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植物GRAS家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的研究現(xiàn)狀

2014-04-29 06:20:05李桂英田玉富楊成君
安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2014年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:非生物脅迫生長發(fā)育信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)

李桂英 田玉富 楊成君

摘要GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是植物特有的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,參與植物的生長發(fā)育、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)、解毒作用、生物脅迫和非生物脅迫相關(guān)的應(yīng)答過程。該文從GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、在植物中的分布和功能作用方面對GRAS家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述,為GRAS家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的進(jìn)一步開發(fā)利用提供依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子;生長發(fā)育;信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo);生物脅迫;非生物脅迫

中圖分類號S188文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼A文章編號0517-6611(2014)14-04207-04

Research Situation of GRAS Family Transcription Factor in Plants

LI Guiying, YANG Chengjun et al (College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040)

AbstractGRAS transcription factor is plant specific transcription factor, which participate in the growth and development of plants, detoxification, biotic and abiotic stressrelated response process. The article summarizes the research status of GRAS family transcription factors from the three aspects of structural features, distribution of plants and function of GRAS transcription factor, which will provide reference for further development and utilization of GRAS transcription factor.

Key words GRAS transcription factor; Growth and development; Signal transduction; Biotic stress; Abiotic stress

植物轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的研究是功能基因組學(xué)研究的一個重要內(nèi)容。轉(zhuǎn)錄因子即反式作用因子,是一種DNA結(jié)合蛋白,典型的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子由DNA結(jié)合區(qū)、轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控區(qū)(包括激活區(qū)或抑制區(qū))、寡聚化位點(diǎn)和核定位信號區(qū)組成[1];轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過這些功能區(qū)域與真核基因啟動子區(qū)域中的順式元件作用或與其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的功能區(qū)域相互作用來激活或抑制基因的表達(dá)[2]。近年來,從植物中分離出一系列調(diào)控基因表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,如bZIP[3-6]、AP2/ERF[7-9]、WRKY[10-12]、MYB[13-16]、NAC[17-19]和GRAS[20-22]等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是一類植物特有的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,GRAS的研究已被學(xué)者們關(guān)注。GRAS家族分為8個亞家族[23]:DELLA、HAM、LISCL、PAT1、LS、SCR、SHR和SCL3,廣泛分布于植物中,在植物根莖的發(fā)育、分生組織的形成、赤霉素信號傳導(dǎo)、光信號傳導(dǎo)、生物及非生物脅迫過程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。筆者就GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、分布和功能等方面進(jìn)行綜述,以期更好地了解GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。

1GRAS家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)構(gòu)特征

GRAS家族的名稱是由最先發(fā)現(xiàn)的GAI、RGA、SCR 3個成員的特征字母命名,由400~770個氨基酸組成,含有高度變異的N末端結(jié)構(gòu)域和高度保守的C末端結(jié)構(gòu)域,并且C末端具有同源序列,典型的C末端結(jié)構(gòu)還應(yīng)包括LHR I、VHIID、LHR II、PFYRE、SAW[20]。GRAS家族的標(biāo)志性結(jié)構(gòu)域是在VHIID基序的2邊含有2個100個氨基酸殘基組成的亮氨酸豐富的區(qū)域。VHIID基序存在于GRAS家族的所有成員中,雖然有證據(jù)表明該基序中的組氨酸和天冬氨酸可以被纈氨酸和異亮氨酸代替,但在自然界中它們是完全保守的。VHIID基序代表幾個重要的氨基酸,V代表纈氨酸,I代表異亮氨酸,H代表組氨酸,D代表天冬氨酸。在第1個富含亮氨酸區(qū)域的前端含有LXXLL序列,PFYRE和RVER基序位于第2個富含亮氨酸的區(qū)域[24]。GRAS家族結(jié)構(gòu)圖解如下所示:

圖1 GRAS家族結(jié)構(gòu)圖解[25]2GRAS在一些植物中的分布情況

2.1模式植物 目前,至少從擬南芥中分離出33個GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,主要有SCL[20]、SCR[26]、SHR[27]、GAI[28]、RGA[29]、RGL[30]和PAT1[31]等。水稻中發(fā)現(xiàn)了60個GRAS家族成員,如MOC1[22]、SLR1[32]和CIGR1/2[33]等。此外,在煙草中分離發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個核定位的GRAS基因家族新成員NtGRAS1,并指出NtGRAS1基因可能作為一個重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)因子參與植物脅迫反應(yīng)[21]。

2.2非模式植物 有報道指出,葡萄含有GRAS基因,并且和擬南芥GRAS家族基因間具有較高的保守性[34]。運(yùn)用同源基因克隆技術(shù)從賴草中克隆了LRC1基因,該基因與控制水稻分蘗的MOC1基因具有很高的同源性(達(dá)91%)[35]。此外,在番茄[36]、玉米[37]、矮牽牛[38]、大麥[39]、百脈根[40]、松樹[41]、佛肚竹[42]、黃瓜[43]、海馬齒[44]、苜蓿[45]、胡楊[46]和白樺[47]等多種植物中也發(fā)現(xiàn)有GRAS家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的存在。

3GRAS的功能研究

3.1 生長發(fā)育

3.1.1 分生組織的發(fā)育。分生組織是產(chǎn)生和分化其他各種組織的基礎(chǔ),其活動可以使植物體終生增長。LS基因是GRAS家族基因,Schumacher K利用番茄LS功能缺失突變體對番茄的分生組織發(fā)育情況進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果表明番茄中的LS基因能夠參與葉腋分生組織的發(fā)育,形成側(cè)芽[36]。水稻OsMOC1基因與番茄LS基因是同源基因,參與側(cè)生分生組織的啟動、分蘗芽的形成和長出,是控制水稻分蘗的關(guān)鍵因子[22]。植物莖的發(fā)育依靠莖尖分生組織SAM在生長軸頂點(diǎn)的保持,矮牽牛HAM編碼GRAS蛋白,調(diào)節(jié)側(cè)生器官原基和莖維管組織的發(fā)育,對莖尖分生組織的維持是必需的和特定的[38]。此外,擬南芥AtLAS/SCL18基因敲除家系的側(cè)芽失去萌發(fā)能力,說明AtLAS/SCL18參與調(diào)控腋下分生組織的發(fā)育[48]。

3.1.2 根、莖的生長發(fā)育。SCR[26]和SHR[27]對植物根和莖的輻射狀生長起重要作用。在同一種途徑中,SHR在SCR上游起作用,SHR可以在特定組織中直接誘導(dǎo)SCR啟動子活性,它們都是輻射形態(tài)形成的正調(diào)控因子[49]。Llave C發(fā)現(xiàn)擬南芥中某些GRAS家族基因(如SCL6Ⅱ、SCL6Ⅲ和SCL6Ⅳ)的表達(dá)受microRNA171的調(diào)控,以此來來控制根系的發(fā)育[50]。BnSCL1是轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子,能與HDA19相互作用,且在根發(fā)育過程中與生長素相聯(lián)合起作用[51]。PrSCL1和CsSCL1在不定根形成的早期階段起作用,并且能對外源生長素做出反應(yīng)[52]。NSP1[53]和NSP2[54]在豆科植物結(jié)瘤發(fā)育和功能中是必需的,分別屬于SHR和HAM亞家族,并且這2個蛋白在結(jié)瘤形態(tài)發(fā)生中展現(xiàn)了類似的但非冗余的功能。最新研究表明,豆科模式植物蒺藜苜蓿中含有GRAS基因MtSymSCL1,該基因在豆科植物與根瘤菌共生過程中起著調(diào)節(jié)根瘤數(shù)量的作用[45]。

3.2信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)

3.2.1 光敏色素信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。光敏色素是植物體自身合成的一種調(diào)節(jié)生長發(fā)育的色蛋白。參與光敏色素信號傳導(dǎo)的GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子有PAT1、SCL13和SCL21。PAT1和SCL21是光敏色素A信號傳導(dǎo)的正調(diào)節(jié)子,它們參與同一信號途徑。PAT1在光敏色素A信號串聯(lián)的早期階段起作用[31],光通過phyA和PAT1調(diào)節(jié)SCL21的表達(dá)[55]。而在持續(xù)的紅光信號下,AtSCL13作為一個正調(diào)節(jié)子在光敏色素B的下游起作用,主要作用是在脫黃化過程中使下胚軸伸長[56]。

