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不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵的生物學(xué)測(cè)定值和營(yíng)養(yǎng)組成分析

2014-02-27 07:37隋麗英
關(guān)鍵詞:鹵蟲(chóng)鹽場(chǎng)脫殼

隋麗英,王 嬌

(天津市海洋資源與化學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津科技大學(xué)海洋科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,天津 300457)

不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵的生物學(xué)測(cè)定值和營(yíng)養(yǎng)組成分析

隋麗英,王 嬌

(天津市海洋資源與化學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津科技大學(xué)海洋科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,天津 300457)

以美國(guó)舊金山灣、大鹽湖和越南人工養(yǎng)殖的A. franciscana鹵蟲(chóng)品系為參照,研究中國(guó)內(nèi)陸鹽湖和渤海灣鹽田不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵的生物學(xué)測(cè)定值和營(yíng)養(yǎng)組成.結(jié)果表明:各品系鹵蟲(chóng)水合卵徑為224.9~292.6μm,脫殼卵徑為207.3~270.7μm,卵殼厚度為2.2~12.2μm,初孵無(wú)節(jié)幼體體長(zhǎng)為399.7~490.4μm,脫殼卵徑與初孵無(wú)節(jié)幼體體長(zhǎng)在一定程度上呈正相關(guān)(R2=0.694).鹵蟲(chóng)卵和無(wú)節(jié)幼體大小與鹵蟲(chóng)種和地理分布密切相關(guān),兩性生殖鹵蟲(chóng)品系卵徑顯著小于孤雌生殖鹵蟲(chóng)品系,且沿海鹽場(chǎng)鹵蟲(chóng)卵卵徑小于內(nèi)陸鹽湖的鹵蟲(chóng)卵卵徑.各品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵蛋白質(zhì)含量占干質(zhì)量的40.9%~49.1%,粗脂肪含量占干質(zhì)量的11.8%~21.3%,能量值為20,193~22,192,J/g.不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)總脂肪酸含量和EPA含量差別較大,分別為80.68~187.33mg/g和 0.53~9.06mg/g.與生物學(xué)測(cè)定值相比,鹵蟲(chóng)卵的營(yíng)養(yǎng)組成與鹵蟲(chóng)種和地理分布關(guān)系不大.

鹵蟲(chóng)卵;生物學(xué)測(cè)定值;營(yíng)養(yǎng)質(zhì)量;能量值;脂肪酸

鹵蟲(chóng)(Artemia)屬小型甲殼類(lèi)動(dòng)物,廣泛分布于熱帶、亞熱帶及溫帶的鹽湖和日曬鹽場(chǎng)中,其生長(zhǎng)的適宜溫度為6~35℃[1],適應(yīng)鹽度為3‰~300‰,能在氯化鈉型、硫酸型和碳酸型等不同離子組成的水域中生存[2–3].鹵蟲(chóng)不僅是中高鹽度水域中主要的浮游動(dòng)物種群和鹵水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的主要生物調(diào)節(jié)者,而且蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪酸含量豐富的鹵蟲(chóng)幼體和成蟲(chóng)還是水產(chǎn)苗種極佳的鮮活餌料[4–5].近年來(lái),由于水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,我國(guó)鹵蟲(chóng)資源的需求量達(dá)到了空前規(guī)模.據(jù)估算,目前我國(guó)鹵蟲(chóng)卵成品年需求量達(dá)到1,300~1,500噸,占世界總需求量的1/3.

鹵蟲(chóng)具有兩性和孤雌兩種生殖方式.目前世界上已發(fā)現(xiàn)和確定了6個(gè)兩性生殖鹵蟲(chóng)種,一個(gè)孤雌生殖種和近500個(gè)鹵蟲(chóng)品系.我國(guó)有3個(gè)本地種,即兩性生殖鹵蟲(chóng)Artemia sinica[6]和A. tibetiana[7],孤雌生殖鹵蟲(chóng)A. parthenogenetica[8]以及若干鹵蟲(chóng)品系.然而由于環(huán)境變化、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖活動(dòng)和接種外來(lái)品系等原因造成本地品系鹵蟲(chóng)種群大量減少甚至近乎滅絕,我國(guó)鹵蟲(chóng)資源多樣性的保護(hù)迫在眉睫.同時(shí)不同種和品系鹵蟲(chóng)在休眠卵卵徑大小、營(yíng)養(yǎng)組成和孵化特性等方面差別較大,直接關(guān)系到其在水產(chǎn)育苗中的應(yīng)用.

