武永剛,劉楠,馬波
(1.河北大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,河北保定 071002;2.河北大學(xué)生物技術(shù)研究中心,河北保定 071002)
三聚氯氰是一種重要的有機(jī)化工中間體,是目前國(guó)際上少數(shù)幾種年產(chǎn)量10×104t以上的雜環(huán)化合物,在農(nóng)藥[1-2]、生物醫(yī)藥[3-10]、活性染料、熒光增白劑[11-15]、反應(yīng)催化[16-19]以及高分子合成等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域有廣泛的應(yīng)用[20-21].
三嗪環(huán)上的3個(gè)氯原子受碳氮不飽和鍵的影響活性增強(qiáng),極其容易被-OH,-NH,-SH等親核性基團(tuán)逐步取代,所以很容易將其引入聚合物的鏈段中,以提高聚合物的耐熱、阻燃和介電等性能,因此三聚氯氰的研究引起高分子科學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)W者們的重視.
本文制備的2種單體具有相當(dāng)于ABB′單體,其中A代表單體中的氨基或羥基,B和B′分別代表2個(gè)活性不同的Cl原子,并且B可以在較低的溫度被親核基團(tuán)取代,而B(niǎo)′只能在較高的溫度下被取代,因此,可以通過(guò)對(duì)溫度的控制,實(shí)現(xiàn)A官能團(tuán)對(duì)B和B′官能團(tuán)的逐步取代,進(jìn)而生成線性聚合物和支化度可控的超支化聚合物.本文詳細(xì)地探討了2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨及2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪2種單體的合成路線和條件,截至目前該單體未見(jiàn)相關(guān)報(bào)道.
美國(guó)Thermo公司Nicolet-380型傅里葉紅外光譜儀;美國(guó)Agilent公司TrapXCT型液相色譜與質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀;德國(guó)Bruker公司Avance-400型核磁共振儀.三聚氯氰(石油醚(60~90℃)中重結(jié)晶2次),天津海洋化工廠;乙醇胺,天津市華東試劑廠;三氟乙酸(TFA),天津市科密歐化學(xué)試劑有限公司;二氯甲烷,天津市科密歐化學(xué)試劑有限公司(均為AR).
1.2.1 2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨的合成
根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)制得1.54g即2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5三嗪-2-氧)乙基-氨基甲酸叔丁酯[19],將其放入到100mL單口瓶中,加入15mL精制的二氯甲烷,電磁攪拌,冰水浴降溫至4℃.待體系穩(wěn)定后加入3mL三氟乙酸,撤去冰水浴,用TLC跟蹤檢測(cè).反應(yīng)3.5h完畢后,將溶液旋蒸,留有少量溶劑在乙醚中沉降得白色固體,過(guò)濾留下固體,并用50mL乙醚沖洗,將其放入真空干燥箱于40℃干燥6h,得到白色固體2.33g,產(chǎn)率98%.合成路線如圖1所示.
圖1 2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨的合成路線Fig.1 Synthesis route of 2-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin)-oxygen ammonium trifluoroacetate
1.2.2 2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪的合成
在100mL圓底燒瓶中加入無(wú)水碳酸鉀(1.500g,10.8mmol)、精制乙醇胺(0.663g,10.8mmol)和40mL精制四氫呋喃,然后放入低溫恒溫反應(yīng)浴,電磁攪拌,待體系溫度穩(wěn)定在-20℃時(shí),向其中緩慢滴加三聚氯氰(2.000g,10.8mmol)的四氫呋喃(20mL)溶液,30min滴加完畢,用TLC監(jiān)測(cè)反應(yīng)進(jìn)行程度.反應(yīng)進(jìn)行3h有大量新產(chǎn)物生成,升溫至-5℃反應(yīng)2h結(jié)束.反應(yīng)溶液經(jīng)過(guò)濾除去固體物質(zhì),在濾液中加入少量硅膠,并在30℃蒸干溶劑,用V(石油醚)∶V(乙酸乙酯)=11∶5的混合溶劑作為淋洗液過(guò)硅膠柱,得純凈產(chǎn)物,并在30℃條件下真空干燥10h,得白色晶體(mp:103.5~104.5℃)1.7g,產(chǎn)率90%.合成路線如圖2所示.
