劉愛軍 王樹偉 徐 翔孫立倩 洪銘巖 洪 軍
(河北省唐山市工人醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科 唐山 063000)
血小板源性生長因子(p DGF)、血清反應(yīng)因子(SRF)和波形蛋白在人腦膠質(zhì)瘤中表達的臨床意義
劉愛軍 王樹偉 徐 翔△孫立倩 洪銘巖 洪 軍
(河北省唐山市工人醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科 唐山 063000)
目的研究血小板源性生長因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)、血清反應(yīng)因子(serum response factor,SRF)和波形蛋白(vimentin)在人腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達及其臨床意義。方法采用免疫組化染色法檢測13例正常腦組織和70例人腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中PDGF-B、SRF和波形蛋白的表達并分析其臨床意義。結(jié)果PDGF-B、SRF和波形蛋白在人腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中高表達,陽性表達率分別為67.14%、48.57%和81.43%,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);三者在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達與患者性別、年齡、腫瘤發(fā)生部位、腫瘤大小無關(guān)(P>0.05)。隨著膠質(zhì)瘤惡性程度增加,三者表達逐漸上調(diào),其中PDGF-B、波形蛋白在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達與腫瘤分級相關(guān);相關(guān)性分析顯示PDGFB與SRF、波形蛋白在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達有相關(guān)性(P<0.05)。結(jié)論PDGF-B、SRF和波形蛋白在腦膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中可能起到重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,與腫瘤惡性程度具有一定的相關(guān)性。
膠質(zhì)瘤; 血小板源性生長因子(PDGF); 血清反應(yīng)因子(SRF); 波形蛋白; 免疫組化
【Key words】glioma; platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF); serum response factor(SRF);vimentin; immunohistochemistry
腦膠質(zhì)瘤是顱內(nèi)常見的、死亡率最高的原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤,1年生存率僅為30%左右[1]。其具有高發(fā)病率、術(shù)后高復(fù)發(fā)性、高死亡率及低治愈率的特點,但發(fā)生機制目前尚未闡明,因此研究其發(fā)生、發(fā)展機制,選擇有效的治療靶點是目前該研究領(lǐng)域的難點和熱點問題之一。血小板源性生長因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)與腦膠質(zhì)瘤血管形成密不可分,是腦膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的基本條件之一,也是膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞獲得侵襲性生長、轉(zhuǎn)移的必要條件之一[2]。血清應(yīng)答因子(serum response factor,SRF)是一類重要的核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,能夠促進腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲獲得間質(zhì)表型,促進其侵襲性,被認(rèn)為是上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的重要調(diào)控因子[3]。目前尚無SRF在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中表達及其可能機制的報道。波形蛋白(vimentin)是一種重要的細(xì)胞骨架蛋白,屬于中間纖維的波形纖維蛋白類,主要表達于成纖維細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和白細(xì)胞等。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),波形蛋白作為一種腫瘤標(biāo)志物,與腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移和預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[4]。PDGF-B是否促進腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞SRF表達的上調(diào),進而調(diào)控vimentin的表達,促進膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移?本研究采用免疫組化染色法檢測腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本中PDGF、SRF、vimentin的表達,并分析其臨床病理學(xué)意義,為研究腦膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展機制,選擇合適的治療靶點提供一定的實驗基礎(chǔ)和理論依據(jù)。
臨床資料收集河北省唐山市工人醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科2009年9月至2012年9月手術(shù)切除并經(jīng)病理證實的腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本70例,所有患者術(shù)前均未接受放、化療。其中男性43例,女性27例,年齡13~78歲(中位年齡43歲)。依據(jù)2000年WHO中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)膠質(zhì)瘤分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分級:Ⅰ、Ⅱ級31例,Ⅲ級27例,Ⅳ級12例。取外傷去骨瓣減壓手術(shù)患者腦組織13例作為正常對照。所有標(biāo)本采用4%甲醛固定,石蠟包埋,4μm切片。切片均經(jīng)唐山市工人醫(yī)院病理科醫(yī)師確認(rèn)腫瘤類型、分類和級別。