本研究以世界上有代表性的兩性生殖鹵蟲(chóng)品系A(chǔ). franciscana為參照,對(duì)中國(guó)沿海鹽田和內(nèi)陸鹽湖等達(dá)到生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的12個(gè)品系的鹵蟲(chóng)卵及初孵無(wú)節(jié)幼體進(jìn)行生物學(xué)測(cè)定值和營(yíng)養(yǎng)組成分析,為豐富我國(guó)鹵蟲(chóng)卵種質(zhì)信息及其在水產(chǎn)育苗和養(yǎng)殖中的應(yīng)用提供相關(guān)信息.

1 材料與方法

1.1 鹵蟲(chóng)品系基本信息

本研究涉及的鹵蟲(chóng)品系信息見(jiàn)表1.

表1 鹵蟲(chóng)卵樣本基本信息Tab. 1 Basic information of the tested Artemia cysts

1.2 鹵蟲(chóng)卵徑及脫殼卵徑的測(cè)定

將少許干燥鹵蟲(chóng)卵放入錐形管中,加入50mL 30‰海水和0.5mL盧戈氏液,在(25±1)℃下充氣水合3h,停氣后加入0.5mL盧戈氏液,放置過(guò)夜后,在顯微鏡下測(cè)量其卵徑.每個(gè)鹵蟲(chóng)品系測(cè)定200個(gè)卵.

將已充分水合3h的鹵蟲(chóng)卵用次氯酸鈉溶液(有效氯8%)去殼,至卵變?yōu)殚偌t色時(shí)即為去殼完全.在顯微鏡下測(cè)量脫殼卵的卵徑,每個(gè)鹵蟲(chóng)品系測(cè)定200個(gè)卵.卵殼厚度按照式(1)進(jìn)行計(jì)算:

1.3 初孵鹵蟲(chóng)無(wú)節(jié)幼體體長(zhǎng)的測(cè)定

將約0.2g鹵蟲(chóng)卵置于錐形孵化管中,加入150mL,30,‰海水,充氣孵化,光照度2,000,lx,孵化溫度28℃.孵化16~24h后,測(cè)定初孵無(wú)節(jié)幼體體長(zhǎng),每個(gè)鹵蟲(chóng)品系測(cè)定200個(gè)無(wú)節(jié)幼體.

1.4 鹵蟲(chóng)卵粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量的測(cè)定

參照GB/T 6432—1994《飼料中粗蛋白測(cè)定方法》,采用凱氏定氮法進(jìn)行粗蛋白含量的測(cè)定;參照GB/T 6433—2006《飼料中粗脂肪的測(cè)定》,采用索氏抽提法進(jìn)行粗脂肪含量的測(cè)定.

1.5 鹵蟲(chóng)卵脂肪酸組成測(cè)定

取0.1g干燥鹵蟲(chóng)脫殼卵,在甲醇、甲苯和氯乙?;旌弦褐絮セ?h(100℃),用正己烷萃取并濃縮脂肪酸甲酯,利用日本島津GC–2010型氣相色譜儀對(duì)脂肪酸進(jìn)行定量和定性測(cè)定[9].脂肪酸甲酯外標(biāo)為19種混合脂肪酸和EPA(美國(guó)Supelco公司).

色譜條件:CBP 20–025–50色譜柱(長(zhǎng)50m,內(nèi)徑0.25mm),F(xiàn)ID檢測(cè)器,檢測(cè)器溫度280℃,進(jìn)樣口溫度280℃.初始溫度180℃,5℃/min升溫至240℃,保留時(shí)間30min.