圖2 2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪的合成路線Fig.2 Synthesis route of 2,4-dichloro-6-h(huán)ydroxyethylamino-1,3,5-triazine
2.1.1 反應(yīng)體系的討論
表1是制備2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨時(shí)所使用的3種反應(yīng)體系,其中濃HCl/THF反應(yīng)體系產(chǎn)率很低,主要是因?yàn)槟繕?biāo)產(chǎn)物在水中有很大的溶解度,因此反應(yīng)的后處理會(huì)造成產(chǎn)物大量流失.干燥HCl/THF和TFA/CH2Cl2反應(yīng)體系產(chǎn)率很高,但是干燥HCl/THF體系反應(yīng)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng),制備干燥的HCl比較繁瑣.因此TFA/CH2Cl2反應(yīng)體系比較適合作為反應(yīng)條件.
表1 制備2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨的反應(yīng)時(shí)間、產(chǎn)率與反應(yīng)體系的關(guān)系Tab.1 Relationship of reaction time and yield with reaction system in the preparation of 2-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin)-oxygen ammonium trifluoro acetate
2.1.2 溶解性
表2是2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨在常用溶劑中的溶解性對(duì)比.
表2 2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨的溶解性Tab.2 Solubilities of 2-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin)-oxygen ammonium trifluoro acetate
2.2.1 縛酸劑對(duì)產(chǎn)率的影響
如表3所示,實(shí)驗(yàn)采用四氫呋喃作溶劑時(shí),比較了K2CO3,NaOH,NaHCO3,TEA作為縛酸劑對(duì)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)率的影響.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明采用TEA作為縛酸劑時(shí),在反應(yīng)過(guò)程中生成黏稠的不溶的鹽,影響電磁攪拌的速度,并且后處理比較繁瑣,致使產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)率很低.而NaOH的堿性過(guò)強(qiáng),反應(yīng)過(guò)程中生成的副產(chǎn)物也過(guò)多,因此也不適合作為此反應(yīng)的縛酸劑.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明K2CO3與NaHCO3催化效果較好,生成的副產(chǎn)物較少,產(chǎn)物收率很高.
表3 THF溶液中堿的種類(lèi)對(duì)反應(yīng)時(shí)間和產(chǎn)率的影響Tab.3 Effect of various types of base dependence of reaction time and yield in THF solution
2.2.2 溫度和滴加速度對(duì)產(chǎn)率的影響
在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)溫度和滴加速度對(duì)產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)率的影響非常顯著.由于三聚氯氰與乙醇胺的反應(yīng)是放熱反應(yīng),因此低溫有利于反應(yīng)進(jìn)行,同時(shí)緩慢的滴加速度也可有效提高產(chǎn)率.實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中通過(guò)TLC監(jiān)測(cè)反應(yīng),結(jié)果表明當(dāng)反應(yīng)開(kāi)始的時(shí)候,溫度控制在-20℃時(shí),生成的一取代的產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)率很高.反應(yīng)末期由于反應(yīng)物濃度減小,適當(dāng)?shù)纳邷囟扔欣谔岣弋a(chǎn)物產(chǎn)率.
2.2.3 溶解性
如表4所示,2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪在大多數(shù)溶劑中都能溶解.
表4 2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪在室溫條件下的溶解性Tab.4 Solubilities of 2,4-dichloro-6-h(huán)ydroxyethylamino-1,3,5-triazine
2.3.1 2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨的紅外表征結(jié)果
如圖3所示,3 441cm-1和1 700cm-1附近是氨基的特征吸收峰,3 000cm-1附近是亞甲基的伸縮振動(dòng)吸收峰,1 700cm-1附近是羰基吸收峰,而1 600,1 500,1 300cm-1附近是1,3,5-三嗪環(huán)骨架振動(dòng)峰,1 184cm-1應(yīng)為C-F特征吸收峰,790cm-1附近是C-Cl的特征吸收峰.
