謝婭 張穎 史明星
【摘要】 目的:探討二甲雙胍是否可以提高卵巢癌細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑的敏感性及相關(guān)的作用機(jī)制。方法:BRDU ELISA方法檢測(cè)順鉑聯(lián)合或者不聯(lián)合二甲雙胍對(duì)SKOV3細(xì)胞增殖的影響;二甲雙胍聯(lián)合或者不聯(lián)合MAPK信號(hào)通路阻斷劑后BRDU ELISA方法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖的變化。Western blotting檢測(cè)二甲雙胍作用下卵巢癌細(xì)胞系SKOV3的磷酸化AMPK/總AMPK水平和磷酸化p38 MAPK/總MAPK水平的變化。結(jié)果:(1)二甲雙胍不僅能抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞系SKOV3細(xì)胞的增殖,而且能提高對(duì)順鉑的敏感性,并且這種作用是依賴于AMPK激活的;(2)p38 MAPK阻斷劑SB203580能夠抑制SKOV3的增殖,二甲雙胍能夠增強(qiáng)這種抑制作用。結(jié)論:二甲雙胍可增強(qiáng)順鉑對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞的抑制作用,并且二甲雙胍可能通過激活A(yù)MPK信號(hào)通路進(jìn)而抑制MAPK信號(hào)通路增加順鉑對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞的抑制增殖作用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 二甲雙胍; 卵巢癌; AMPK; MAPK; 順鉑; 細(xì)胞增殖
Metformin Enhances Cisplatin Sensitivity through Activating MAPK Signaling Pathway in Ovarian Cancer/XIE Ya,ZHANG Ying,SHI Ming-xing.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(12):007-010
【Abstract】 Objective: To investigate metformin whether improve the sensitivity of cisplatin in ovarian cancer and explore the underlying mechanisms. Method: Ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 was used. The expression of phosphorylated p38MAPK and AMPK were confirmed in ovarian cancer cells by Western blotting. BRDU ELISA KIT was used to analyze the effects of metformin , SB203580 (p38MAPK inhibitor) and cisplatin alone or together in ovarian cancer cells. Result: (1) Metformin could not only inhibit the proliferation of ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 cells, but also improve the sensitivity to cisplatin, which is dependent on the activation of AMPK. (2) SB203580, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, could also inhibit the proliferation of SKOV3, which could be enhanced by metformin. Conclusion: Metformin may enhance cisplatin sensitivity through activating MAPK signaling pathway in ovarian cancer cells.
【Key words】 Metformin; Ovarian cancer; AMPK; MAPK; Cisplatin; Cell proliferation
First-authors address:The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.12.003
卵巢癌是死亡率最高的一種婦科惡性腫瘤,大約70%的患者就診時(shí)已經(jīng)是晚期(FIGO分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期)。卵巢癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療是首次腫瘤細(xì)胞減滅術(shù),接著每3周1次的鉑類和紫杉醇聯(lián)合化療。雖然卵巢癌手術(shù)和化療技術(shù)已經(jīng)得到很大發(fā)展,但由于對(duì)化療不敏感和化療耐藥的發(fā)生,目前晚期卵巢癌5年生存率不到30%[1-3]。因此,急需找尋一種新的提高化療效果的治療方法以改善卵巢癌患者的預(yù)后。
MAPK信號(hào)通路在多種惡性腫瘤(包括卵巢癌)細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡和化療藥物作用及化療藥物耐受發(fā)生中起重要作用[4-6]。MAPK家族包括p38 MAPK、細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(ERK)、c-jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)等多個(gè)亞家族。這些亞族組成多條信號(hào)通路,其中最主要的有P38途徑、ERK1/2途徑和JNK途徑。MAPK家族成員被磷酸化激活后,將細(xì)胞外的各種刺激信號(hào)傳遞到細(xì)胞內(nèi),引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡及對(duì)藥物的敏感性[7]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)激活的AKT和MAPK,依次磷酸化BAD和BCL-2,進(jìn)而削弱鉑類和紫杉烷的促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡作用[8]。筆者前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MAPK信號(hào)通路在晚期上皮性卵巢癌組織中異常激活,并發(fā)現(xiàn)磷酸化p38 MAPK在耐藥卵巢癌組織中表達(dá)較非耐藥卵巢癌組織中升高。
