建筑設(shè)計：坂茂建筑事務(wù)所

責(zé)無旁貸：颶風(fēng)后的重建住宅，新奧爾良，美國

建筑設(shè)計：坂茂建筑事務(wù)所

1.2 外景/Exterior view

2005年8月發(fā)生的卡特里娜颶風(fēng)對新奧爾良市造成了巨大的破壞。從2007年12月開始，由演員布拉德·皮特成立的“責(zé)無旁貸基金會”（Make It Right Foundation）召集了若干世界著名的建筑師來幫助重建遭受洪災(zāi)最嚴(yán)重、而當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裼譀]有資金來重修住所的下九區(qū)。這一慈善項目的宗旨在于創(chuàng)造低成本、可大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的“安全屋”，所有住宅的下方都設(shè)置了地樁以抵御未來可能發(fā)生的暴風(fēng)雨和洪水。而這座建筑——家具套房6號中則集成了預(yù)制的家具單元，并具有新奧爾良當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)的盒式住宅的形式。

家具結(jié)構(gòu)單元（SFU）的設(shè)計是這一住宅項目的基礎(chǔ)。綜合性的結(jié)構(gòu)組件中集成了儲物、保溫以及圍護(hù)的功能。采用SFU結(jié)構(gòu)的最顯著的優(yōu)點在于在提高建筑安全性能的同時降低了成本——因為無需在現(xiàn)場筑造，預(yù)制的SFU構(gòu)件能夠在削減成本的同時保證其高品質(zhì)。重復(fù)的構(gòu)件中提供了預(yù)先設(shè)置好的空間供居住者收納衣服和個人物品。住宅的形式則與新奧爾良地區(qū)的“盒式住宅”非常相似，這也讓建筑與外界及周邊的社區(qū)間重要的聯(lián)系感能保持完好。建筑中部的露臺上有一棵禿柏（原生于路易斯安那州樹種，該州的州樹），不僅為人提供了自然的樹蔭乘涼，也讓建筑保存了一部分新奧爾良的景觀風(fēng)貌。（司馬蕾 譯）

Hurricane Katrina, which occurred in August 2005, caused enormous damages to the city of New Orleans. In December 2007, the Make It Right Foundation, founded by American actor Brad Pitt, called on a number of world renowned architects to design homes in the Lower Nine Ward, an area most devastated by the flooding and whose inhabitants had no money for reconstruction. This charitable project aimed at building "safe houses" at low cost and in mass production. Homes were placed on piers so as to withstand future storms and flooding.This building, Furniture House 6, integrated prefab Furniture Units with New Orleans' traditional form of Shotgun House.

The Structural Furniture Unit (SFU) is the basis of this housing proposal. In the integrated structural components, storage, insulation and materiality are defined and provided. The most significant advantages about SFU are lower cost and better safety. Constructed off-site, the prefabricated SFUs ensure high quality while driving down cost. The repetition of components enables the residents to have a pre-established place for clothes and personal objects alike. The house itself takes on a form similar to the "shotgun" style of New Orleans and keeps intact its main connection to the outside world and surrounding community. At the terrace located at the center of the house, a Bald Cypress tree (native to and state tree of Louisiana) was planted to provide natural shade for the residents and to restore part of the New Orleans landscape.

項目信息/Credits and Data

項目團(tuán)隊/Project Team: Shigeru Ban, Dean Maltz, Grady Gilles, Chad Kraus

項目協(xié)作/Collaborators: John C. Williams Architects, LLC

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計/Structural Engineers: Cali and LaPlace Engineers (Stephen Cali)

設(shè)備設(shè)計/Mechanical Engineers: Comfort Engineering Systems (Ed Perez)

總承建方/General Contractor: TKO Maintenance & Construction

基底面積/Building Area: 102m2

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area: 130m2

建成時間/Construction Period: 2009.07

攝影/Photos: Rafael Longoria (Fig.1), MIRFoundation (Fig.2-4)

評論

柳亦春：在架空層的平板上面，坂茂使用了在工廠預(yù)制的特殊設(shè)計的家具（如壁柜）作為建筑的支撐系統(tǒng)，由于異地預(yù)制的可能，使建筑的造價降低，而建筑的質(zhì)量卻得以提高。這本是每一個建筑師都應(yīng)該做的大量性工作，如今卻變成了少數(shù)杰出建筑師的成就，這不得不使我們反思，究竟是哪一個環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的問題，致使這樣的價值需要再次引起重視。

青鋒：底層架空、槍形平面、封閉外觀、落羽松，這些從屬于新奧爾良本土特征的元素試圖將這座住宅植根于這座城市的土地與歷史之中。但建筑師更為期待的是將“結(jié)構(gòu)式家具單元”的預(yù)制體系擴(kuò)散開來。對于災(zāi)后重建，這種工業(yè)化手段的確具有吸引力。但是預(yù)制體系的可靠性，以及業(yè)主對個性的需求始終是難以回避的挑戰(zhàn)，一座房屋還不足以回答相關(guān)質(zhì)疑。

Comments

LIU Yichun: On this elevated slab, Shigeru Ban utilizes specially designed and pre-assembled furniture (such as cabinets) as supporting system. Due to the possibility of off-site prefabrication, this method reduces the cost of construction while at the same time improve the quality of the building. What should have been done by most architects has become the achievement of several prominent architects only. We cannot help wondering which part of the design process has gone wrong, so that such a value judgment needs to be stressed again.

QING Feng: Pilotis, Shotgun Plan, enclosed appearance, and Bald Cypress tree, all these typical New Orlean features intend to locate this architecture in the land and history of this city. But the architect had the ambition to expand the Structural Furniture Unit (SFU) pre-fabrication system to other places. For post-disaster reconstruction, such industrial method does have strong attractions. But the reliability of pre-fabrication and the client's demand of individuality still present unavoidable challenges for which a single house is not a sufficient answer.

Make It Right: Post-Hurricane Reconstruction Housing, New Orleans, USA, 2009

Architects: Shigeru Ban Architects

3 內(nèi)景/Interior view

4 庭院/Courtyard

5 剖面/Section

6 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

7 主要平面/Main floor plan

8 頂層平面/Roof floor plan