楊清川, 彭 林, 王斐英, 徐小英, 王立新
(1.中國科學(xué)院 成都有機化學(xué)研究所,四川 成都 610041; 2.中國科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049)
吲哚骨架廣泛存在于天然產(chǎn)物、藥物以及其他人工合成的具有生物活性的物質(zhì)中[1]。螺環(huán)吲哚骨架是很多藥物及天然生物堿的核心結(jié)構(gòu)[2~4]。伴有苯并吡喃的螺環(huán)吲哚已經(jīng)被證實具有廣泛的活性,包括如抗菌、抗病毒性、抗誘變性、抗增生性、性信息素、抗腫瘤性以及中樞神經(jīng)活性等[5~10],因此對螺環(huán)氧化吲哚的合成引起了研究人員的極大關(guān)注。3,4-二氫嘧啶酮類化合物亦具有鈣通道阻止劑, α-1a-拮抗劑以及Y-神經(jīng)肽拮抗劑的藥效,高度引起了有機合成化學(xué)家的重視[6~8]。Biginelli反應(yīng)作為多組分反應(yīng)之一,常用于3,4-二氫嘧啶酮的合成。近年來,有關(guān)不對稱催化Biginelli反應(yīng)的報道日漸增多,但反應(yīng)受體限制于芳香醛,苯乙酮等[11~15],而靛紅參與的Biginelli反應(yīng)未見報道。
本課題組[16~18]長期致力于有機催化的不對稱反應(yīng)研究,在螺環(huán)氧化吲哚的構(gòu)建方面取得了一定的成績,發(fā)展了不對稱雙Michael加成反應(yīng)、不對稱Michael/Aldol串聯(lián)反應(yīng)及吲哚烯參與的不對稱1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng)構(gòu)建螺環(huán)氧化吲哚的新方法。在前期工作基礎(chǔ)上,本文以手性伯胺硫脲為催化劑,首次嘗試了靛紅、乙酰乙酸乙酯及脲參與的三組分不對稱Biginelli反應(yīng),合成了一個新型的嘧啶酮螺環(huán)氧化吲哚(4, Scheme 1)。其結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)1H NMR,13C NMR表征。
Scheme1
Chart1
Brucker-300型核磁共振儀(DMSO-d6為溶劑,TMS為內(nèi)標(biāo)); SPA-20A型液相色譜儀[手性AD柱,檢測波長:254 nm,流動相:V(正己烷) ∶V(異丙醇)=50 ∶50,流速1 mL·min-1, 檢測溫度:30 ℃]。
(1R, 2R)-1, 2-二苯基乙二胺, (1R, 2R)-環(huán)己基乙二胺,成都麗凱手性技術(shù)有限公司;乙酰乙酸乙酯,對甲基苯磺酸(TsOH),D-樟腦磺酸(D-CSA),成都艾斯特公司;薄層層析硅膠,青島海洋化工有限公司;其余所用試劑均為分析純,其中石油醚和乙酸乙酯使用前重蒸;四氫呋喃,使用前經(jīng)二苯甲酮/金屬鈉回流干燥除氧處理;N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)用硫酸鎂預(yù)干燥后經(jīng)減壓蒸餾,收集76 ℃/4.8 kPa餾分。
在反應(yīng)試管中依次加入D-CSA 93 mg(0.04 mmol),催化劑0.04 mmol,脲24 mg(0.4 mmol),靛紅29.4 mg(0.2 mmol),乙酰乙酸乙酯39 mg(0.3 mmol),DMF 1 mL,封口膠密封,攪拌下于40 ℃反應(yīng)4 d(TLC跟蹤,展開劑:乙酸乙酯,Rf=0.3)。冷卻至室溫,用混合溶劑[V(CH2Cl2) ∶V(H2O)=2 ∶1, 3×10 mL]萃取,合并有機相,濃縮后經(jīng)硅膠柱層析[洗脫劑:V(石油醚) ∶V(乙酸乙酯)=1 ∶5]純化得白色固體433.6 mg,收率,56%;1H NMRδ: 10.24(s, 1H, NH), 9.38(s, 1H, NH), 7.81(s, 1H, NH), 6.75~7.20(m, 4H, PhH), 3.71(m, 2H, CH2), 2.45(s, 3H, CH3), 0.81(t, 3H, CH3);13C NMRδ: 178.3, 165.4, 151.3, 150.8, 143.0, 135.2, 129.6, 124.2, 122.4, 110.1, 97.80, 64.0, 19.4, 19.0, 14.1。
表 1 靛紅參與的不對稱biginelli反應(yīng)aTable 1 Asymmetric Biginelli Reaction with Isatin
a1 0.2 mmol,n(1 ) ∶n(2)∶n(3 )=1 ∶2 ∶1.5, at 40 ℃ for 4 d;bIsolated yield on the benzaldehyde;cdetermined by HPLC
以靛紅,乙酰乙酸乙酯,脲為模板反應(yīng)底物,考察了催化劑、添加劑及溶劑等對反應(yīng)的影響,結(jié)果見表 1。從表1可見,以TsOH為添加劑,室溫下反應(yīng)難以進行(Entry 1),于40 ℃反應(yīng)4 d,得中等收率的4,但只有3%的對映選擇性。對其它伯胺硫脲Ⅰ~Ⅱ進行考察發(fā)現(xiàn)在該條件下獲得的產(chǎn)物對映選擇性都很低(Table 1, Entry 3~Entry 5)。嘗試以D-CSA代替TsOH作為助催化劑反應(yīng),收率有所降低(47%~56%),ee值明顯上升(13%~22%)(Entry 6~Entry 10)。另外嘗試了叔胺伯胺、氨基醇、伯胺氨基酸、叔胺硫脲等催化劑,但是都不能催化該反應(yīng)。同時,對溶劑進行篩選,在其他溶劑如THF, CH2Cl2中反應(yīng)很難進行,目前未能找到合適的反應(yīng)條件。
本文對基于靛紅底物參與的手性伯胺硫脲催化的不對稱Biginelli反應(yīng)進行了初步研究, 最佳反應(yīng)條件為: 1 0.2 mmol,n(1 ) ∶n(2)∶n(3 )=1 ∶2 ∶1.5, 20 mmol%D-CSA和催化劑,于40 ℃反應(yīng)4 d,收率79%, 對應(yīng)選擇性22%ee。
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