楊長(zhǎng)春,王 丹,李 凱,楊貴榮,高 敏,趙海濱,孫振學(xué)*
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老年重癥肺部感染患者血乳酸水平的變化及與預(yù)后的關(guān)系
楊長(zhǎng)春1,王 丹1,李 凱1,楊貴榮2,高 敏3,趙海濱4,孫振學(xué)1*
(武警總醫(yī)院:1南樓一科,2重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,3感染控制科,4檢驗(yàn)科,北京 100039)
探討老年重癥肺部感染患者血乳酸水平變化及與其預(yù)后的關(guān)系,以期為該病診治及病情監(jiān)測(cè)提供依據(jù)。以2011年10月至2013年5月在武警總醫(yī)院住院的老年肺部感染患者76例為研究對(duì)象,隨機(jī)抽取同期健康體檢老年人35例為對(duì)照組,應(yīng)用乳酸氧化酶法分別測(cè)定老年肺部感染組、對(duì)照組血乳酸水平。肺部感染組老年人血乳酸水平較對(duì)照組明顯升高[(3.68±1.43)(1.59±0.30)mmol/L,<0.05 ];老年肺部感染組血乳酸異常比例較對(duì)照組明顯升高(85.53%5.70%,<0.05);根據(jù)年齡將肺部感染患者分為60~70歲年齡組和>70歲年齡組,兩者血乳酸水平比較,>70歲年齡組明顯高于60~70歲年齡組[(4.64±2.05)(3.06±0.87)mmol/L,<0.05];根據(jù)預(yù)后將老年肺部感染患者分為死亡組和生存組,死亡組血乳酸水平明顯高于生存組[(5.31±0.88)(3.01±1.02)mmol/L,<0.05];老年重癥肺部感染患者血乳酸水平顯著升高,血乳酸水平隨年齡的增長(zhǎng)而顯著升高,其程度可能與其預(yù)后相關(guān),可作為患者病情監(jiān)測(cè)及預(yù)后判斷的綜合指標(biāo)。
老年人;重癥肺部感染;血乳酸;預(yù)后
老年人因?yàn)槊庖吡胺烙δ艿拖隆⒖人苑瓷錅p弱、黏膜清除能力下降、長(zhǎng)期使用糖皮質(zhì)激素、和(或)廣譜抗生素的使用以及合并糖尿病、心腦血管疾病、腎功能不全等原因,他們極易患重癥肺部感染。老年重癥肺炎臨床表現(xiàn)多不典型,臨床上極易漏診、誤診[1]。重癥肺炎病程發(fā)展過(guò)程中可導(dǎo)致黏膜炎癥水腫而管腔狹窄,肺泡壁因充血水腫而增厚,肺泡腔內(nèi)充滿炎癥滲出物,影響了通氣與氣體交換。研究顯示血乳酸(lactic acid,LA)濃度的升高,是組織缺血程度及組織灌注不足敏感而特異的指標(biāo)[2]。血乳酸在老年重癥肺部感染患者的變化及研究少見報(bào)道,本研究旨在初步探討老年重癥肺部感染患者血乳酸水平變化及與病情嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后的關(guān)系,以期為該疾病的診治及病情監(jiān)測(cè)提供依據(jù)。
收集自2011年10月至2013年5月在武警總醫(yī)院住院的>60歲的老年重癥肺部感染患者76例;隨機(jī)選取同期老年健康體檢者35例為對(duì)照,對(duì)照組年齡、性別與肺部感染組匹配。
入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡>60歲,符合老年劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(2)符合2006年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)呼吸病學(xué)分會(huì)制定的《社區(qū)獲得性肺炎診斷和治療指南》[3]中的重癥肺炎診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):意識(shí)障礙;呼吸頻率≥30次/min;血氧分壓(PaO2)<60 mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),氧合指數(shù)(PaO2/FiO2)<300,需行機(jī)械通氣治療;動(dòng)脈收縮壓<90mmHg;并發(fā)膿毒性休克;X線顯示雙側(cè)或多肺葉受累,或入院48 h內(nèi)病變擴(kuò)大≥50%;尿量<20ml/h或并發(fā)急性腎功能衰竭需要透析治療。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全;(2)藥物(如二甲雙胍、大劑量硝普鈉等)引起的酸中毒;(3)診斷前應(yīng)用大量?jī)翰璺影奉愃幬?;?)晚期惡性腫瘤。
靜脈采血5ml,應(yīng)用乳酸氧化酶法以日立7600-120全自動(dòng)生化分析儀測(cè)定靜脈血乳酸的水平,試劑購(gòu)自北京利德曼生化股份有限公司。
肺部感染組男性53例,女性23例,對(duì)照組男性24例,女性11例,經(jīng)2檢驗(yàn),兩組老年患者性別比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;肺部感染組與對(duì)照組年齡相當(dāng),經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;在吸煙百分率、高血壓患病率、糖尿病患病率方面,這兩組患者經(jīng)2檢驗(yàn)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05;表1)。
表1 兩組研究對(duì)象一般臨床特征比較
