米濤免 孫永馨
(首都醫(yī)科大學宣武醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,北京100053)
腦小血管病(small vessel disease,SVD)的解剖學定義是指所有累及顱內(nèi)小血管的疾病,包括小動脈、微動脈、毛細血管和小靜脈疾病,但目前臨床廣泛使用的狹義定義認為SVD是指腦小動脈及微動脈血管?。?]。英國一項以一般人群為基礎的前瞻性研究[2-3]顯示,65歲以上老年人中約2/3存在SVD。SVD中很大一部分表現(xiàn)為亞臨床病變,其引起的卒中常在急性期的臨床癥狀及近期預后較其他類型表現(xiàn)輕,所以容易被患者及醫(yī)務工作者忽視。但是越來越多的國內(nèi)外研究表明,SVD 是導致頭暈[4]、血管性認知障礙和癡呆[5]、老年抑郁癥[6]、步態(tài)異常[7]、帕金森樣癥狀[8-9]、排尿障礙[10]等的重要因素,可以嚴重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量,因此并不能完全將其視為良性過程。影像學檢查手段的發(fā)展為診斷SVD提供了重要依據(jù),主要包括腔隙性腦梗死(lacunar infarct,LI)、腦白質(zhì)病變(white matter lesions,WMLs)、擴大的血管周圍間隙(enlarged perivascular spaces,EPVS)和微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)。本文就SVD的影像學及臨床表現(xiàn)進行系統(tǒng)地綜述,以加深臨床醫(yī)師對SVD及其危害的認識,并指導臨床診治及尋找未來研究方向。
圖1 腦小血管病影像學表現(xiàn)Fig.1 Imaging of small vessel disease
SVD通常具備以下四種影像學表現(xiàn)(圖1),這些表現(xiàn)可同時存在亦可單獨存在,它們雖然不是SVD唯一特有表現(xiàn),但高度提示SVD。
腔隙性腦梗死包括急性腔隙性腦梗死(acute lacunar infarct)和腔隙(lacunes)。
1)急性腔隙性腦梗死:通常是指最大直徑不超過20 mm的圓形、橢圓形或管狀的梗死灶[13],這一定義是通過對腦梗死晚期的病理研究得到的,然而Wardlaw等[14]及Bang等[15]通過影像學研究發(fā)現(xiàn)急性梗死灶可演變?yōu)榍幌痘蝾怶MLs信號甚至消失(圖2),這就對急性腔梗的最大直徑提出了質(zhì)疑,并強調(diào)了病變時期的重要性。急性腔隙性腦梗死最多見于基底節(jié)、腦橋及丘腦,計算機斷層成像(computed tomography,CT)上表現(xiàn)為邊界清晰的低密度影,在磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)T2 加權像(T2-weighted imaging,T2WI)、彌散加權成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復序列(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,F(xiàn)LAIR)上呈高信號,T1 加權像(T1-weighted imaging,T1WI)上呈低信號。
圖2 急性梗死灶可變?yōu)榍幌痘蝾怶MLs信號甚至消失[14]Fig.2 Acute stage infarcts could turn to lacune or white matter lesions or disappear[14]
2)腔隙:指直徑為3~15 mm充滿腦脊液的腔[14],通常被認為是陳舊性腦梗死。CT上表現(xiàn)為邊界清晰的低密度影,MRI T1WI呈低信號、T2WI呈高信號,可呈圓形、橢圓形或裂隙狀,多見于基底節(jié)區(qū)、內(nèi)囊、丘腦及腦橋[1]。文獻[16-17]顯示急性腔隙性腦梗死演變?yōu)榍幌兜谋壤秊?8%~94%,大動脈粥樣硬化性疾病和栓塞引起的急性非腔隙性梗死灶也可演變?yōu)榍幌叮?8],因此 Wuerfel等[19]提出只有存在多發(fā)腔隙或當其與中度以上WMLs共存時,才能認為腔隙是由SVD引起。