試劑PDGF-B(sc-7878)、SRF(sc-335),(美國Santa Cruz公司),波形蛋白(2707-1,美國EPITOMICs公司),免疫組化試劑盒(PV-9000)和DAB顯色液(ZLI-9031),(北京中杉金橋公司);磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)、枸櫞酸緩沖液及其他試劑均為國產(chǎn)分析純。
免疫組化染色法免疫組化染色法按試劑說明書進行。石蠟切片脫蠟至水,3%H2O2封閉內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶,高壓修復(fù),一抗(1∶200稀釋)4℃過夜,分別滴加聚合物輔助劑和辣根酶標(biāo)記的抗兔、鼠Ig G多聚體。DAB顯色,蘇木素輕度復(fù)染。用PBS替代一抗作為陰性對照。
結(jié)果判定PDGF-B和波形蛋白陽性染色主要定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì),SRF表達定位于細(xì)胞核,呈棕黃色或棕褐色。高倍視野下隨機選取5個視野,每個視野計數(shù)100個腫瘤細(xì)胞,計算陽性細(xì)胞百分比。計分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):0分,陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)<10%;1分,10%~25%;2分,26%~50%;3分,51%~75%;4分,>75%。染色強度評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無色計0分;淡黃色計1分;棕黃色計2分;棕色或棕褐色計3分。以兩者乘積作為陽性評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中4分以上定義為陽性。
統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。不同組別間PDGF-B、SRF及波形蛋白表達水平的比較采用χ2檢驗,PDGF-B、SRF及波形蛋白之間相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson和Spearman相關(guān)系數(shù)法,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
PDGF-B和波形蛋白主要定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞膜,呈棕黃色,核不著色,在腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中均有表達;SRF主要定位于細(xì)胞核,細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)亦有表達(圖1)。PDGF-B、SRF及波形蛋白在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的陽性表達率均顯著高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表1)。
PDGF-B、SRF和波形蛋白在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達與患者性別、年齡、腫瘤發(fā)生部位、腫瘤大小無關(guān)(P>0.05,表2)。隨著膠質(zhì)瘤惡性程度增加,三者表達逐漸上調(diào)。其中PDGF-B在高級別腦膠質(zhì)瘤(Ⅲ-Ⅳ級)中的陽性表達率為78.95%(30/38),顯著高于低級別腦膠質(zhì)瘤(Ⅰ-Ⅱ級)的53.13%(17/ 32),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);波形蛋白在38例高級別腦膠質(zhì)瘤中37例波形蛋白表達陽性,陽性表達率為97.37%,顯著高于低級別腦膠質(zhì)瘤的62.50%(20/32),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。SRF在高級別腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的陽性表達率為55.26% (21/38),高于低級別腦膠質(zhì)瘤的40.63%(13/32),但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。在70例腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本中有27例陽性共表達PDGF-B和SRF,有16例均無表達,兩者在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達呈正相關(guān)(r=0.246,P=0.034)。在70例腦膠質(zhì)瘤標(biāo)本中有43例陽性共表達PDGF-B和波形蛋白,有9例均無表達,兩者在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中表達呈正相關(guān)(r= 0.347,P=0.002)。
研究顯示PDGF-B參與膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展的主要機制包括:(1)促進腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖;(2)與轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子相互作用,通過自分泌及旁分泌作用,促進膠質(zhì)瘤新生血管形成;(3)誘導(dǎo)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化,纖連蛋白表達上調(diào),同時伴隨神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)原纖維酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP)表達下調(diào),而GFAP表達下調(diào)提示膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞分化程度降低,常與波形蛋白表達上調(diào)相關(guān);(4)能夠通過對Notch信號的活化使膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞獲得腫瘤干細(xì)胞表型[5-6]。研究提示無論是在人少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤還是在大鼠膠質(zhì)瘤模型中,PDGF信號的表達水平均能夠預(yù)測膠質(zhì)瘤的等級和惡性程度,且PDGF-B多表達于高級別腦膠質(zhì)瘤,提示PDGF-B涉及膠質(zhì)瘤從低級別向高級別的轉(zhuǎn)化。