與對(duì)照組比較,老年重癥肺部感染患者血乳酸水平明顯升高,較對(duì)照組升高約131%,經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05);以血乳酸>2.0mmol/L為異常標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)照組血乳酸異常率為5.70%,肺部感染組為85.53%,較對(duì)照組明顯升高,經(jīng)2檢驗(yàn)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05;表2)。
表2 兩組血乳酸水平及異常率比較
Compared with control group,*<0.05
根據(jù)年齡將肺部感染組患者分為60~70歲年齡組(=44)和>70歲年齡組(=32),兩者血乳酸水平比較,>70歲年齡組明顯高于60~70歲年齡組[(4.64±2.05)(3.06±0.87)mmol/L,<0.05]。
與生存組(=65)比較,死亡組(=11)老年重癥肺部感染患者血乳酸水平明顯升高,較生存組升高約76.4%,經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05);以血乳酸>2.0mmol/L為異常標(biāo)準(zhǔn),生存組異常率為73.80%,死亡組為100.00%,兩者比較,死亡組患者血乳酸異常率明顯升高,經(jīng)2檢驗(yàn)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05);對(duì)肺部感染組患者進(jìn)行急性生理與慢性健康評(píng)分(Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation,APACHE)Ⅱ評(píng)分,死亡組患者評(píng)分較生存組高,經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05;表4)。
表3 老年重癥肺部感染患者血乳酸水平與預(yù)后的關(guān)系
APACHE: Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation. Compared with survival group,*<0.05
血乳酸為葡萄糖無(wú)氧糖酵解的終末產(chǎn)物,它反映機(jī)體的組織代謝狀況,機(jī)體在有氧和缺氧的條件下都能生成乳酸。乳酸可產(chǎn)生于機(jī)體的所有組織,由肝臟代謝經(jīng)腎臟排泄,它是反映機(jī)體組織氧代謝的一個(gè)較為敏感的早期指標(biāo),可對(duì)疾病的嚴(yán)重程度和預(yù)后作出有效評(píng)估[4]。近年研究顯示,血乳酸在感染性休克、膿毒血癥及慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的應(yīng)用得到了廣泛的重視[5?7],但血乳酸與老年重癥肺部感染患者之間關(guān)系的研究尚未見報(bào)道。
研究顯示,血乳酸濃度的升高主要與組織供氧不足或組織灌注不足有關(guān)[8?10]。同時(shí),由于患者不同的機(jī)體基礎(chǔ)狀態(tài)(如肝臟、腎臟基礎(chǔ),糖尿病等),不同的應(yīng)激強(qiáng)度及治療過(guò)程中不同程度地使用血管活性藥物,如多巴胺、去甲腎上腺素及腎上腺素,后者可以明顯加強(qiáng)機(jī)體的新陳代謝,促進(jìn)肝糖原分解和糖異生,升高乳酸水平[11,12]。本研究顯示,老年重癥肺部感染患者血乳酸總體水平明顯升高,與對(duì)照組比較升高了1.31倍;同時(shí)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)>70歲年齡組老年患者的血乳酸水平明顯高于60~70歲年齡組;提示老年重癥肺部感染患者機(jī)體存在明顯的供氧不足,且隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)更加明顯。血乳酸與生存關(guān)系的研究顯示,死亡組患者血乳酸異常率達(dá)100%,明顯高于生存組,同時(shí)血乳酸總體水平也較生存組明顯升高,提示血乳酸是反映老年重癥肺部感染患者病情嚴(yán)重程度的敏感指標(biāo)。目前認(rèn)為APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分越高,病情越嚴(yán)重。健康老年人因?yàn)槟挲g較大,所以APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分不為0。死亡組的APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分明顯高于生存組,可能與肺部感染導(dǎo)致感染性休克有關(guān),休克狀態(tài)時(shí)乳酸值急劇升高,而且發(fā)生感染性休克本身造成的死亡率均在>38%。這時(shí)的乳酸升高與低血壓時(shí)的灌注不足直接相關(guān),所以乳酸數(shù)值較高,APACHE Ⅱ也會(huì)由于平均動(dòng)脈壓下降、pH降低,電解質(zhì)紊亂等因素而升高。我們認(rèn)為,會(huì)嚴(yán)重高于呼吸問(wèn)題乏氧導(dǎo)致無(wú)氧酵解增加而引起的的乳酸升高。
老年重癥肺部感染患者血乳酸升高的原因可能與下列因素有關(guān)。(1)重癥肺部感染患者,特別是老年人,由于炎癥反應(yīng),支氣管黏膜水腫而使支氣管腔變窄,肺泡壁也因充血而增厚,從而妨礙肺泡的通氣功能,同時(shí)可使氣體彌散阻力增加;隨著管腔分泌物的聚集,加上老年人黏膜清除能力下降、咳嗽反射減弱等,使小氣道變得更加狹窄,甚至堵塞,致肺部發(fā)生阻塞性肺氣腫或局限性肺不張,進(jìn)一步加重了通氣和氣體彌散障礙,最終導(dǎo)致組織低灌注和缺氧[13]。(2)肺部感染過(guò)程中,炎性介質(zhì)可介導(dǎo)全身免疫炎癥反應(yīng),血液微循環(huán)障礙,組織出現(xiàn)缺氧,這可能也是血乳酸水平升高的原因[14]。