二甲雙胍是一種用于治療2型糖尿病的雙胍類降糖藥,最近兩項(xiàng)大型流行病學(xué)調(diào)查研究表明:長(zhǎng)期服用二甲雙胍能夠降低卵巢癌的發(fā)病率,而且二甲雙胍能夠顯著延長(zhǎng)卵巢癌合并糖尿病患者的無進(jìn)展生存期[9]。二甲雙胍通過STK11(也稱LKB1)激活A(yù)MPK,激活過程涉及多個(gè)參與細(xì)胞增殖調(diào)節(jié)的信號(hào)通路,其中包括MAPK信號(hào)通路[10]。但二甲雙胍是否能夠增加化療藥物對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞的敏感性及相關(guān)的作用機(jī)制研究尚屬空白。
本研究首先觀察二甲雙胍對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖的影響,以及二甲雙胍是否可增強(qiáng)順鉑的化療敏感性,并通過檢測(cè)二甲雙胍對(duì)化療藥物相關(guān)的重要信號(hào)通路MAPK信號(hào)通路的調(diào)節(jié)作用來探討相關(guān)的作用機(jī)制。以期尋找能提高卵巢癌化療敏感性的新的治療方案。
1 材料與方法
1.1 細(xì)胞系和試劑 人卵巢漿液性乳頭狀囊腺癌細(xì)胞系SKOV3,中、高分化,貼壁生長(zhǎng),購于中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院細(xì)胞庫,置于37 ℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞系常規(guī)3~5 d傳代。兔抗人p38 MAPK多克隆抗體、兔抗人P-p38 MAPK單克隆抗體;兔抗人AMPK多克隆抗體、兔抗人P-AMPK單克隆抗體,兔抗人GAPDH單克隆抗體購自Cell signaling公司;二甲雙胍、順鉑購自美國Sigma公司,胎牛血清購自杭州四季青公司;Western blotting檢測(cè)試劑盒購自武漢博士德公司;Trizol 試劑購自美國Invitrogen公司;BrdU標(biāo)記及檢測(cè)試劑盒購自德國Roche公司。
1.2 方法
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理,組間差異采用單因素方差分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 二甲雙胍抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖的情況 二甲雙胍能夠抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖,并且這種抑制作用能夠被Compound C所削弱。隨著二甲雙胍濃度(1×10-3 mol/L,1×10-4 mol/L,1×10-5 mol/L)的增加,其對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞SKOV3增殖的抑制作用逐漸增強(qiáng)(*P<0.05,**P<0.01)。其中1×10-4 mol/L
和1×10-5 mol/L的二甲雙胍能夠顯著抑制子宮內(nèi)膜癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)。而AMPK阻斷劑Compound C(5×10-7 mol/L,1×10-6 mol/L)均可削弱二甲雙胍的這種抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖的作用。1×10-6 mol/L Compound C與二甲雙胍聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,其對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖的抑制作用與空白對(duì)照組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見圖1。
2.2 二甲雙胍能夠增強(qiáng)卵巢癌對(duì)順鉑的敏感性 將不同濃度的順鉑(1、2、4、6 ng/L)加入卵巢癌細(xì)胞SKOV3中,加入或者不加入0.1 mM二甲雙胍孵育細(xì)胞48 h后,結(jié)果表明:0.1 mM的二甲雙胍聯(lián)合順鉑(1、2、4、6 ng/mL)作用于卵巢癌細(xì)胞時(shí),順鉑抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的作用顯著增強(qiáng)(P<0.05)。其中6 ng/mL順鉑聯(lián)合0.1 mM的二甲雙胍對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞的抑制作用最顯著(P<0.05),見圖2。
2.3 二甲雙胍聯(lián)合p38 MAPK阻斷劑SB203580能夠增強(qiáng)二甲雙胍的抗卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖的作用 單獨(dú)應(yīng)用SB203580(5、10 ?M)能抑制卵巢癌SKOV3的增殖,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。二甲雙胍(0.1 mM)和SB203580(5、10 ?M)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞SKOV3增殖的抑制作用顯著增強(qiáng)(*P<0.05,**P<0.01)。其中0.1 mM二甲雙胍與10 ?M p38 MAPK阻斷劑SB203580聯(lián)合應(yīng)用對(duì)卵巢癌細(xì)胞SKOV3增殖的抑制作用最顯著(**P<0.01),見圖3。
2.4 二甲雙胍激活A(yù)MPK信號(hào)通路,并抑制MAPK信號(hào)通路 二甲雙胍(10、20 mM)作用卵巢癌細(xì)胞SKOV3 6 h后,磷酸化AMPK水平顯著增高,且升高的磷酸化AMPK水平能夠被AMPK阻斷劑Compound C所削弱。經(jīng)二甲雙胍(1、10 mM)處理后,卵巢癌細(xì)胞SKOV3中磷酸化p38 MAPK蛋白水平顯著降低,見圖4。
3 討論
最近兩項(xiàng)大型流行病學(xué)資料顯示:(1)長(zhǎng)期服用二甲雙胍可降低卵巢癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn);(2)在合并糖尿病的卵巢癌患者中,服用二甲雙胍的患者較未服用患者的無病進(jìn)展存活率顯著增加[10-11]。筆者研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),二甲雙胍能夠抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖,這種作用是通過激活A(yù)MPK信號(hào)通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。AMP激活蛋白激酶(AMPK)是主要的細(xì)胞能量調(diào)節(jié)器,是代謝和腫瘤互相作用的主要調(diào)節(jié)子[11]。二甲雙胍以一種非胰島素介導(dǎo)的方式直接調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡,二甲雙胍通過激活A(yù)MPK,激活的AMPK調(diào)節(jié)多個(gè)信號(hào)通路,其中包括mTOR和MAPK信號(hào)通路,最終調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡。
