劉業(yè)成 徐軍 朱華棟 王仲 于學忠
【摘要】目的 脈搏血氧波形振幅變異率(respiratory variations in the pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude,ΔPOP)作為容量反應的動態(tài)評估指標正在被廣泛研究。本研究旨在探討ΔPOP在急診感染性休克患者的容量反應評估中的作用。方法 本實驗前瞻性地研究2010年10月到2011年10月北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院急診科搶救室和EICU收治的28例感染性休克患者,記錄所有患者在擴容(羥乙基淀粉萬汶500 mL)前后的各項血流動力學參數(shù),如心輸出量、每搏輸出量變異率(stroke volume variation, SVV)和ΔPOP等,容量反應陽性定義為擴容后患者每搏輸出量較輸液前增加15%以上。結果 容量反應陽性患者擴容前的ΔPOP較容量反應陰性患者高(P<0,01)。擴容前的SVV和ΔPOP兩指標之間存在顯著的正相關關系,Spearman相關系數(shù)為0,900(P<0,01)。結論 ΔPOP對急診感染性休克患者的容量反應預測準確性較高,和SVV有很好的相關性,優(yōu)于CI、SVRI、CVP等靜態(tài)指標,值得進一步研究。
【關鍵詞】容量反應;感染性休克;急診科
The performance of ΔPOP in the assessment of fluid responsiveness in septic shock patients in emergency department Liu Yecheng, Xu Jun, Zhu Huadong, Wang Zhong, Yu Xuezhong. Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
Corresponding author: Yu Xuezhong, Email: dryxz@sina,com
【Abstract】Objective Respiratory variations in the pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude (ΔPOP) have been popularly studied as a dynamic indicators for fluid responsiveness assessment. The authors hypothesized that ΔPOP can indicate fluid responsiveness in septic shock patient in emergency department.Methods A prospective study of 28 patients with septic shock was carried out in Emergency Room and Emergency Intensive Care Unit from 1 October, 2010 to 30 September, 2011. Hemodynamic data including cardiac index, stroke volume variation (SVV) and ΔPOP were recorded before and after volume expansion treatment. Fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase in cardiac index of 15% or greater.Results Changes in ΔPOP after volume expansion were greater in responders than that in non-responders (P<0,01). There was a significant relation between ΔPOP and SVV before volume expansion (r=0,900, P<0,0001). Conclusions ΔPOPcan indicate fluid responsiveness non-invasively in septic shock patient in emergency department. This marker has potential clinical application with high sensitivity and reliability.
【Key words】Fluid responsiveness; Septic shock; Emergency department
容量復蘇在感染性休克的早期目標治療中占據(jù)極為重要的地位[1]。足夠的血管內(nèi)容量是使用血管活性藥物的前提條件,但過多的容量又會造成肺水腫等副作用,因此對患者容量反應的評估尤為重要。常規(guī)的靜態(tài)評估指標如中性靜脈壓(CVP)、肺動脈楔壓(PCWP)目前被認為不能很好地反映患者的容量狀態(tài);而動態(tài)評估指標利用了患者每搏量隨呼吸的變化,已被證實能較靜態(tài)指標更好地預測容量反應[2]。但是,動態(tài)指標的獲取常常有一定困難:每搏輸出量變異率(SVV)和脈壓變異率(PPV)是有創(chuàng)的,相關的并發(fā)癥不可回避[3];下腔靜脈直徑變異率、主動脈流速的脈沖多普勒異率等則在技術上有一定要求,難以廣泛開展。目前對于上呼吸的機患者,脈搏血氧波形振幅變異率(respiratory variations in the pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude,ΔPOP) 正在被廣泛研究[4]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ΔPOP對心室的前負荷變化很敏感[5],能在手術室中很好地預測患者的容量反應[6]。本研究旨在探討ΔPOP在急診感染性休克患者的容量反應評估中的作用。
1 資料與方法
1,1 一般資料
本實驗前瞻性地研究2010年10月到2011年10月北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院急診科搶救室和EICU收治的感染性休克患者,所有患者滿足《2004嚴重感染和感染性休克治療指南》的感染性休克診斷標準。入組患者同時滿足以下條件:(1)控制性機械通氣;(2)有氧飽和度監(jiān)測;(3)有脈搏波形指示的連續(xù)心輸出量(pulse indicated continuous cardiac output, PiCCO)監(jiān)測?;颊叩娜虢M排除標準:(1)有自主呼吸;(2)有持續(xù)的心律失常;(3)已有明確血容量過多的臨床表現(xiàn)。
所有患者置入中心靜脈導管(頸內(nèi)靜脈或鎖骨下靜脈)和外周動脈導管(股動脈)進行PiCCO監(jiān)測,采用熱稀釋方法測定心輸出量,自中心靜脈注射15 mL低于8 ℃的生理鹽水,描記熱稀釋曲線,計算得到心輸出量指數(shù)(CI)、外周血管阻力指數(shù)(SVRI)、經(jīng)胸血管內(nèi)容量指數(shù)(ITBVI)、SVV等。采集數(shù)據(jù)時對患者充分鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛,采用容量控制通氣,潮氣量8~10 mL/kg,呼吸頻率12~15 次/min,呼氣末正壓設置為0~5 cmH2
另一方面,從感染性休克PiCCO監(jiān)測的各項指標看,筆者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)常規(guī)血流動力學參數(shù)心率、平均動脈壓、中心靜脈壓、心輸出量指數(shù)乃至外周血管阻力對于預測患者的容量反應效果不佳,再一次說明靜態(tài)指標的局限性,每個患者的心輸出量指數(shù)、中心靜脈壓、外周血管阻力等的絕對數(shù)并不能提示患者的血管內(nèi)容量是否足夠。在所有的靜態(tài)指標中,只有PiCCO所特有的容量指標ITBVI在筆者的研究中和患者的容量反應有一定關系。但在實際應用上,筆者也發(fā)現(xiàn),對于一些特殊患者,如本身有心臟問題:心肌肥厚、心腔較小,或心臟擴張、心腔較大的患者,ITBVI的結果也無法用正常人的參考值進行衡量,此時用它預測容量反應并不可靠。而動態(tài)容量指標SVV和筆者關注的ΔPOP在感染性休克患者的容量負荷試驗中,陽性組和陰性組之前有很顯著地差異,說明它們預測患者的容量反應都很可靠。
當然,ΔPOP也有其局限性。首先是動態(tài)容量指標的普遍問題,為了保證每次呼吸對循環(huán)的影響一致,需要患者在嚴格的控制性機械通氣下才能進行,對非插管上機的患者不適用[15];其次,ΔPOP的應用前提是心律齊,在心律不齊如房顫患者ΔPOP是不適用的;再次,脈搏血氧波形會受患者局部因素的干擾。雖然本研究中沒有出現(xiàn),但皮膚過厚、膚色過深或手指循環(huán)太差、皮溫過低等因素,都會導致脈搏血氧波形無法顯示。
綜上所述,筆者的研究認為ΔPOP對急診感染性休克的患者的容量反應預測準確性較高,和SVV有很好地相關性,優(yōu)于CI、SVRI、CVP等靜態(tài)指標,其價值有待于進一步前瞻性研究的證實。
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(收稿日期:2013-06-13)
(本文編輯:邵菊芳)
DOI:10,3760/cma,j,issn,1671-0282,2014,01,005
作者單位:100730 北京,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院急診科
通信作者:于學忠,Email:dryxz@sina,com
P15-18