1.6 鹵蟲(chóng)卵能量值測(cè)定

1g有機(jī)化合物完全氧化時(shí)所放出的熱量為該物質(zhì)的能量值,單位為J/g.精確稱(chēng)取0.5g干燥鹵蟲(chóng)卵,置于IKA C–7000型彈式量熱器中測(cè)定鹵蟲(chóng)卵能量值.

1.7 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)部分生物學(xué)測(cè)定值進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析.采用one way ANOVA對(duì)統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行單因子方差分析,采用Turkey多重比較法檢驗(yàn)組間顯著性差異(P<0.05).

2 結(jié) 果

不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵的生物學(xué)測(cè)定值見(jiàn)表2.

表2 不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵的生物學(xué)測(cè)定值Tab. 2 Biometrics of the tested Artemia cysts

由表2可知:兩性生殖品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵卵徑顯著小于孤雌生殖品系,且內(nèi)陸鹽湖鹵蟲(chóng)卵卵徑大于沿海鹽場(chǎng)蟲(chóng)卵卵徑.3個(gè)A. franciscana品系中越南VSFB水合卵徑最小,為224.9μm;美國(guó)舊金山灣SFB水合卵徑次之,為237.5μm;美國(guó)大鹽湖GSL鹵蟲(chóng)水合卵徑最大,為245.1μm(P<0.05).山西運(yùn)城A. sinica水合卵徑為248.2μm,與GSL無(wú)顯著差別(P>0.05).1990年采集的渤海灣山東埕口和天津塘沽的A. parthenogenetica水合卵徑顯著高于前者,分別為267.9μm和273.7μm(P<0.05).新疆艾比湖和蒙巴湖的A. parthenogenetica水合卵徑分別為292.6μm和292.3μm,為本研究所有鹵蟲(chóng)品系之最大卵徑(P<0.05).2010—2012年采集的渤海灣鹽場(chǎng)的4個(gè)鹵蟲(chóng)卵樣本,卵徑為245.5~258.9μm,介于上述兩性生殖和孤雌生殖品系之間.

各個(gè)品系鹵蟲(chóng)脫殼卵徑大小排序與水合卵徑大小排序基本相似,其中越南VSFB脫殼卵徑為207.3μm;艾比湖和蒙巴湖脫殼卵徑相對(duì)較大,分別為270.7μm和268.5μm,其余品系脫殼卵徑為225.9~270.7μm.卵殼厚度差異較大,GSL卵殼厚度最小為2.2μm,大連瓦房店卵殼最厚為12.2μm,其余品系卵殼厚度為5.8~11.9μm.初孵無(wú)節(jié)幼體體長(zhǎng)為399.7~490.4μm,鹵蟲(chóng)無(wú)節(jié)幼體體長(zhǎng)與其脫殼卵徑回歸擬合結(jié)果(圖1)表明,二者在一定程度上呈正相關(guān)(y=1.144,x+167.8,R2=0.694).

圖1 不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)脫殼卵徑與初孵無(wú)節(jié)幼體體長(zhǎng)的相關(guān)性Fig. 1Relationship between decapsulated cysts diameter and Instar I nauplii length of the tested Artemia cysts

不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量及能量值見(jiàn)表3.由表3可知:各個(gè)品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵粗蛋白質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為40.9%~49.1%,總脂肪質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為11.8%~21.3%,與品系相關(guān)性不大.不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵能量值相近,最小為20,193,J/g,最大為22,192,J/g.

表3 不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量及能量值Tab. 3 Crude protein,lipid content and energy content of the test Artemia cysts

不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵脂肪酸組成及含量見(jiàn)表4.由表4可知:在本研究條件下,各個(gè)品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵可檢測(cè)到12~13種脂肪酸,其中棕櫚酸C16∶0、棕櫚一烯酸C16∶1和油酸C18∶1含量普遍較高.亞油酸C18∶2、亞麻酸C18∶3和EPA C20∶5含量有較大差別,山東埕口(1990)和GSL品系的EPA含量均較低,分別為0.53mg/g和0.73mg/g;蒙巴湖品系含量最高,為9.06mg/g.各個(gè)品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵均不含DHA C22∶6.各品系總脂肪酸含量差別較大,最少為80.68mg/g,最多為187.33mg/g.