化療藥物引起的細(xì)胞損傷主要是通過、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信號(hào)通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的,并且化療藥物耐受的形成也與MAPK信號(hào)通路激活密切相關(guān)[6]。MAPK家族包括P38MAPK、細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(ERK)、c-jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)等多個(gè)亞家族。這些亞族組成多條信號(hào)通路,其中最主要的有P38途徑、ERK1/2途徑。MAPK信號(hào)通路在多種惡性腫瘤(包括卵巢癌)細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡和化療耐藥產(chǎn)生過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[6]。MAPK家族成員被磷酸化激活后,將細(xì)胞外的各種刺激信號(hào)傳遞到細(xì)胞內(nèi),引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)激活的MAPK,依次磷酸化BAD和BCL-2,進(jìn)而削弱鉑類和紫杉烷的促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡作用,使腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物產(chǎn)生抵抗[12]。筆者的研究結(jié)果表明:二甲雙胍可能通過激活A(yù)MPK信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而抑制MAPK信號(hào)通路來抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖的。這與以上研究結(jié)果相一致。
筆者的研究結(jié)果還發(fā)現(xiàn):二甲雙胍(0.1 mM)能夠增強(qiáng)順鉑抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖作用。與最近的幾項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果一致:二甲雙胍能改善乳腺癌化療耐藥,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)二甲雙胍的這種對(duì)化療耐藥的調(diào)節(jié)作用是通過激活A(yù)MPK實(shí)現(xiàn)的[13]。Tseng等[16]在非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)二甲雙胍不僅能夠降低紫杉醇誘導(dǎo)p38 MAPK介導(dǎo)的切除修補(bǔ)基因(ERCC1)的表達(dá),還能夠增加紫杉醇誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒效應(yīng)。另外在肺癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌裸鼠體內(nèi)模型中,二甲雙胍能夠顯著增強(qiáng)順鉑、紫杉醇和多柔比星對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的抑制作用,并且二甲雙胍能夠減少多柔比星的用量,延長(zhǎng)疾病緩解期[14-15]。但這些結(jié)果說明二甲雙胍可能通過激活A(yù)MPK調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物的敏感性。
筆者同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),二甲雙胍聯(lián)合MAPK信號(hào)通路抑制劑能夠增強(qiáng)二甲雙胍的抗腫瘤作用。p38 MAPK、p42 MAPK信號(hào)通路抑制劑可增加二甲雙胍和紫杉醇的抗腫瘤作用[16]。Liu等[17]在乳腺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)二甲雙胍和mTOR抑制劑(RAD001)聯(lián)合可增強(qiáng)化療藥物的細(xì)胞毒作用,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用二甲雙胍、化療藥物和mTOR阻斷劑能夠協(xié)同抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖。Monteagudo等[18]在前列腺癌細(xì)胞中,p42 MAPK siRNA能夠顯著增強(qiáng)二甲雙胍的抗腫瘤作用。因此,鉑、紫杉醇化療的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合二甲雙胍和信號(hào)通路阻斷劑可能會(huì)增強(qiáng)卵巢癌化療的療效,這些研究結(jié)果都與筆者的研究結(jié)果一致。
總之,二甲雙胍能夠提高卵巢癌細(xì)胞系SKOV3細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑的敏感性,并且這種作用是依賴于AMPK激活的;p38 MAPK阻斷劑SB203580也能夠抑制SKOV3的增殖,二甲雙胍能夠增強(qiáng)這種抑制作用。二甲雙胍的這種增強(qiáng)卵巢癌細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑敏感性的作用可能是通過激活A(yù)MPK,從而抑制MAPK信號(hào)通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。筆者的研究結(jié)果為臨床應(yīng)用二甲雙胍及MAPK信號(hào)通道阻斷劑來提高卵巢癌化療藥物的敏感性提供理論支持,為卵巢癌的臨床聯(lián)合用藥提供新思路。
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[10] Iris L,Romero A,Cormick M,et al.Relationship of type Ⅱ diabetes and metformin use to ovarian cancer progression, survival, and chemosensitivity[J].Obstet Gynecol,2012,119(1):61–67.