圖3 2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨的紅外譜Fig.3 FTIR spectrum of 2-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin)-oxygen ammonium trifluoroacetate
2.3.2 2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪的紅外表征結(jié)果
如圖4所示,3 390cm-1附近是-OH的吸收峰,說(shuō)明有大量羥基存在;3 289cm-1附近和1 615cm-1附近是-NH的伸縮振動(dòng)吸收峰,2 950cm-1附近是亞甲基的吸收峰,1 500cm-1附近和1 380cm-1是1,3,5-三嗪環(huán)骨架的特征吸收峰,614cm-1附近是C—Cl特征吸收峰.
圖4 2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪的紅外譜圖Fig.4 FTIR spectrum of 2,4-dichloro-6-h(huán)ydroxyethylamino-1,3,5-triazine
2.3.3 2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨的1H-NMR譜圖表征結(jié)果
化學(xué)位移2.50處是DMSO溶劑質(zhì)子峰,3.17處為與-NH3+相連的亞甲基的質(zhì)子峰,4.53處為與氧原子相連的亞甲基質(zhì)子峰,8.20處為-NH3+上3個(gè)H的質(zhì)子峰.
2.3.4 2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪的1H-NMR譜圖表征結(jié)果
化學(xué)位移2.50處是DMSO溶劑的質(zhì)子峰,3.34~3.36處為與-NH相連的亞甲基的質(zhì)子峰和DMSO溶劑中H2O的質(zhì)子峰,3.49處是與-OH相連的亞甲基的質(zhì)子峰,4.76處是氨基的質(zhì)子峰.由于羥基與氯原子的氫鍵作用致使羥基質(zhì)子峰向低場(chǎng)移動(dòng),所以圖中的9.09處即為羥基的質(zhì)子峰.
2.3.5 2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪的13C-NMR譜圖表征結(jié)果
化學(xué)位移39.89~41.14是DMSO溶劑峰,44.40處為與-NH相連的亞甲基的C峰,59.66處是與-OH相連的亞甲基的C峰,166.35處是與-NH相連的三嗪環(huán)上的C峰,169.30和170.26處是三嗪環(huán)上另外2個(gè)C峰.
2.3.6 2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪的LC-MS譜圖表征結(jié)果
其模擬相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為207.99,在液相中3.8min時(shí)出峰.由于Cl原子具有35Cl和37Cl 2種同位素,所以實(shí)際測(cè)得相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為206.7~211.6.
以三聚氯氰和乙醇胺為原料制備了2種新型含三嗪環(huán)ABB′活性單體,即2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨和2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪,對(duì)于2-(4,6-二氯-1,3,5-三嗪)-氧乙基三氟乙酸銨,當(dāng)采用TFA/CH2Cl2反應(yīng)體系時(shí),3.6h產(chǎn)率高達(dá)98%.對(duì)于2,4-二氯-6-羥乙氨基-1,3,5-三嗪,反應(yīng)溫度為-20℃,反應(yīng)時(shí)間為5.5h,K2CO3與NaHCO3催化效果較好,生成的副產(chǎn)物較少,產(chǎn)物收率高達(dá)90%.傅里葉變換紅外光譜儀(FTIR)、液相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀(LC-MS)和核磁共振光譜儀(NMR)等儀器表征結(jié)果證實(shí)合成的樣品為目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物,結(jié)構(gòu)正確.
[1] J MATSUI,SHOU GOJi,T MURASHIMA,et al.Molecular imprinting under molecular crowding conditions:an aid to the synthesis of a high-capacity polymeric sorbent for triazine herbicides[J].Anal Chem,2007,79:1749-1757.
[2] GOLDMAN L R.Atrazine,simazine &cyanazine:notce of initiation of special review[J].Federal Register,1994,60412-60443.
[3] STEINBERG K G,STROMSBORG L,THOMAS,et al.Strategies for covalent attachment of DNA to beads[J].Biopolymers,2004,73:597-605.