也稱腦白質(zhì)疏松(leukoaraiosis,LA),是指腦白質(zhì)廣泛脫髓鞘病變,常累及腦室旁、半卵圓中心及放射冠。在CT上表現(xiàn)為低密度影,在MRI上表現(xiàn)為邊界模糊的雙側(cè)基本對稱斑片狀或斑點狀甚至發(fā)生融合的病變,T1WI為等或低信號,T2WI、FLAIR序列為高信號。自Hachinski等[20]首次提出“腦白質(zhì)疏松”這一定義23年來,對WMLs的臨床和病理研究越來越多,目前公認 WMLs是由 SVD 造成[1]。Schmidt等[21]通過病理學研究發(fā)現(xiàn)老年人顱內(nèi)融合的WMLs能夠反應SVD的嚴重性,且WMLs的發(fā)展變化可以成為臨床上反應SVD預后的終點事件。
需要特殊的檢查如梯度回波序列才能發(fā)現(xiàn),CMBs在梯度回波序列T2* 加權核磁共振(T2-weighted gradient-recalled echo,GRE-T2*)上表現(xiàn)為直徑為2~5 mm均勻一致的卵圓形低信號或信號缺失,病灶周邊無水腫[22]。CMBs主要發(fā)生在白質(zhì)、深部灰質(zhì)及幕下。Greenberg等[23]通過對老年人口調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)CMBs發(fā)生率高達11%-23%,CMBs在SVD患者中更常見,且Kato等[24]研究顯示CMBs與WMLs嚴重性及LI數(shù)量正相關。
又稱 V-R 間隙(virchow-robin spaces,VRS),指小穿支動脈周圍充滿腦脊液的間隙,是蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔的延續(xù)[25],通常小于1 mm×2 mm,多見于半卵圓中心、基底節(jié)及海馬區(qū)[26]。MRI T2WI上表現(xiàn)為沿穿支動脈走行分布的高信號影,與鏡像平面平行時呈線性,與鏡像平面垂直時則呈點狀[12]。MRI上EPVS需與LI鑒別,其在質(zhì)子密度加權像(proton density weighted images,PdWI)上表現(xiàn)為等腦脊液信號[27-28]。Doubal等[12]認為EPVS是SVD顱內(nèi)病變的另一種表現(xiàn)形式。Rouhl等[29]通過對165例 SVD患者 EPVS與缺血性腦損傷的相關性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基底節(jié)區(qū)EPVS與LI有相關性,而側(cè)腦室旁EPVS與WMLs有相關性。
SVD除可引起腔隙性卒中外,還可導致血管性認知障礙和癡呆、步態(tài)異常、頭暈、老年抑郁癥、帕金森樣癥狀、排尿障礙等多種非特異性癥狀,目前大多數(shù)臨床醫(yī)師對這些非特異性癥狀認識不足。
SVD是引起腔隙性卒中及顱內(nèi)出血的重要原因之一,Sudlow等[30]在一項國際協(xié)作研究中提出腔隙性卒中占所有卒中的20%,占缺血性卒中的25%。主要表現(xiàn)為各種腔隙綜合征,如純運動性偏癱、單純感覺障礙、構音障礙-手笨拙綜合征、共濟失調(diào)性輕偏癱等。盡管腔隙性卒中急性期很少導致死亡,但有一定的致殘率,且可以增加腔隙性卒中復發(fā)率[31]及認知障礙、癡呆的發(fā)病率。目前認為SVD引起腔隙性卒中的病理機制主要有兩種:一是由粥樣硬化性斑塊阻塞近端穿支動脈引起其供血范圍內(nèi)面積較大的梗死,癥狀常有進行性加重,且預后較差[32];二是由遠端小穿支動脈廣泛脂質(zhì)透明樣變性和纖維素樣壞死引起面積較小的梗死[33-34],往往與其他 SVD 表現(xiàn)(WMLs、腔隙)共存。
但是急性腔隙性卒中并不等于SVD,小部分(小于10%)大動脈狹窄也可以引起腔隙性卒中,其機制往往是載體動脈壓閉穿支動脈[35-37]。此外,栓塞也可導致急性腔隙性卒中,一系列單個隊列研究及meta分析結(jié)果顯示只有10%~15%的腔隙性卒中由栓塞引起[38-40],Macdonald 等[41]通過動物實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)注入頸內(nèi)動脈的栓子只有6%進入了穿支動脈。Del Bene等[32]認為栓塞引起的急性腔梗大多位于基底節(jié)區(qū),其他部位的急性腔梗則多由小動脈本身病變引起。
以起病隱襲,進行性加重為特點[5],主要表現(xiàn)為執(zhí)行功能和信息處理速度降低[42-44]。Roman 等[5]2002年在《柳葉刀》雜志上發(fā)表的文章提出SVD是最常見的引起血管性癡呆的原因。一項456例尸檢病理研究[3]顯示,75歲以上老年人中SVD患者癡呆的發(fā)病率為非SVD患者的3倍多。
