付志剛,張曉磷,余成新,李海濤,韓強(qiáng),張志剛,譚光喜
·臨床研究Clinical research·
子宮切口憩室伴反復(fù)陰道大出血介入治療一例并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
付志剛,張曉磷,余成新,李海濤,韓強(qiáng),張志剛,譚光喜
目的探討剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后子宮切口憩室反復(fù)陰道出血的介入診療作用。方法回顧我院1例剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后子宮切口憩室反復(fù)出血的盆腔動脈DSA表現(xiàn)及栓塞治療,并結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)該病發(fā)病原因、影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)及治療方法。結(jié)果患者因陰道反復(fù)出血前后共經(jīng)歷3次盆腔動脈DSA造影及栓塞治療,短期止血效果肯定。DSA表現(xiàn)為子宮動脈、陰部內(nèi)動脈參與供血,供血動脈均增粗、扭曲,右側(cè)子宮弓狀動脈增粗,左側(cè)子宮末梢動脈可見對比劑外溢征象,未見明顯腫瘤染色或動靜脈瘺征象。最后經(jīng)宮腔鏡證實(shí)子宮切口瘢痕內(nèi)多發(fā)小憩室形成,其內(nèi)可見積血。后經(jīng)開腹手術(shù)切除子宮切口瘢痕組織,隨訪1年未見出血復(fù)發(fā)。結(jié)論子宮切口憩室DSA造影表現(xiàn)不具特征性,介入栓塞治療協(xié)同2期外科根治術(shù)療效肯定。
剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù);子宮切口憩室;陰道大出血;介入治療
隨著國內(nèi)剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)率越來越高,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥也隨之攀升。有研究報(bào)道子宮切口憩室(previouscesarean scar defect,PCSD)與其有關(guān)[1-2]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,PCSD發(fā)病率為6.9%[3]。該病往往導(dǎo)致經(jīng)期延長、經(jīng)量增多,少數(shù)患者可致陰道大出血。我院1例PCSD伴大出血患者由于起始診斷不清,前后經(jīng)歷3次介入栓塞止血后仍復(fù)發(fā),后經(jīng)宮腔鏡證實(shí)為子宮切口瘢痕內(nèi)多發(fā)小憩室形成,外科切除病變組織后陰道出血停止。本文旨在探討子宮切口憩室的DSA表現(xiàn)及介入栓塞在該病治療中的作用。
患者女。平素月經(jīng)不規(guī)律,周期30~40 d,經(jīng)期時間長達(dá)9~15 d,有痛經(jīng)。在當(dāng)?shù)匦兴幬镏委煱Y狀無好轉(zhuǎn)。近來陰道出血量突然增多,大量凝血塊從陰道涌出,出血量約800ml。逐來我院以“陰道出血原因待查”收入院。曾有剖宮產(chǎn)史?;颊咭话闱闆r可,體格檢查正常,生命體征基本穩(wěn)定。因患者陰道出血量大,故未作婦檢。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查提示輕度貧血,β-HCG正常,床旁超聲可見宮腔內(nèi)大量液性暗區(qū),提示宮腔內(nèi)積血,未發(fā)現(xiàn)其他異常。入院后2 d因再次陰道大出血行急癥介入栓塞治療。
第1次DSA表現(xiàn)為雙側(cè)子宮動脈增粗、扭曲,右側(cè)子宮動脈弓狀動脈分支豐富,分布范圍廣,提示子宮體積增大。左側(cè)子宮動脈主干增粗,弓狀動脈略顯增粗。雙側(cè)子宮動脈造影均未見異常染色及對比劑外溢征象。然后超選擇性插管至雙側(cè)子宮動脈,以直徑350~560μm海綿顆粒進(jìn)行栓塞,術(shù)后造影示子宮動脈主干及分支閉塞?;颊咝g(shù)后無不適,出血停止后出院。
術(shù)后4個月陰道再發(fā)大出血,遂行第2次介入治療。術(shù)中造影發(fā)現(xiàn)雙側(cè)子宮動脈主干較第1次細(xì)小,弓狀動脈也相對纖細(xì),原右側(cè)子宮動脈分布范圍也縮小??梢娮髠?cè)子宮動脈分支對比劑外溢征象。再次以350~560μm PVA顆粒栓塞末梢血管,然后分別以微彈簧圈1枚栓塞雙側(cè)子宮動脈主干。術(shù)畢出血停止,患者出院。
