楊宇等
[摘要] 目的 對大鼠中樞痛覺Apelin的調(diào)制作用及其機制進行實驗研究,從而探討Apelin在機體中樞痛敏作用,為降低機體痛覺提供可靠依據(jù),提高臨床療效及生活質(zhì)量。方法 利用注射器通過自制套管對大鼠側腦室進行相應物質(zhì)注射,即實驗組注射Apelin、對照組A注射生理鹽水、對照組B注射鹽酸嗎啡,之后10、20、30、40、50、60min分別測量TFL%,給予統(tǒng)計學分析后得出結論。結果 實驗組大鼠痛閾較注射前顯著降低,且于注射后30min達到最低值;對照組A大鼠較實驗前痛閾無顯著變化;對照組B大鼠較實驗前痛閾顯著上升,且注射后30min升至最高,三組大鼠痛閾變化情況對比結果具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結論 Apelin可顯著升高機體痛敏反應,因此有助于研究臨床某些鎮(zhèn)痛藥物無法有效鎮(zhèn)痛的原因以提高鎮(zhèn)痛效果。
[關鍵詞] Apelin;中樞痛覺調(diào)制;甩尾測痛法
[中圖分類號] R402 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 2095-0616(2014)04-26-03
Experimental analysis on the effects and mechanism of Apelin in rats' central pain modulation
YANG Yu1 XING Aiping2 JIANG Nan1 RAN Mengxuan1 XIAO Hong1 JIANG Xiaolong1
1.School of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034,China;2.School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the modulation effects and mechanism of apelin in rats' central pain via experiment,so as to discuss the effect of apelin in central hyperalgesia and provide reliable evidence for lowering pain and thus improve clinical curative effects and life quality. Methods Syringes were used to inject relevant solutions to rats' lateral ventricle via self-made cannula.Experimental group was injected with apelin; control group A was injected with normal saline; control group B was injected with morphine hydrochloride.TFL% in the three groups were measured in 10min, 20min, 30min, 40min, 50min and 60min respectively.The conclusion was drawn based on statistical analysis. Results The pain threshold for rats in experimental group was significantly lower than that before the injection,and it reached the minimum level 30min after the injection; there was no significant change of pain threshold for rats in control group A after the injection; the pain threshold for rats in control group was higher than that before the injection, and it reached the maximum level 30min after the injection. The differences of changes of pain threshold in the three groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Apelin has the effect of significantly improving hyperalgesia, which therefore helps clinically study reasons for some analgesic drugs which fail to show effects and thus improve analgesic effects.
[Key words] Apelin;Central pain modulation;Tail flick test
本研究將對大鼠尾核內(nèi)的Apelin中樞痛覺調(diào)制作用及其機制進行實驗研究,從而探討Apelin在機體中樞痛敏作用,為降低機體痛覺提供可靠依據(jù),提高臨床療效及生活質(zhì)量,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
由上海斯萊克實驗動物有限責任公司提供30只健康Wistar雄性大鼠[許可證號:SCXK(滬)2007-0005]作為本次研究對象,體重(250±20)g。按照隨機方式將30只大鼠平均分為3組,即實驗組、對照組A、對照組B,每組大鼠10只。endprint
1.2 方法
1.2.1 實驗前準備 使用戊巴比妥鈉(每千克35mg)對大鼠進行腹腔注射麻醉后,將其在腦立體定位儀上固定,給予鼠腦定向圖譜(L.J.Pellegtine)對大鼠側腦室顱骨進行鉆孔,之后將自制套管埋入其中并給予牙托粉固定,于5d后實施Apelin實驗。
1.2.2 實驗方法 利用注射器通過自制套管對大鼠側腦室進行相應物質(zhì)注射,即實驗組注射Apelin、對照組A注射生理鹽水、對照組B注射鹽酸嗎啡,三組注射劑量均為10μL,于3min注射完畢。對大鼠痛閾采用輻射熱刺激甩尾測痛法測量,痛閾指標為大鼠甩尾反應潛伏期,即tail-flick latency,簡稱TFL。每只大鼠均于胃部后側1/3處選擇相鄰兩點作為測量點,分別進行TFL測量,并選取兩者平均值記錄。實驗前每間隔5min對其進行一次TFL測量,共測量3次取平均值作為基礎痛閾,側腦室注射藥物后10、20、30、40、50、60min分別測量TFL,記錄各時間段各組大鼠TFL變化情況,即TFL%=(各時間段藥物作用后TFL-基礎TFL)/基礎TFL×100%,給予統(tǒng)計學分析后得出結論。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS13.0軟件包進行統(tǒng)計學分析,計量資料以()表示,采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用x2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