[11] Michael B,Claudia B,Christian M,et al.Use of metformin and the risk of ovarian cancer: a case-control analysis[J].Gynecologic Oncology,2011,123(12):200-204.
[12] Deyin X,Sandra O.Modeling resistance to pathway-targeted therapy in ovarian cancer[J].Cell Cycle,2005,4(8):1004-1006.
[13] Hyung G K,Tran T H, Eun H H,et al.Metformin inhibits P-glycoprotein expression via the NF-κB pathway and CRE ranscriptional activitu through AMPK activation[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2011,162(15):1096-1108.
[14] Iliopoulos D,Hirsch H A,Struhl K.Metformin decreases the dose of chemotherapy for prolonging tumor remission in mouse xenografts involving multiple cancer cell types[J].Cancer Res,2010,7(2):3196-3201.
[15] Rocha G Z,Dias M M,Ropell E R,et al.Metformin amplifies chemotherapy-induced AMPK activation and antitumoral growth[J].Clin Canc Res,2011,17(4):3993-4005.
[16] Tseng S C,Huang Y C,Chen H J,et al.Metformin-mediated downregulation of p38mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent excision repair cross-complementing 1 decreases DNa repair capacity and sensitizes human lung cancer cells to paclitaxel[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2013,85(4):583-594.
[17] Liu H,Scholz C,Zang C,et al.Metformin and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) sensitize breast cancer cells to the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro[J].Anticancer Res,2012,32(5):1627-1637.
[18] Monteagudo S,Pérez-Martínez F C,Pérez-Carrión M D,et al.Inhibition of p42 MAPK using a nonviral vector-delivered siRNA potentiates the anti-tumor effect of metformin in prostate cancer cells[J].Nanomedicine(Lond),2012,7(4):493-506.
(收稿日期:2014-02-05) (本文編輯:蔡元元)
筆者同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),二甲雙胍聯(lián)合MAPK信號(hào)通路抑制劑能夠增強(qiáng)二甲雙胍的抗腫瘤作用。p38 MAPK、p42 MAPK信號(hào)通路抑制劑可增加二甲雙胍和紫杉醇的抗腫瘤作用[16]。Liu等[17]在乳腺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)二甲雙胍和mTOR抑制劑(RAD001)聯(lián)合可增強(qiáng)化療藥物的細(xì)胞毒作用,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用二甲雙胍、化療藥物和mTOR阻斷劑能夠協(xié)同抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖。Monteagudo等[18]在前列腺癌細(xì)胞中,p42 MAPK siRNA能夠顯著增強(qiáng)二甲雙胍的抗腫瘤作用。因此,鉑、紫杉醇化療的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合二甲雙胍和信號(hào)通路阻斷劑可能會(huì)增強(qiáng)卵巢癌化療的療效,這些研究結(jié)果都與筆者的研究結(jié)果一致。
總之,二甲雙胍能夠提高卵巢癌細(xì)胞系SKOV3細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑的敏感性,并且這種作用是依賴于AMPK激活的;p38 MAPK阻斷劑SB203580也能夠抑制SKOV3的增殖,二甲雙胍能夠增強(qiáng)這種抑制作用。二甲雙胍的這種增強(qiáng)卵巢癌細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑敏感性的作用可能是通過激活A(yù)MPK,從而抑制MAPK信號(hào)通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。筆者的研究結(jié)果為臨床應(yīng)用二甲雙胍及MAPK信號(hào)通道阻斷劑來提高卵巢癌化療藥物的敏感性提供理論支持,為卵巢癌的臨床聯(lián)合用藥提供新思路。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Roshan A,Stan B.Ovarian cancer: stategies for overcoming resistance to chemotherapy[J].Nature Reviews Cancer Volume,2003,3(1),502-516.