SRF是一類進化上高度保守的MADS轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員,能夠與60多個輔因子結(jié)合,形成蛋白復(fù)合物來控制依賴于Car G-盒的DNA轉(zhuǎn)錄。在多種腫瘤中均發(fā)現(xiàn)SRF高表達,包括食管癌[7]、胃癌[8]、結(jié)腸癌、肝癌[9]、乳腺癌和甲狀腺癌。體外實驗也發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達SRF能夠促進腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,使其獲得間質(zhì)表型(即上皮細(xì)胞表達波形蛋白),遷移和侵襲能力顯著提高,采用基因沉默抑制SRF表達則能夠引起相反的效應(yīng)[7-11],說明SRF在腫瘤中,尤其是上皮來源腫瘤中能夠誘導(dǎo)上皮細(xì)胞向間質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,以表達波形蛋白為特征,促進腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移、浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移。
在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育中,波形蛋白與GFAP均屬于中間絲結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,其中波形蛋白主要表達于間充質(zhì)來源的細(xì)胞,而GFAP則是膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞特異性分化標(biāo)志物,兩者在膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞發(fā)育、分化不同階段的表達具有差異性,一般以GFAP作為膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞成熟的標(biāo)志。在體外培養(yǎng)的腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中,原代培養(yǎng)有30%~70%可表達GFAP,4代以后GFAP表達缺失,細(xì)胞均表達波形蛋白,提示波形蛋白可能是腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化的指標(biāo)之一[12-13]。
在本研究中,PDGF-B、SRF和波形蛋白在腦膠質(zhì)瘤中高表達,且與膠質(zhì)瘤級別相關(guān),提示三者在腦膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起到重要的調(diào)控作用,但具體機制尚不明確。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),以PDGF-B刺激T98G膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞株,能夠通過PI3K和ERK信號活化SRF,促進其轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控[14]。PDGF-B可能通過促進腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞SRF表達的上調(diào),誘導(dǎo)其靶蛋白——波形蛋白的表達,從而使膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞侵襲性增加,促進其轉(zhuǎn)移并導(dǎo)致腦膠質(zhì)瘤預(yù)后不良,PDGF-β、SRF和波形蛋白有可能是今后膠質(zhì)瘤治療的靶蛋白之一。
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Expression and clinical significance of platelet-derived growth factor(p DGF),serum response factor(SRF)and vimentin in human gliomas
LIU Ai-jun,WANG Shu-wei,XU Xiang△,SUN li-qian,HONG Ming-yan,HONG Jun
(Department of Neurosurgery,Tangshan PeopleˊHospital,Tanshan 063000,Hebei Province,China)
Objective To explore the expression and clinical significance of platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF),serum response factor(SRF)and vimentin in human gliomas.MethodsSeventy expressions of PDGF-B,SRF and vimentin protein form 70 cases of glioma tissue and 13 cases of normal brain tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry stain.The correlations were analyzed between the changes of PDGF,SRF and vimentin protein expressions and clinical biological behavior of glioma,including sex,age,tumor size and location,pathological grade.ResultsImmuohistochemical staining revealed that the positive rate of PDGF-B,SRF and vimentin were 67.14%,48.57%and 81.43%respectively in glioma tissues,which were higher than those in normal brain tissues(P<0.05).The expressions of PDGF-B,SRF and vimentin were not correlated with sex,age,tumor size and location(P>0.05)and increased by malignancy of glioma.The positive rate of PDGF-B and vimentin were significantly higher in high-grade gliomas(Ⅲ-Ⅳ)than those in low-grade gliomas(Ⅰ-Ⅱ)(P<0.05).There is a positive correlation between PDGF-B and SRF or vimentin through spearmanˊs andχ2test(r=0.246,P=0.034;r=0.347,P=0.002).ConclusionsThe up-regulation of PDGF-B,SRF and vimentin may play important roles in the occurrence and development of glioma.
R 739.4
B
10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2014.01.019
2013-05-24;編輯:沈玲)
△Corresponding author E-mail:xuxiang88899@sina.com