實驗組、對照A組、對照B組大鼠側腦室注射不同藥物后,其不同時間段TFL值變化情況對比分析,具體結果見表1。
由表1可知,實驗組大鼠痛閾較注射前顯著降低,且于注射后30min達到最低值;對照組A大鼠較實驗前痛閾無顯著變化;對照組B大鼠較實驗前痛閾顯著上升,且注射后30min升至最高,三組大鼠痛閾變化情況對比結果具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
3 討論
疼痛是機體的重要生理指征,可表達機體受到傷害性刺激的相關信息,激發(fā)機體發(fā)生防御性反應 [1],機體若發(fā)生疼痛則大多伴有組織細胞損傷[2]。Peng等[3]研究表明,若機體處于長期劇烈疼痛,則對其身心均造成嚴重傷害。因此如何減輕甚至消除疼痛已成為廣大醫(yī)務工作者共同關注的問題[4]。
Apelin是一種小分子內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)肽[5],屬于APJ內(nèi)源性配體,具有重要的生理調(diào)節(jié)作用,于機體中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中與疼痛及內(nèi)源性痛覺調(diào)制系統(tǒng)有關的區(qū)域廣泛分布,如下丘腦、海馬、尾核頭部及中腦導水管周圍灰質(zhì)等[6]。研究表明,APJ與Apelin結合后,將引起機體中某些細胞內(nèi)信號因子改變,如導致細胞內(nèi)鈣離子濃度上升、可有效激活某些物質(zhì)(如AKt、ERKs、p70S6等)、對腺苷酸環(huán)化酶具有一定抑制作用等。研究表明[7-8],PKC、PLC、NIIE、NCX、cAMP、NO、cGMP等信號分子與痛覺調(diào)制密切相關,在Apelin的生理作用機制中可能都發(fā)揮了重要作,Apelin通過上述下游信號分子表現(xiàn)出相應生理功能,從而在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中引起顯著痛覺過敏(hyperalyesia,Ha),即痛敏反應。
本研究可知,大鼠側腦室注射生理鹽水后,各時間段給予痛覺刺激其機體痛閾TFL變化情況較注射前無顯著變化,由此可知生理鹽水對機體痛閾無明顯影響作用;大鼠側腦室注射鹽酸嗎啡后,各時間段給予痛覺刺激其機體痛閾TFL變化情況較注射前顯著上升,由此可知鹽酸嗎啡對機體痛敏反應具有顯著增強作用;大鼠側腦室注射Apelin后,各時間段給予痛覺刺激其機體痛閾TFL變化情況較注射前顯著下降。由此可知Apelin對機體痛敏反應具有顯著降低作用[9]。導致上述結果作用機理可能為鹽酸嗎啡與Apelin均可導致機體中cAMP濃度下降[10],但鹽酸嗎啡表現(xiàn)為中樞鎮(zhèn)痛作用[11],而Apelin則反之,即表現(xiàn)為中樞痛敏作用[12],與湯健等[13]研究結果相符。因此提示cAMP對Apelin痛敏信號傳導起促進作用,但其如何進行有效促進還有待進一步研究證實[14]。
綜上所述,Apelin可顯著升高機體痛敏反應,因此有助于研究臨床某些鎮(zhèn)痛藥物無法有效鎮(zhèn)痛的原因以提高鎮(zhèn)痛效果,其具體臨床作用需今后工作中深入探討[15]。
[參考文獻]
[1] Tatemoto K,Takayama K,Zou MX,et al.The novel peptide apelin lowers blood Pressure via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism[J].Regul Pept, 2013,99(2-3):87-92.
[2] Peng X,Knapp BI,Bidlack JM,et al.Synthesis and preliminary in vitro investigation of bivalent ligands containing homo-and heterodim[J].J Med Chem,2013,49(3):256-262.
[3] Reaux-Le Goazigo A,Morinville A,Burlet A,et al. Dehydration-induced cross-egulation of apelin and vasopressin immunoreactivity levels in magnocellular hypothalamic neurorm[J].Endocrinology,2012,145(9):4392-4400.
[4] Kasai A,Shintani N,Oda M,et al.Apelin is anovel angiogenicfactor in retinal endothelial cells[J].Biochem Biophys Res Comnun,2012,325(2):395-400.endprint
[5] 陳鵬,白波.側腦室微量注射apelin對大鼠痛閾的影響[J].泰山醫(yī)學院學報,2013,29(8):599-601.
[6] Cheng X,Cheng XS,Pang CC.Venous dilator effect of apelin,an endogenous peptide ligand for the orphan APJ receptor.in conscious rats[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2013,470(3):171-175.
[7] Sluka KA,Willis WD.The effects of G-protein and protein kinase inhibitor on the behavional response of mts to intrademml injection of capaaicin[J].Pain,2011,71(23):165.
[8] 劉玉紅,劉文彥,劉海青,等.大鼠尾核內(nèi)一氧化氮在痛覺調(diào)制中作用機制的研究[J].中國疼痛醫(yī)學雜志,2013,3(1):163-266.
[9] 白波,劉文彥,宋朝佑.中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)一氧化氮對大鼠痛閾的影響[J].中國神經(jīng)科學雜志,2010,16(1):52-55.
[10] Marietta MA.Nitric oxide synthase:structure and mechanism[J].Biol Chem,2013,268(34):12231-12234.
[11] Losano G,Penna C,Cappeuo S,et al.Activity of apelinand APJ receptors on myocardial contractility and Vasomotor tone[J].Ital Heart J Suppl,2012,6(11):272-278.