[2]周鳳珍,周霞平.卡鉑聯(lián)合多西他賽及吉西他濱治療復(fù)發(fā)性卵巢癌的臨床分析[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2011,8(36):26-28.
[3]劉曉文,胡明英.AKT基因被RNA干擾抑制后對(duì)卵巢癌SKOV3細(xì)胞增殖及凋亡的影響[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2011,8(36):1-2.
[4]范炳娟,張穎.對(duì)卵巢癌腹腔鏡術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移擴(kuò)散的研究[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2013,10(12):150-152.
[5]劉瑩,張穎.卵巢癌臨床治療回顧及展望[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2013,10(12):153-154.
[6] Rajesh K,Lawrence D M.Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer: Mechanisms, reversal using modulators of MDR and the role of MDR modulators in influencing the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs[J].European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,2000,11(4):265-283.
[7] Fecher L A,Amaravadi R K,F(xiàn)laherty.The MAPK pathway in melanoma[J].Curr Opin Oncol,2008,20(2),183-189.
[8] Ohta T,Ohmichi M,Hayasaka T,et al.Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase increases efficacy of cisplatin in vivo ovarian cancer models[J].Endocrinology,2006,147(14):1761-1769.
[9] Rattan R,Gin S,Hartmann L C,et al.Metformin attenuates ovarian cancer cell growth in an AMP-kinase dispensable manner[J].Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,2011,15(1):166-178.
[10] Iris L,Romero A,Cormick M,et al.Relationship of type Ⅱ diabetes and metformin use to ovarian cancer progression, survival, and chemosensitivity[J].Obstet Gynecol,2012,119(1):61–67.
[11] Michael B,Claudia B,Christian M,et al.Use of metformin and the risk of ovarian cancer: a case-control analysis[J].Gynecologic Oncology,2011,123(12):200-204.
[12] Deyin X,Sandra O.Modeling resistance to pathway-targeted therapy in ovarian cancer[J].Cell Cycle,2005,4(8):1004-1006.
[13] Hyung G K,Tran T H, Eun H H,et al.Metformin inhibits P-glycoprotein expression via the NF-κB pathway and CRE ranscriptional activitu through AMPK activation[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2011,162(15):1096-1108.
[14] Iliopoulos D,Hirsch H A,Struhl K.Metformin decreases the dose of chemotherapy for prolonging tumor remission in mouse xenografts involving multiple cancer cell types[J].Cancer Res,2010,7(2):3196-3201.
[15] Rocha G Z,Dias M M,Ropell E R,et al.Metformin amplifies chemotherapy-induced AMPK activation and antitumoral growth[J].Clin Canc Res,2011,17(4):3993-4005.
[16] Tseng S C,Huang Y C,Chen H J,et al.Metformin-mediated downregulation of p38mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent excision repair cross-complementing 1 decreases DNa repair capacity and sensitizes human lung cancer cells to paclitaxel[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2013,85(4):583-594.
[17] Liu H,Scholz C,Zang C,et al.Metformin and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) sensitize breast cancer cells to the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro[J].Anticancer Res,2012,32(5):1627-1637.
[18] Monteagudo S,Pérez-Martínez F C,Pérez-Carrión M D,et al.Inhibition of p42 MAPK using a nonviral vector-delivered siRNA potentiates the anti-tumor effect of metformin in prostate cancer cells[J].Nanomedicine(Lond),2012,7(4):493-506.
(收稿日期:2014-02-05) (本文編輯:蔡元元)
筆者同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),二甲雙胍聯(lián)合MAPK信號(hào)通路抑制劑能夠增強(qiáng)二甲雙胍的抗腫瘤作用。p38 MAPK、p42 MAPK信號(hào)通路抑制劑可增加二甲雙胍和紫杉醇的抗腫瘤作用[16]。Liu等[17]在乳腺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)二甲雙胍和mTOR抑制劑(RAD001)聯(lián)合可增強(qiáng)化療藥物的細(xì)胞毒作用,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用二甲雙胍、化療藥物和mTOR阻斷劑能夠協(xié)同抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖。Monteagudo等[18]在前列腺癌細(xì)胞中,p42 MAPK siRNA能夠顯著增強(qiáng)二甲雙胍的抗腫瘤作用。因此,鉑、紫杉醇化療的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合二甲雙胍和信號(hào)通路阻斷劑可能會(huì)增強(qiáng)卵巢癌化療的療效,這些研究結(jié)果都與筆者的研究結(jié)果一致。
總之,二甲雙胍能夠提高卵巢癌細(xì)胞系SKOV3細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑的敏感性,并且這種作用是依賴于AMPK激活的;p38 MAPK阻斷劑SB203580也能夠抑制SKOV3的增殖,二甲雙胍能夠增強(qiáng)這種抑制作用。二甲雙胍的這種增強(qiáng)卵巢癌細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑敏感性的作用可能是通過激活A(yù)MPK,從而抑制MAPK信號(hào)通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。筆者的研究結(jié)果為臨床應(yīng)用二甲雙胍及MAPK信號(hào)通道阻斷劑來提高卵巢癌化療藥物的敏感性提供理論支持,為卵巢癌的臨床聯(lián)合用藥提供新思路。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Roshan A,Stan B.Ovarian cancer: stategies for overcoming resistance to chemotherapy[J].Nature Reviews Cancer Volume,2003,3(1),502-516.