表4 不同品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵脂肪酸組成及含量Tab. 4 Fatty acid profiles of the tested Artemia cysts

3 討 論

鹵蟲(chóng)卵卵徑與品系關(guān)系密切,一般而言孤雌生殖品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵徑較大[10–11],而且高海拔地區(qū)鹵蟲(chóng)卵徑大、顏色較深[12–13].本研究中兩性生殖鹵蟲(chóng)品系卵徑顯著小于孤雌生殖鹵蟲(chóng)品系,且沿海鹽場(chǎng)卵卵徑顯著小于內(nèi)陸鹽湖鹵蟲(chóng)卵徑,與前人的研究結(jié)果一致.

本研究中SFB和VSFB品系是所有樣本中卵徑最小的兩個(gè)品系,且VSFB顯著小于SFB.美國(guó)舊金山灣SFB A. franciscana鹵蟲(chóng)卵具有卵徑小,孵化特性好和容易去休眠等特點(diǎn),是目前公認(rèn)的高品質(zhì)鹵蟲(chóng)卵.但近年來(lái),由于美國(guó)舊金山灣鹵蟲(chóng)卵產(chǎn)地已規(guī)劃為自然生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū),禁止商業(yè)捕撈行為,停止了商品卵的生產(chǎn).20世紀(jì)80年代中期開(kāi)始,越南南部Vinh Chau地區(qū)通過(guò)人工養(yǎng)殖鹵蟲(chóng)生產(chǎn)VSFB品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵[14],經(jīng)過(guò)多年的高溫培養(yǎng)和馴化,已形成獨(dú)特的特性,即卵徑更小且更加適合較高的溫度環(huán)境[15].

20世紀(jì)90年代以前,我國(guó)渤海灣鹽田鹵蟲(chóng)為孤雌生殖種群[8].隨后由于沿海蝦蟹水產(chǎn)育苗的迅猛發(fā)展,大量使用外來(lái)品系鹵蟲(chóng)卵,加之美國(guó)舊金山灣A. franciscana在個(gè)別鹽場(chǎng)的引種[16–17],使當(dāng)今渤海灣鹵蟲(chóng)成為孤雌和兩性生殖品系的混雜種群[18–19].本研究中渤海灣地區(qū)的鹵蟲(chóng)卵樣本分別取樣于20世紀(jì)90年代初期的山東埕口和天津塘沽鹽場(chǎng),以及2010—2012年間渤海灣山東埕口、沾化、濰坊和大連瓦房店鹽場(chǎng).針對(duì)這些區(qū)域鹽場(chǎng)的鹵蟲(chóng)種群研究表明,不同季節(jié)鹵水中鹵蟲(chóng)雌雄性比遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于1或接近于1,說(shuō)明這些鹽場(chǎng)中至少存在孤雌生殖和兩性生殖的鹵蟲(chóng),但某些季節(jié)孤雌生殖品系占據(jù)生態(tài)位優(yōu)勢(shì)[19].本研究顯示渤海灣2010—2012年間的鹵蟲(chóng)卵卵徑顯著小于20世紀(jì)90年代初期同一區(qū)域的鹵蟲(chóng)卵卵徑,但大于兩性生殖生殖品系鹵蟲(chóng)的卵徑.渤海灣鹵蟲(chóng)卵卵徑的變化可能與孤雌和兩性品系的混雜有關(guān).今后可通過(guò)分子生物學(xué)方法進(jìn)一步鑒定其種群的多樣性.

