集裝箱臨時住宅，女川, 日本

2014-02-20 07:37:38建筑設計坂茂建筑事務所

世界建筑 2014年10期

建筑設計：坂茂建筑事務所

集裝箱臨時住宅，女川, 日本

建筑設計：坂茂建筑事務所

1 夜景/Night view

自2011年3月11日日本東北大地震以來，我們已經考察了50多個紙制隔斷體系（PPS）的避難設施，總計1800多個2m×2m單元的戶間私密性。當時，我聽說女川町由于缺少平地，無法建造足夠的臨時住宅。因此我們提出用貨運集裝箱建造3層的臨時住宅。棋盤式的交錯布置體系在這些集裝箱之間營造出開敞明亮的生活空間。政府提供的標準臨時住宅質量較差，儲物空間也不足。在志愿者和善款的幫助下，我們的住宅全部安裝了內置的櫥柜和架子。這一創(chuàng)新將成為政府避難設施和臨時住宅新標準的范本。

集裝箱臨時住宅的特點

臨時住宅已開始用于災區(qū)，不過數(shù)量仍供不應求。一個主要原因是大部分受災的濱海區(qū)地勢不平。由于臨時住宅通常適用于平地，所以要提供所需的戶數(shù)十分困難。我們在宮城縣女川町把現(xiàn)成的貨運集裝箱（約6m高/20英尺）以棋盤式疊成住宅，最高3層。

集裝箱臨時住宅的特點是：利用現(xiàn)成集裝箱可以縮短施工時間；寬敞的間隔可以為停車場、社區(qū)設施及各戶的私密性提供便利；棋盤式的布局能夠在戶間營造開敞的生活空間；良好的抗震性能；可作為永久公寓使用。

戶型平面

戶型根據(jù)貨運集裝箱的布置可分為3種：19.8m2、29.7m2和39.6m2。19.8m2供單人或雙人居住，29.7m2為3～4人，39.6m2是4人以上。

紙造畫室

這個畫室是日本畫家千住博為捐給宮城縣女川町而設計的。疊置集裝箱臨時住宅建在原有的一座棒球場上。坡形的結構框架是由直徑336mm的紙筒和木節(jié)點組成的。10個框架間隔1.2m。框架之間是架子，既可用于儲物也可用于陳列。這些架子的背板可以避免框架變形。畫室的外表面為聚碳酸酯瓦楞板。北立面上有高側窗提供柔和的自然光。

社區(qū)中心

現(xiàn)場疊置的集裝箱臨時住宅帶來的大間距為社區(qū)中心的設計提供了可能性。與臨時住宅的6m高的集裝箱一樣，社區(qū)中心兩側各有一個集裝箱，分別是設備間和倉庫。兩個集裝箱之間架起一個木屋頂，可以同時容納70人就座。天花板為日本柳杉，地板來自宮城縣本地。（尚晉譯）

Since the 3.11 earthquake, we have visited more than 50 evacuation facilities with 1800 units of 2m × 2m with family privacy. During that time, I learned that Onagawa had difficulty in constructing enough temporary shelters due to the lack of flat land. Therefore, we proposed threestory temporary residential buildings made from shipping containers. By stacking these containers in a checkerboard fashion, bright open living spaces were created between the containers. The standard temporary housing provided by the government was of poor quality and there was not enough storage space. We installed built-in closets and shelves in all of our houses with the help of volunteers and with the donation fund. It will become an example of new standards for the evacuation facilities and temporary housing provided by the government.

The Characteristics of Temporary Container Housing

Temporary housing has been deployed in disaster areas. However, the amount of housing is insufficient. The main reason is that most of the damaged coastal areas are not flat lands. As temporary housing is suitable for flat lands, it is difficult provide the numbers of unit needed. In Onagawa, Miyagi prefecture we built residential buildings by stacking existing shipping containers (about 6.1 meters or 20 feet high) in a checkerboard pattern up to three stories.

The characteristics of temporary container housing: Shortening the construction period by usage of existing containers; the wide space between buildings can be used as parking lots, community facility and privacy of families are ensured; open living space can be obtained in the checkerboard pattern; having excellent seismic performance; can be used as a permanent apartment building.