[2]周鳳珍,周霞平.卡鉑聯(lián)合多西他賽及吉西他濱治療復(fù)發(fā)性卵巢癌的臨床分析[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2011,8(36):26-28.
[3]劉曉文,胡明英.AKT基因被RNA干擾抑制后對(duì)卵巢癌SKOV3細(xì)胞增殖及凋亡的影響[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2011,8(36):1-2.
[4]范炳娟,張穎.對(duì)卵巢癌腹腔鏡術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移擴(kuò)散的研究[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2013,10(12):150-152.
[5]劉瑩,張穎.卵巢癌臨床治療回顧及展望[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2013,10(12):153-154.
[6] Rajesh K,Lawrence D M.Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer: Mechanisms, reversal using modulators of MDR and the role of MDR modulators in influencing the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs[J].European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,2000,11(4):265-283.
[7] Fecher L A,Amaravadi R K,F(xiàn)laherty.The MAPK pathway in melanoma[J].Curr Opin Oncol,2008,20(2),183-189.
[8] Ohta T,Ohmichi M,Hayasaka T,et al.Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase increases efficacy of cisplatin in vivo ovarian cancer models[J].Endocrinology,2006,147(14):1761-1769.
[9] Rattan R,Gin S,Hartmann L C,et al.Metformin attenuates ovarian cancer cell growth in an AMP-kinase dispensable manner[J].Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,2011,15(1):166-178.
[10] Iris L,Romero A,Cormick M,et al.Relationship of type Ⅱ diabetes and metformin use to ovarian cancer progression, survival, and chemosensitivity[J].Obstet Gynecol,2012,119(1):61–67.
[11] Michael B,Claudia B,Christian M,et al.Use of metformin and the risk of ovarian cancer: a case-control analysis[J].Gynecologic Oncology,2011,123(12):200-204.
[12] Deyin X,Sandra O.Modeling resistance to pathway-targeted therapy in ovarian cancer[J].Cell Cycle,2005,4(8):1004-1006.
[13] Hyung G K,Tran T H, Eun H H,et al.Metformin inhibits P-glycoprotein expression via the NF-κB pathway and CRE ranscriptional activitu through AMPK activation[J].British Journal of Pharmacology,2011,162(15):1096-1108.
[14] Iliopoulos D,Hirsch H A,Struhl K.Metformin decreases the dose of chemotherapy for prolonging tumor remission in mouse xenografts involving multiple cancer cell types[J].Cancer Res,2010,7(2):3196-3201.
[15] Rocha G Z,Dias M M,Ropell E R,et al.Metformin amplifies chemotherapy-induced AMPK activation and antitumoral growth[J].Clin Canc Res,2011,17(4):3993-4005.
[16] Tseng S C,Huang Y C,Chen H J,et al.Metformin-mediated downregulation of p38mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent excision repair cross-complementing 1 decreases DNa repair capacity and sensitizes human lung cancer cells to paclitaxel[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2013,85(4):583-594.
[17] Liu H,Scholz C,Zang C,et al.Metformin and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) sensitize breast cancer cells to the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro[J].Anticancer Res,2012,32(5):1627-1637.
[18] Monteagudo S,Pérez-Martínez F C,Pérez-Carrión M D,et al.Inhibition of p42 MAPK using a nonviral vector-delivered siRNA potentiates the anti-tumor effect of metformin in prostate cancer cells[J].Nanomedicine(Lond),2012,7(4):493-506.
(收稿日期:2014-02-05) (本文編輯:蔡元元)