3.2.2 赤霉素(GA)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。赤霉素一般促進(jìn)莖的伸長、花的發(fā)育以及種子的萌發(fā),而研究表明GRAS家族中的GAI、RGA、RGL基因在赤霉素信號傳導(dǎo)中起負(fù)調(diào)控作用,其中GAI和RGA在莖伸長和展葉過程中起負(fù)調(diào)控作用,降低赤霉素對植物莖的伸長作用,其突變導(dǎo)致植物對赤霉素不敏感而呈現(xiàn)矮化等;RGL1或RGL2 基因在種子萌發(fā)過程中起負(fù)調(diào)控作用[29,57-60]。CIGR1和CIGR2在水稻懸浮培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞中通過一種劑量依賴的方法對外源生物活性的GA有響應(yīng),并且是GA信號傳導(dǎo)的優(yōu)良標(biāo)記[33]。

擬南芥[28]、水稻[32]、大麥[39]、玉米[61]和小麥[62]的DELLA基因功能獲得或缺失突變體分別表現(xiàn)為對GA不敏感的矮化表型或基本的響應(yīng)表型,這些突變體的表型暗示出DELLA蛋白是GA信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)子。若在正常的水稻中過量表達(dá)缺少DELLA結(jié)構(gòu)域的SLRL1基因,將會誘導(dǎo)植株矮化、阻礙芽的伸長[63]。

3.2.3 油菜素類固醇信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。油菜素類固醇(BR)是植物體內(nèi)一類重要的類固醇激素,調(diào)控著植物的生長和發(fā)育,細(xì)胞內(nèi)BR生物合成或信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)缺陷往往導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞增殖異常,從而引起典型的矮化表型。水稻dlt突變體的嫩枝和初生根短于野生型幼苗,表現(xiàn)為BR不敏感的矮化表型,葉子變?yōu)樯罹G色,且分蘗降低,由此證明GRAS家族新成員DLT在水稻的BR信號反應(yīng)中起著積極的作用[64]。

3.3解毒作用 擬南芥中SCL14是一種TGA(II類轉(zhuǎn)錄因子)互作蛋白,對壓力誘導(dǎo)型啟動子的激活是必要的,在含有TGA的啟動子受到SA (水楊酸)和2,4D(生長素類似物)誘導(dǎo)后,SCL14可以調(diào)控其靶基因參與生物異源化學(xué)物質(zhì)和內(nèi)源的有害代謝產(chǎn)物的解毒,增強(qiáng)了植物對有毒物質(zhì)的耐受性,由此得知,SCL14具有廣譜解毒的作用[65]。

3.4生物脅迫 水稻的CIGR1和CIGR2基因可被懸浮培養(yǎng)的水稻中的N乙?;鶜す烟羌ぐl(fā)子和共培養(yǎng)的稻瘟病菌快速誘導(dǎo),CIGR1和CIGR2基因作為轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)的防御信號在感應(yīng)真菌和發(fā)病機(jī)制的早期階段發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[66]。番茄和丁香假單胞菌相互作用時,番茄的6個SIGRAS基因(SIGRAS1、SIGRAS2、SIGRAS3、SIGRAS4、SIGRAS6和SIGRAS13)轉(zhuǎn)錄子出現(xiàn)積累;用綠色木霉菌的EIX誘導(dǎo)子處理番茄時,SIGRAS4和SIGRAS6基因表達(dá)量增加,這些結(jié)果表明SIGRAS基因或許參與由細(xì)菌和誘導(dǎo)子觸發(fā)的防御反應(yīng),參與調(diào)控生物脅迫[67]。