LI、WMLs、CMBs、EPVS 均可導致認知功能障礙。Koga等[45]對350名平均年齡72.4歲的老年人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LI的部位與認知障礙類型有關,LI的數(shù)量與認知障礙嚴重程度成正比,然而Nitkunan等[46]研究顯示若患者同時存在LI和WMLs,其LI數(shù)量卻與認知障礙嚴重程度無關。2005~2006年間的16項研究證明WMLs可導致認知障礙[47],且可以作為認知障礙早期的預警信號[48-50]。然而,F(xiàn)risoni等[51]認為 WMLs與總體認知功能減退無關,只有當合并了其他特殊認知障礙如精神運動性遲滯、注意力不集中、執(zhí)行缺陷綜合征時,才能將WMLs作為癡呆的標志。Werring等[52]研究顯示CMBs也可引起認知功能障礙,并能增加癡呆的發(fā)病率[53]。Maclullich 等[54]對社區(qū)抽樣的97名65~70歲健康男性進行MRI研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)EPVS數(shù)量增加與認知功能,尤其是非文字推理和視空間能力下降相關。O'Sullivan等[55]認為SVD引起認知障礙的機制可能是因為其破壞了與記憶、信息處理速度及執(zhí)行功能相關的額葉-皮層下環(huán)路。
正常步態(tài)有賴于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)以及骨骼肌肉系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)工作,三者間聯(lián)系纖維的破壞即可引起步態(tài)異常。臨床上,常用的正常步態(tài)參數(shù)有步寬(兩側(cè)足中心線之間的距離,正常大約5~10 cm)、跨步長(一側(cè)足跟到同側(cè)足跟邁步后的距離,正常大約100~160 cm)、步頻(每分數(shù)邁出的步數(shù),正常:95~125步/min)和步行速度(單位時間內(nèi)行走的距離,為跨步長與步頻的乘積),而異常步態(tài)即表現(xiàn)為步態(tài)參數(shù)的改變。
Verghese等[7]對488名70~99歲社區(qū)老年人步態(tài)異常流行病學調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)約35%SVD患者表現(xiàn)為步態(tài)異常。de Laat等[56]對431名 SVD患者進行 MRI與步態(tài)參數(shù)相關性研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)WMLs、LI、CMBs均與步態(tài)參數(shù)獨立相關。三者均可引起跨步長縮短,其中LI還可引起步頻減低,從而導致步行速度減慢,且WMLs體積和LI數(shù)量與步行速度減慢程度呈正比。此外,嚴重SVD患者還可表現(xiàn)為步寬增大。SVD患者步態(tài)異常還與皮層厚度有關,de Laat等[57]通過對415名50~85歲SVD患者步態(tài)異常與皮層厚度相關性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),額葉腹外側(cè)、眶回、頂下小葉、扣帶區(qū)、視覺聯(lián)想?yún)^(qū)的皮層厚度與跨步長成正比,運動前區(qū)、運動輔助區(qū)、扣帶回的皮層厚度與步頻成正比,額葉腹外側(cè)、眶回、扣帶回前部尤其是頂葉前部及顳上回與步寬成反比。SVD引起步態(tài)異常的機制可能是因為其破壞了聯(lián)系控制步態(tài)的多個大腦區(qū)域間的白質(zhì)纖維束,進而破壞皮層與皮層、皮層與脊髓間的聯(lián)系[58]。
包括輕度帕金森樣體征(mild parkinsonian signs,MPS)和血管性帕金森病(vascular parkinsonism,VP)。
1)MPS:包括行走遲緩,震顫,肌強直及姿勢步態(tài)異常。在一定程度上,可認為MPS是帕金森氏病的前驅(qū)期。SVD,尤其是 WMLs和 LI與 MPS密切相關[8-9,59]。研究[8-9]表明,WMLs 體積與 MPS 嚴重性呈正比,然而臨床中發(fā)現(xiàn)部分重度WMLs患者并不出現(xiàn)MPS,de Laat等[60]認為可能與 WMLs尤其是側(cè)腦室旁額葉WMLs內(nèi)白質(zhì)微結(jié)構完整性的破壞程度有關。Reitz等[9]對268名65~83歲社區(qū)人群進行SVD與MPS相關性研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)皮層下WMLs能夠增加靜止性震顫的發(fā)生率,而皮層下及側(cè)腦室旁WMLs可增加肌強直嚴重程度;LI能夠增加靜止性震顫和運動遲緩的發(fā)生率,且LI數(shù)量增加可加重靜止性震顫的嚴重性。鑒于額葉、頂葉小面積WMLs及丘腦LI即可使MPS發(fā)生率明顯增加,由此推斷,SVD通過破壞基底節(jié)-丘腦皮層回路而導致MPS的發(fā)生[61]。
