零階第一類貝塞爾函數(shù)。盡管如此,利用公式(2)中簡化的一階高斯馬爾可夫模型,hk的歸一化自相關(guān)特性是:
其中Mr決定了滑動窗口的寬度。對于一個給定的fd,系數(shù)ρ隨著Mr變化。表一顯示了在不同歸一化多普勒頻率fdTx下的最優(yōu)ρ值。更重要的是當信道是快速時變,系數(shù)ρ是接近于一的,并且是在[0.999, 0.99999]這個區(qū)間的。這個事實對于相干檢測和非相干檢測的性能分析是非常重要的。
1.2 主同步序列
本節(jié)描述了LTE中同步使用的訓(xùn)練序列。本論文中第六部分的仿真利用主同步序列來比較基于不同合并方案的幀檢測算法性能。
主同步序列利用du(n)產(chǎn)生頻域Zadoff-Chu (ZC)序列[8]
2 幀檢測
主同步序列的功能是在初始階段沒有已知信號時,在接收側(cè)使用非相干檢測算法來檢測幀的。匹配濾波器是一種基本的非相干檢測算法,而且可以有效地檢測主同步序列。
2.1 匹配濾波器
公式(6)中的序列印射到頻域子載波,并通過傅立葉反變換轉(zhuǎn)到時域。為了在接收側(cè)檢測此時域信號,對Zadoff-Chu序列信號進行時域相關(guān):
2.2 最大比合并
本節(jié)描述了基于最大比合并方案的幀同步檢測算法。最大比合并方案的權(quán)重系數(shù)是與SNR相關(guān)。
公式(8)獲得匹配濾波器的相關(guān)輸出,經(jīng)過時變衰落信道后接收信號的歸一化相關(guān)表示為:
當有多路接收信號時,每一路接收信號可以獲得相應(yīng)的歸一化相關(guān)值和SNR。進一步的,多路接收信號可以被用來提高幀檢測性能。選擇合并方案選擇多路接收信號中SNR最大的一路接收信號。等增益合并方案則對所有各路接收信號求和。只有最大比合并方案需要用SNR計算權(quán)重系數(shù)。
3 結(jié)論
本論文討論了基于空間分集和時間分集的幀同步檢測問題。首先文中定義了問題并推導(dǎo)了數(shù)學(xué)模型。匹配濾波器是一種幀檢測中的常用基本實現(xiàn)方法。文中還給出了如何在幀檢測中使用最大比合并方案,并且簡單介紹了幀檢測中的選擇合并方案和等增益合并方案。文中推導(dǎo)了基于不同合并方案的幀檢測算法輸出信號。
【參考文獻】
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[2]H. Urkowitz, Energy detection of unknown deterministc signals. Proc[Z]. IEEE, vol. 55, pp. 523-531, Apr. 1967.
[3]V. I. Kostylev, Energy detection of a signal with random amplitude. Proc[Z]. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications (ICC02), New York, May, 2002, pp. 1606-1610.
[4]M. Dong, L. Tong and B. M. Sadler, Optimal insertion of pilot symbols for transmissions over time-varying flat fading channels[Z]. IEEE Trans. Signal Proces., vol. 52, pp. 1403-1418, May 2004.
[5]D. Morales-Jimenez, J. F. Paris and J. T. Entrambasaguas, Performance tradeoffs among low-complexity detection algorithms for MIMO-LTE receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 22, pp. 885-897, Jul. 2009.
[6]S.-Y. Jung, Design of a preamble signal for synchronization in ultra-wideband noncoherent energy detection receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., to be appear.
[7]G. L. Stuiber, Principles of Mobile Communication[Z]. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2ed, 2001.
[8]3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.211 v8.9.0 3rd generation partnership project; technical specification group radio access network; evolved universal terrestrial radioS access (E-UTRA); physical channels and modulation(release 8)[Z]. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Tech. Rep., Dec. 2009.
[9]S. Sesia, I. Toufik, and M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice[Z]. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009.
[責(zé)任編輯:楊玉潔]
[2]H. Urkowitz, Energy detection of unknown deterministc signals. Proc[Z]. IEEE, vol. 55, pp. 523-531, Apr. 1967.
[3]V. I. Kostylev, Energy detection of a signal with random amplitude. Proc[Z]. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications (ICC02), New York, May, 2002, pp. 1606-1610.
[4]M. Dong, L. Tong and B. M. Sadler, Optimal insertion of pilot symbols for transmissions over time-varying flat fading channels[Z]. IEEE Trans. Signal Proces., vol. 52, pp. 1403-1418, May 2004.
[5]D. Morales-Jimenez, J. F. Paris and J. T. Entrambasaguas, Performance tradeoffs among low-complexity detection algorithms for MIMO-LTE receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 22, pp. 885-897, Jul. 2009.
[6]S.-Y. Jung, Design of a preamble signal for synchronization in ultra-wideband noncoherent energy detection receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., to be appear.
[7]G. L. Stuiber, Principles of Mobile Communication[Z]. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2ed, 2001.
[8]3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.211 v8.9.0 3rd generation partnership project; technical specification group radio access network; evolved universal terrestrial radioS access (E-UTRA); physical channels and modulation(release 8)[Z]. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Tech. Rep., Dec. 2009.
[9]S. Sesia, I. Toufik, and M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice[Z]. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009.
[責(zé)任編輯:楊玉潔]
[2]H. Urkowitz, Energy detection of unknown deterministc signals. Proc[Z]. IEEE, vol. 55, pp. 523-531, Apr. 1967.
[3]V. I. Kostylev, Energy detection of a signal with random amplitude. Proc[Z]. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications (ICC02), New York, May, 2002, pp. 1606-1610.
[4]M. Dong, L. Tong and B. M. Sadler, Optimal insertion of pilot symbols for transmissions over time-varying flat fading channels[Z]. IEEE Trans. Signal Proces., vol. 52, pp. 1403-1418, May 2004.
[5]D. Morales-Jimenez, J. F. Paris and J. T. Entrambasaguas, Performance tradeoffs among low-complexity detection algorithms for MIMO-LTE receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 22, pp. 885-897, Jul. 2009.
[6]S.-Y. Jung, Design of a preamble signal for synchronization in ultra-wideband noncoherent energy detection receivers. Int[Z]. J. Commun. Syst., to be appear.
[7]G. L. Stuiber, Principles of Mobile Communication[Z]. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2ed, 2001.
[8]3GPP, 3GPP TS 36.211 v8.9.0 3rd generation partnership project; technical specification group radio access network; evolved universal terrestrial radioS access (E-UTRA); physical channels and modulation(release 8)[Z]. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Tech. Rep., Dec. 2009.
[9]S. Sesia, I. Toufik, and M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice[Z]. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009.
[責(zé)任編輯:楊玉潔]