[12] Charles CJ,Rademaker MT,Richards AM.Apelin-13 induces a biphasic haemodynamic response and hormonal activation in normal conscious sheep[J].J Endocrinol,2011,189(14):701-7l0.
[13] 湯健,陳啟盛,周東豐.腦室注射cAMP和cGMP對大鼠電針和嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛的影響[J].中華醫(yī)學雜志,1981,56:225-228.
[14] Meller ST,Pechman PS,Gebhan GF,et al.Nitric oxide mediates the thermal hyperalgesia produced in amodel of neuropathic pain in the rat[J].Neuroscience,2012,50(1):7-10.
[15] Jaszberenyi M,Bujdoso E,Telegdy G.Behavioral,neuroendocrine and thermoregulatory actions of apelin-13[J].Neuroscience,2011,129(25):811-816.
(收稿日期:2013-12-15)endprint
[5] 陳鵬,白波.側腦室微量注射apelin對大鼠痛閾的影響[J].泰山醫(yī)學院學報,2013,29(8):599-601.
[6] Cheng X,Cheng XS,Pang CC.Venous dilator effect of apelin,an endogenous peptide ligand for the orphan APJ receptor.in conscious rats[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2013,470(3):171-175.
[7] Sluka KA,Willis WD.The effects of G-protein and protein kinase inhibitor on the behavional response of mts to intrademml injection of capaaicin[J].Pain,2011,71(23):165.
[8] 劉玉紅,劉文彥,劉海青,等.大鼠尾核內(nèi)一氧化氮在痛覺調(diào)制中作用機制的研究[J].中國疼痛醫(yī)學雜志,2013,3(1):163-266.
[9] 白波,劉文彥,宋朝佑.中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)一氧化氮對大鼠痛閾的影響[J].中國神經(jīng)科學雜志,2010,16(1):52-55.
[10] Marietta MA.Nitric oxide synthase:structure and mechanism[J].Biol Chem,2013,268(34):12231-12234.
[11] Losano G,Penna C,Cappeuo S,et al.Activity of apelinand APJ receptors on myocardial contractility and Vasomotor tone[J].Ital Heart J Suppl,2012,6(11):272-278.
[12] Charles CJ,Rademaker MT,Richards AM.Apelin-13 induces a biphasic haemodynamic response and hormonal activation in normal conscious sheep[J].J Endocrinol,2011,189(14):701-7l0.
[13] 湯健,陳啟盛,周東豐.腦室注射cAMP和cGMP對大鼠電針和嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛的影響[J].中華醫(yī)學雜志,1981,56:225-228.
[14] Meller ST,Pechman PS,Gebhan GF,et al.Nitric oxide mediates the thermal hyperalgesia produced in amodel of neuropathic pain in the rat[J].Neuroscience,2012,50(1):7-10.
[15] Jaszberenyi M,Bujdoso E,Telegdy G.Behavioral,neuroendocrine and thermoregulatory actions of apelin-13[J].Neuroscience,2011,129(25):811-816.
(收稿日期:2013-12-15)endprint
[5] 陳鵬,白波.側腦室微量注射apelin對大鼠痛閾的影響[J].泰山醫(yī)學院學報,2013,29(8):599-601.
[6] Cheng X,Cheng XS,Pang CC.Venous dilator effect of apelin,an endogenous peptide ligand for the orphan APJ receptor.in conscious rats[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2013,470(3):171-175.
[7] Sluka KA,Willis WD.The effects of G-protein and protein kinase inhibitor on the behavional response of mts to intrademml injection of capaaicin[J].Pain,2011,71(23):165.
[8] 劉玉紅,劉文彥,劉海青,等.大鼠尾核內(nèi)一氧化氮在痛覺調(diào)制中作用機制的研究[J].中國疼痛醫(yī)學雜志,2013,3(1):163-266.
[9] 白波,劉文彥,宋朝佑.中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)一氧化氮對大鼠痛閾的影響[J].中國神經(jīng)科學雜志,2010,16(1):52-55.
[10] Marietta MA.Nitric oxide synthase:structure and mechanism[J].Biol Chem,2013,268(34):12231-12234.
[11] Losano G,Penna C,Cappeuo S,et al.Activity of apelinand APJ receptors on myocardial contractility and Vasomotor tone[J].Ital Heart J Suppl,2012,6(11):272-278.
[12] Charles CJ,Rademaker MT,Richards AM.Apelin-13 induces a biphasic haemodynamic response and hormonal activation in normal conscious sheep[J].J Endocrinol,2011,189(14):701-7l0.
[13] 湯健,陳啟盛,周東豐.腦室注射cAMP和cGMP對大鼠電針和嗎啡鎮(zhèn)痛的影響[J].中華醫(yī)學雜志,1981,56:225-228.
[14] Meller ST,Pechman PS,Gebhan GF,et al.Nitric oxide mediates the thermal hyperalgesia produced in amodel of neuropathic pain in the rat[J].Neuroscience,2012,50(1):7-10.
[15] Jaszberenyi M,Bujdoso E,Telegdy G.Behavioral,neuroendocrine and thermoregulatory actions of apelin-13[J].Neuroscience,2011,129(25):811-816.
(收稿日期:2013-12-15)endprint