3.5非生物生物脅迫

3.5.1 低溫脅迫。低溫能夠提高赤霉素合成途徑中的GA2ox3和GA2ox6基因表達(dá),進(jìn)而降低體內(nèi)活性GA的含量,穩(wěn)定DELLA蛋白,提高植物的抗冷能力,即DELLA蛋白有助于CBF1誘導(dǎo)的冷耐受性[68]。佛手GRAS基因能夠?qū)Φ蜏孛{迫做出積極的響應(yīng),可以調(diào)節(jié)佛手對逆境的適應(yīng)情況,該結(jié)果為選育耐低溫的佛手新品種提供了理論依據(jù)[69]。

3.5.2 干旱脅迫。擬南芥中過表達(dá)甘藍(lán)型油菜的BnLAS基因,能夠抑制生長,推遲葉片衰老和花期,提高葉綠素含量并且增強(qiáng)植物抗旱能力[70]。郭華軍等利用生物信息學(xué)手段研究表明SCL5、SCL7、SCL13、SCL14和SCL26等基因的誘導(dǎo)隨滲透脅迫時間的延長呈明顯上升趨勢;SCL11、SCL13和SCL15基因受干旱誘導(dǎo)處理后的信號強(qiáng)度明顯上升[71]。并且,擬南芥SCL15基因在干旱脅迫中的作用通過SCL15突變體的表型得到了驗(yàn)證,野生型和突變體植株的表型差異表明SCL15突變體植株對水分的需求減少,提高了植株的抗旱能力[72]。

3.5.3 鹽脅迫。高鹽脅迫能夠激活脫落酸(ABA)信號,從而促進(jìn)DELLA蛋白的積累,抑制植物生長,增強(qiáng)抗性[73]。鹽穗木HcSCL13基因隨鹽(600 mmol/L NaCl)脅迫時間的延長表達(dá)量逐漸升高,與對照組有顯著性差異,說明該基因?qū)}脅迫能夠做出積極地響應(yīng)[74]。馬洪雙首次研究了木本植物胡楊GRAS/SCL家族基因在抗逆方面的作用,結(jié)果表明在正常澆水生長條件下,胡楊PeSCL7基因沒有任何的變化, 但是,在脫水、高鹽、低溫等逆境條件下PeSCL7表達(dá)量均升高,說明PeSCL7基因能夠響應(yīng)逆境脅迫[46]。

3.5.4 低磷、高NO脅迫。磷在土壤里移動性差,所以在低磷條件下,植物通過降低GA水平來控制DELLA蛋白的積累,進(jìn)而能夠增加主根的長度、促進(jìn)側(cè)根大量發(fā)生、促進(jìn)根毛的伸長,以此擴(kuò)大根系對磷吸收的表面積,使植物適應(yīng)低磷土壤,提高植物對低磷的耐受能力[75]。低濃度的NO對植物的生長起促進(jìn)作用,但在高濃度下其會抑制植物生長甚至?xí)⑺乐参?。姚濤等研究表明,NO在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上影響DELLA基因,高濃度NO能夠增加DELLA蛋白的含量,進(jìn)而使植物能夠免受高濃度NO導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞死亡[76]。

3.6其他方面 LlSCL在百合花藥細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂前期表達(dá),與減數(shù)分裂有關(guān)的啟動子起轉(zhuǎn)錄激活作用,在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上參與調(diào)節(jié)百合花藥的小孢子形成[77]。DELLA蛋白有助于植物光形態(tài)建成,調(diào)控植物的生長[78]。詹杰鵬研究分析了海島棉GbGAI2基因在花后胚珠發(fā)育各個階段的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果表明,GbGAI2基因在海島棉棉纖維發(fā)育的起始階段和棉纖維次生壁加厚階段起作用[79]。

42卷14期李桂英等植物GRAS家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的研究現(xiàn)狀4展望

目前,從高等植物中已分離鑒定的GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子有數(shù)十種,對其分子結(jié)構(gòu)及功能的研究日趨完善,這將有助于人們認(rèn)識GRAS與其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子之間及它們與DNA之間相互作用的機(jī)制,闡明GRAS蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)與基因表達(dá)模式,揭示GRAS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在基因表達(dá)與調(diào)控中所起作用,有助于研究不同植物物種中新的GRAS基因功能。

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