第2次栓塞術(shù)后3個月,陰道出血仍復(fù)發(fā)。造影示右側(cè)子宮動脈主干閉塞,右側(cè)陰部內(nèi)動脈參與子宮供血。左側(cè)子宮動脈復(fù)通。后分別插管至責(zé)任血管注入350~560μm PVA顆粒進(jìn)行栓塞。術(shù)后陰道出血立即停止,遂行宮腔鏡檢查,發(fā)現(xiàn)子宮切口瘢痕內(nèi)多發(fā)小憩室形成,其內(nèi)可見積血??紤]到介入栓塞不能徹底治愈憩室,仍有復(fù)發(fā)出血風(fēng)險,遂開腹行子宮切口瘢痕組織切除。病理診斷:送檢“宮腔診刮物”,鏡下見為血凝塊、黏液、少量分泌期子宮內(nèi)膜。術(shù)后隨訪1年來未見陰道出血復(fù)發(fā)。
PCSD是剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后罕見的并發(fā)癥,于1955年首次報(bào)道[4],是指子宮下段剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后的子宮切口由于愈合缺陷出現(xiàn)在切口處與宮腔相通的1處或數(shù)處凹陷,經(jīng)血積聚于凹陷內(nèi),導(dǎo)致經(jīng)期延長、經(jīng)間期陰道流血、性交后出血,甚至不孕、痛經(jīng)等癥狀,甚至可導(dǎo)致大出血等危及生命[5-7]。由于認(rèn)識不足,及時診斷相對困難。
PCSD發(fā)病原因及可能機(jī)制:①剖宮產(chǎn)切口位于子宮下段,宮體邊緣厚于宮頸邊緣,切口兩端收縮強(qiáng)度有差異,厚度和收縮力不同的兩端的復(fù)位引起子宮切口憩室形成;②宮腔感染因素;③宮腔壓力因素;④子宮切口局部血運(yùn)異常;⑤與縫合材料、縫合技術(shù)有關(guān)[5-9]。
PCSD主要臨床表現(xiàn)為腰痛、月經(jīng)淋漓不凈和不孕。部分患者可有慢性下腹痛或經(jīng)期腹痛[10-11]。本例患者憩室雖不大,但較多,有發(fā)生大出血的傾向。出血原因可能與以下因素有關(guān)[5]:①子宮內(nèi)膜延伸至憩室內(nèi),周期性剝脫至憩室內(nèi)積血;②憩室開口狹窄,積血排出通而不暢;③憩室內(nèi)感染;④憩室自分泌作用。本例宮腔鏡證實(shí)子宮切口瘢痕內(nèi)廣泛憩室形成,病理示憩室內(nèi)可見內(nèi)膜組織和血凝塊。
PCSD可通過超聲、子宮輸卵管造影、宮腔鏡及MRI等輔助檢查診斷。經(jīng)陰道超聲可大大提高診斷準(zhǔn)確率。子宮輸卵管造影可清晰顯示內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),表現(xiàn)為突出于宮腔外的囊袋狀結(jié)構(gòu)。MRI空間分辨力高,診斷符合率也較高,但價格昂貴。宮腔鏡除能準(zhǔn)確診斷外,還可同時進(jìn)行治療。
DSA造影表現(xiàn)及介入治療:本例DSA表現(xiàn)為雙側(cè)子宮動脈主干及弓狀動脈分支增粗、扭曲,表明憩室合并出血時子宮動脈供血量增多。血管破裂處可見對比劑外溢,未見明顯異常染色、動靜脈瘺及動脈瘤征象,與常見的異位妊娠造影有類似表現(xiàn)[12]。本例栓塞治療效果不佳證明PCSD通過栓塞治療不能達(dá)到根治目的,蓋因盆腔內(nèi)血液循環(huán)豐富,在栓塞動脈主干或分支后側(cè)支循環(huán)選擇性開放,重新給予子宮動脈供血,導(dǎo)致陰道出血復(fù)發(fā)。
本例先后進(jìn)行3次DSA造影和介入栓塞術(shù),雖短期止血效果肯定,但仍不能徹底治愈,與診斷不明有關(guān)。造成延誤診斷原因有:①PCSD發(fā)病隱匿且發(fā)病率低,臨床醫(yī)師不熟悉而忽視;②影像學(xué)檢查不完善,單純DSA難以診斷;③PCSD的DSA表現(xiàn)不典型,影響介入醫(yī)師判斷。故首先要認(rèn)知PCSD發(fā)生于剖宮產(chǎn)者;其次伴有反復(fù)陰道出血者應(yīng)完善相關(guān)影像學(xué)檢查,初步診斷;DSA作為影像學(xué)檢查不具有特征性,但介入栓塞后仍出血者應(yīng)值得懷疑。
總之,PCSD發(fā)病率較低,臨床診斷較難,首先應(yīng)提高此類疾病的認(rèn)識,超聲、子宮輸卵管造影、宮腔鏡及MRI等影像學(xué)檢查對診斷該病有一定的價值。DSA造影表現(xiàn)不具特征性,應(yīng)與異位妊娠鑒別。PCSD的治療方法包括激素治療和外科手術(shù)[5-7,13-14]。
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Interventional therapy of uterine incisional diverticu la due to previous cesarean section associated w ith recurrent vaginal massive hemorrhage:report of one case with literature review