鹵蟲(chóng)及鹵蟲(chóng)卵的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分組成(如蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪和脂肪酸等)與品系、發(fā)育階段、鹵蟲(chóng)生存的環(huán)境(特別是餌料條件)等因素有關(guān).研究表明,隨鹵蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,其總蛋白的含量逐步增加,脫殼后鹵蟲(chóng)卵、鹵蟲(chóng)初孵無(wú)節(jié)幼體和養(yǎng)殖成蟲(chóng)的總蛋白質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為43%~57%[20]、54.6%~59.9%[21]和55.6%~58.2%[22].陳立新等[23]指出我國(guó)8個(gè)地區(qū)所生產(chǎn)鹵蟲(chóng)卵的總脂肪質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為11.75%~25.70%.本研究中鹵蟲(chóng)卵總蛋白質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為40.9%~49.1%,總脂肪質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為11.8%~21.3%,沒(méi)有明顯的品系相關(guān)性.

DHA和EPA對(duì)于海水魚(yú)蝦幼苗生長(zhǎng)、存活和抗病力具有重要作用[23].作為水產(chǎn)育苗中最廣泛使用的鮮活餌料,鹵蟲(chóng)中EPA和DHA的含量是評(píng)價(jià)其營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的重要指標(biāo).不同產(chǎn)地鹵蟲(chóng)的總脂肪和脂肪酸組成有較大的差異[9].目前對(duì)上百個(gè)鹵蟲(chóng)品系的脂肪酸研究分析表明,只有極少數(shù)鹵蟲(chóng)品系(如A. tibetiana)中含有較高含量的EPA(21.6~43.0 mg/g,以干質(zhì)量為基準(zhǔn))和較少量的DHA(0.3~1.1mg/g,以干質(zhì)量為基準(zhǔn))[13].研究表明,鹵蟲(chóng)卵中DHA和EPA的含量與該品系鹵蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境(如高紫外線照射、低溫以及浮游植物和細(xì)菌中的脂肪酸組成)密切相關(guān)[14].本研究中各個(gè)品系的鹵蟲(chóng)卵均不含DHA,蒙巴湖、VSFB、山東埕口(2010)和大連瓦房店鹵蟲(chóng)卵的EPA含量較高,因此營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值較高.

致謝:天津科技大學(xué)海洋科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院于瑞雪同學(xué)參與本文的大量分析工作,特此致謝.

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責(zé)任編輯:周建軍

Biometrics and Nutritional Composition Analysis of Different Artemia Cysts

SUI Liying,WANG Jiao
(Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry,College of Marine Science and Engineering,Tianjin University of Science & Technology,Tianjin 300457,China)

The biometrics and nutritional qualities of Artemia cysts originating from the inland salt lakes and the Bohai Bay coastal saltponds in China were studied. Artemia franciscana originating from San Francisco Bay and Great Salt Lake,USA,and those artificially cultivated in Vietnam were chosen as reference strains. The results showed that the cyst diameters of the tested Artemia cysts ranged from 224.9,to 292.6μm,the diameters of the decapsulated cysts ranged from 207.3 to 270.7μm,the chorion thickness ranged from 2.2 to 12.2μm,and the length of the newly-hatched nauplii ranged from 399.7μm to 490.4μm. Linear analysis indicated that,to some extent,the size of the decapsulated cysts is proportional to the length of the newly-hatched nauplii(R2=0.694). In general,the size of the cysts and the length of the nauplii were closely related to the species and geographic locations of the Artemia.Parthenogenetic Artemia cysts are bigger than the bisexual species,and the strains from the coastal saltworks had smaller cyst size than that of inland strains. Crude protein contents of the cysts ranged from 40.9% to 49.1% dry weight,crude lipid contents ranged from 11.8% to 21.3% dry weight and energy content ranged from 20193.6 to 22192,J/g. The total fatty acid contents and particularly EPA contents,were divergent from each other,ranging from 80.68 to 187.33mg/g dry weight and 0.53 to 9.06mg/g dry weight,respectively. Comparison of the biometric values showed that the nutritional qualities of the cysts were not closely related to the Artemia strains.

Artemia cysts;biometrics;nutritional quality;energy content;fatty acids

S932;P745

A

1672-6510(2014)01-0046-05

10.13364/j.issn.1672-6510.2014.01.010

2013–07–26;

2013–11–15

科技部國(guó)際科技合作計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2010DFA32300);天津市自然科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(13JCZDJC28700)

隋麗英(1966—),女,天津人,教授,suily@hotmail.com.

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