2)VP:指由腦血管病引起的帕金森病,這一概念自提出以來一直備受爭議,直到CT、MRI應用到臨床證實血管性損傷尤其是腦深部LI和WMLs確實能表現(xiàn)為帕金森癥狀[62-63]。其臨床表現(xiàn)同 MPS。van Zagten等[59]認為 SVD為血管性帕金森病的重要病因,他們通過對103例CT上表現(xiàn)為腦深部LI、流域性腦梗死(大腦中動脈主干閉塞或兩個以上M2段閉塞所致腦梗死)或WMLs的患者隨訪3年發(fā)現(xiàn),36%患者至少存在一種帕金森樣癥狀,10%患者有帕金森綜合征,并且LI者行走遲緩、肌強直及姿勢步態(tài)異常發(fā)生率高于流域性腦梗死,WMLs患者帕金森癥狀發(fā)生率較無WMLs患者高出兩倍之多。Reider-Groswasser等[64]對45例基底節(jié)LI患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)38%有帕金森癥狀。血管性帕金森病的發(fā)生機制可能與 LI或WMLs破壞基底節(jié)-丘腦皮層回路有關[59]。
頭暈為老年人的常見癥狀,以往認為若患者僅有頭暈而無其他神經(jīng)缺損癥狀,則很少將其與SVD聯(lián)系在一起。然而有研究[4]顯示,WMLs與頭暈密切相關,越來越多以頭暈為主訴的患者其行頭顱MRI檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)WMLs[65],且常存在其他血管病危險因素,如肥胖、高密度脂蛋白水平降低等。因此,當臨床上頭暈患者找不到其他可解釋的病因時,需考慮到SVD的可能。
LLD突出表現(xiàn)為精神運動性阻滯、注意力不集中及興趣缺失[35,66-67]。SVD 患者尤其是 WMLs 患者,可表現(xiàn)為抑郁[68-70]。Nebes 等[71]認為 LLD 僅與 WMLs體積有關,與LI無關,然而,Grool等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)腦深部白質(zhì)走行區(qū)的LI、WMLs均能導致LLD。SVD導致LLD的機制尚不明確,目前認為可能有以下3種機制:①Alexopoulos等[72]提出“血管性抑郁假說”,認為 SVD通過破壞前額區(qū)的情感調(diào)節(jié)結(jié)構或其調(diào)節(jié)通路導致LLD。②Fu等[73]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SVD患者左側(cè)額下回萎縮(與老年人情緒調(diào)節(jié)相關)可能參與了LLD的發(fā)生。③ van Uden等[74]認為SVD患者左側(cè)杏仁核體積縮小也可與LLD的發(fā)生有關,可能系杏仁核參與人類情緒調(diào)節(jié)過程。
文獻報道SVD患者排尿障礙主要包括排尿肌反射亢進[10](主要表現(xiàn)為夜間尿頻)和尿失禁[75]。Sakakibara等[10]通過對63例除外腦干梗死及大范圍半球梗死的患者WMLs與排尿障礙相關性研究分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)有WMLs患者、無WMLs患者中排尿肌反射亢進發(fā)生率分別為82%和9%,說明WMLs可能為膀胱去神經(jīng)支配的重要原因之一,并提出WMLs患者可能在其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀出現(xiàn)前先出現(xiàn)排尿障礙。Tarvonen-Schroder等[75]發(fā)現(xiàn) WMLs尿失禁發(fā)生率也較無WMLs者高。
綜上所述,SVD在早期可無任何臨床癥狀,但隨著病情的發(fā)展可出現(xiàn)頭暈、老年抑郁癥、帕金森樣癥狀、步態(tài)異常、排尿障礙、血管性認知障礙或癡呆等,從其癥狀的多樣性和遠期致死率、功能損害來看,是一組具有重要臨床意義的顱內(nèi)病變。SVD臨床表現(xiàn)往往不典型,容易被漏診或誤診。如果能夠早期識別癥狀,早期實現(xiàn)病因?qū)W診斷則有助于對因治療、延緩疾病進展。
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