本研究證實(shí),血乳酸作為一種反映機(jī)體組織氧代謝的敏感指標(biāo),其水平在老年重癥肺部感染患者中顯著升高,且隨年齡增長(zhǎng)有逐漸升高的趨勢(shì),對(duì)患者的病情監(jiān)測(cè)及預(yù)后有重要的臨床價(jià)值。從而表明,老年重癥肺部感染患者應(yīng)早期吸氧,綜合治療,并及時(shí)糾正乳酸水平。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Changes in serum lactic acid level in elderly patients with severe pulmonary infection and its predictive value
YANG Chang-Chun1, WANG Dan1, LI Kai1, YANG Gui-Rong2, GAO Min3, ZHAO Hai-Bin4, SUN Zhen-Xue1*
(1The First Department of South Building,2Department of Critical Care Medicine,3Department of Infection Control,4Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China)
To investigate the changes in serum lactic acid level and its relationship with prognosis in the elderly patients with severe pulmonary infection in order to provide a basis for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of the disease.A total of 76 hospitalized elderly patients with pulmonary infection between October 2011 to May 2013 were enrolled in this study, and another 35 healthy matched individuals chosen randomly from those taking physical examination at the same time period served as normal controls. Their serum levels of lactic acid were detected by lactate oxidase method, and the results were compared and analyzed.The serum level of lactic acid was significantly higher in pulmonary infection group than in control group [(3.68±1.43)(1.59±0.30)mmol/L,<0.05]. The percentage of the elderly with abnormal lactic acid was also higher in pulmonary infection patients than in controls (85.53%5.70%,<0.05). The serum level was significantly increased in the patients >70 years old than in those between 60 to 70 years old [(4.64±2.05)(3.06±0.87)mmol/L,<0.05]. The level was also obviously higher in dead patients than in survival patients [(5.31±0.88)(3.01±1.02)mmol/L,<0.05].The serum level of lactic acid is significantly higher in the elderly patients with severe pulmonary infection. With the increase in the age, the serum level of lactic acid is elevated significantly, which is often associated with the disease prognosis. Serum level of lactic acid might be used as a comprehensive index of disease monitoring and prognosis in elderly patients with severe pulmonary infection.
elderly; severe pulmonary infection; serum lactic acid; prognosis
(WZ2012034).
R592; R563.1
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2014.00083
2014?01?07;
2014?03?07
武警總醫(yī)院課題(WZ2012034)
孫振學(xué), E-mail: WJsunzhenxue@163.com ?