FU Zhi-gang, ZHANG Xiao-lin,YU Chen-xin,LIHai-tao,HAN Qiang,ZHANG Zhi-gang,TAN Guang-xi.Department of Interventional Radiology,Yichang Municipal Central People’s Hospital,the First Clinical Medical College,Three Gorges University,Yichang,Hubei Province 443003,China
ZHANG Xiao-lin,E-mail:zhangxiaolin5800@163.com
ObjectiveTo evaluate the interventional embolization therapy in treating uterine incisional diverticula(i.e.previous cesarean scar defect)due to previous cesarean section associated with recurrent vaginalmassive hemorrhage and to discuss DSA findings of previous cesarean scar defect.MethodsThe clinical data of one patient with uterine incisional diverticula due to previous cesarean section complicated by recurrent vaginal massive hemorrhage were reviewed.The DSA findings and the results of interventional embolization therapy were analyzed.Combined with the medical literature,the mechanism of the disease,imagingmanifestations and the treatmentwere discussed.Resu lts As repeated vaginalmassive hemorrhage the patient underwent 3 times of pelvic artery angiography and embolization therapy,and clinically satisfactory short-term hemostatic effect was achieved.DSA demonstrated that both uterine artery and internal pubic artery participated in the blood supply of the lesions.The feeding arterieswere thickened and tortuous,the right uterine arcuate artery was wider,and the contrast extravasation sign was seen at the left uterine peripheral arteries.No obvious tumor staining or arteriovenous fistula was detected.Hysteroscopic examination revealed thatmultiple tiny diverticula with hematocele developed within the cesarean scar.The uterine incisional scar was surgically removed through laparotomy.During one year follow-up no recurrence of bleeding was observed.ConclusionUterine incisional diverticula have no characteristic DSA manifestations,and interventional embolization therapy with subsequent radical surgery has definite therapeutic effect.(JIntervent Radiol,2014,23:1092-1094)
cesarean section;uterine incisional diverticulum;vaginal massive hemorrhage;interventional therapy
R711.74
B
1008-794X(2014)-12-1092-03
2014-03-25)
(本文編輯:俞瑞綱)
10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2014.12.018
443003湖北宜昌三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院宜昌市中心人民醫(yī)院介入科
張曉磷E-mail:zhangxiaolin5800@163.com