Unit plan

There are three types of plans, 19.82, 29.72and 39.62. 19.82is for one or two residents, 29.72for three to four and 39.62for more than four.

Paper Atelier

This atelier is designed to be donated to Onagawa, Miyagi prefecture, by Japanese painter Hiroshi Senju. The temporary container housing is located in an existing baseball field. The sloped structural frame is composed of wood joints and paper tubes with a diameter of 336mm. Ten frameworks are spaced 1.2m apart. Between the frames there are shelves, which can be used for storage as well as for display. The backboard of the shelves prevents deformation of the frame. Corrugated polycarbonate sheets make up the exterior of the atelier, with clerestory along the north facade to allow soft and natural light to get in.

Community Center

By stacking the temporary container housing on site, wide spacing is achieved for the community center. Similar to the 20 foot containers of the temporary housing, two containers are placed on either side of the community center, which serve as mechanical and storage spaces. Between the containers a wooden roof structure is constructed, which provides seating for 70 people. The Japanese cedar wood is used for the ceiling and the floor came from Miyagi prefecture.

項目信息/Credits and Data

項目團隊/Project Team: Shigeru Ban, Nobutaka Hiraga,

Jun Matsumori, Yasunori Harano, Reiji Watabe, Voluntary Architects' Network

結構設計/Structural Engineers: Arup

設備設計/Mechanical Engineers: TSP Taiyo Inc.

總承建方/General Contractor: TSP Taiyo Inc.

建成時間/Construction Period: 2011.11

攝影/Photos: Hiroyuki Hirai

2 19.8m2戶型/19.8m2type

3 29.7 m2戶型/29.7 m2type

4 39.6 m2戶型/39.6 m2type

5 市場/Market

6 分解示意/Exploded diagram

7 軸測/Axonometric view

評論

劉彤彤：這個作品可以是“建造的關愛”的最佳注腳。本案最可貴之處，是在災后臨時住宅有限的空間內，確保居住者的私密性，并盡可能提升居住的品質。作品中傾注的不僅是高超的專業(yè)技巧，更有對使用者的無盡關懷。建筑師不再是高高在上的施予者；他提供的也不再是遮風避雨的庇護所，而是可以容納尊嚴、隱私，充滿希望的生活空間。

柳亦春：哪里有地震，哪里就有坂茂。災難將我們逼回了對生存基本保障的空間的思考，安全、快速、心理撫慰……工業(yè)用的集裝箱適應了快速建造的需求，有效的切割令空間變得開敞，滿足了較好的居住質量。坂茂的紙管輕型建造系統(tǒng)雖然并不適宜于大量性的建造，卻能夠在災難面前承擔心靈庇護所的角色，因為它絕對地輕，溫暖、圓柔，給災難后的人們以安全感，建筑學得以拋開任何歷史的羈絆，回到對基本建造所帶來的關于庇護的價值的討論。

Comments

LIU Tongtong: This work could be the best footnote for "To Build with Care". The biggest highlight of this design is to ensure privacy between families in the limited space of temporary housing, and to raise the living quality for its residents. Super professional skills are poured into the design, as well as endless caring for its residents. Here the architect is no longer a superior "almsgiver". What he offers is also no longer a shelter from the storm, but a living space full of hope, a space in which dignity and privacy can be contained.

LIU Yichun: Wherever there is an earthquake, there will be Shigeru Ban. Disasters force us to reflect on the basic requirements a living space, such as security, speed, and psychological consolation. While shipping containers satisfy the needs of quick construction, effective cutting opens up spaces and allows a better quality of life. Although Shigeru Ban's light paper tube structural system is not suitable for mass production, it fulfills the role of a "heart shelter" in face of disaster, for it is absolutely light, warm, round, soft, and able to give people a sense of security after their suffers. In this way, architecture is able to break away from the fetter of history and return to the discussions on the values of shelter brought about by basic construction.

Container Temporary Housing, Onagawa, Japan, 2011

Architects: Shigeru Ban Architects