[4] SUN Yuyu,CHEN Zhaobin,BRAUN M.Preparation and physical and antimicrobial properties of a cellulose-supported chloromelamine derivative[J].Ind Eng Chem Res,2005,44:7916-7920.
[5] MOSBACH K,YU Yihua,ANDERSCH J,et al.Generation of new enzyme inhibitors using imprinted binding sites:the anti-idiotypic approach,a step toward the next generation of molecular imprinting[J].J Am Chem Soc,2001,123:12420-12421.
[6] CHEN Huiting,NEERMAN M F,PARRLSH A R.et al.Cytotoxicity,hemolysis,and acute in vivo toxicity of dendrimers based on melamine,candidate vehicles for drug delivery[J].J Am Chem Soc,2004,126:10044-10048.
[7] KERMAN B.Affinity Gel Electrophoresis of DNA[J].J Am Chem Soc,1999,121:7292-7301.
[8] MAKRIYANNIS T,CLONIS Y D.Design and study of peptide-ligand affinity chromatography adsorbents:application to the case of trypsin purification from bovine pancreas[J].Biotechnol Bioeng,1997,53:49-57.
[9] HASHEMI-NAJAFABADI S.A method to optimize PEG-coating of red blood cells[J].Bioconjugate Chem,2006,17:1288-1293.
[10] 宋艷茹,竹百均,蔡定漢,等.三聚氯氰在熒光增白劑工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用與展望[J].精細(xì)與專(zhuān)用化學(xué)品,2006,14(15):1-6.SONG Yanru,ZHU Baijun,CAI Dinghan,et al.Application of cyanuric chloride in fluorescent brightener industry[J].Fine and Specialty Chemicals,2006,14(15):1-6.
[11] GRABCHER I,PHILIPOVA P.Photophysical and photochemical properties of some triazine stilbene fluorescent brighteners[J].Dyes Pigm,2000,44:175-180.
[12] 曾繁滌,朱致雄,談曉宏.取代SDS酸/三聚氯氰聚合物的熒光性能研究[J].功能材料,1998,10:177-178.ZENG Fandi,ZHU Zhixiong,TAN Xiaohong.Fluorescence properties of DSD Acid/Cyanuryl Chlorid Polymer[J].Journal of Functional Materials,1998,10:177-178.
[13] MARIE M M,EL-NAGGAR A M,ZOHDY M H,et al.Fixation of some direct dyes on r-irradiated nylon-6fabrics through treatment with cyanuric chloride[J].Polym Adv Technol,1997,8:339-346.
[14] LEWIS D M,VONCINA B.Durable press finishing of cotton with polycarboxylic acids.I preparation of thiosuccinyl-striazine[J].J Appl Polym Sci,1997,66:1465-1474.
[15] 溫飛,鄧義,陳立功.三聚氯氰在催化有機(jī)合成中的應(yīng)用[J].精細(xì)石油化工,2007,24(6):71-75.WEN Fei,DENG Yi,CHEN Ligong.Applications of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine in catalytic organic synthesis[J].Speciality Petrochemicals,2007,24(6):71-75
[16] ROSENAU T,POTTHAST A,P KOSMA.Studies into reactions of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide(NMMO)and its hydrates with cyanuric chloride[J].Tetrahedron,2002,58:9809-9815.
[17] BANDGAR B P,PANDIT S S.Synthesis of acyl azides from carboxylic acids using cyanuric chloride[J].Tetrahedron Lett,2002,43:3413-3414.
[18] LUCA L D,GIACOMELLI G,PORCHEDDU A.An efficient route to alkyl chlorides from alcohols using the complex TCT/DMF[J].Org Lett,2002,4:553-555.
[19] LUCA L D,GIACOMELLI G,PORCHEDDU A.Mild and highly selective formyl protection of primary hydroxyl groups[J].J Org Chem,2002,67:5152-5155.
[20] NAMAZ H,ADELI M.Solution proprieties of dendritic triazine/poly(ethyleneglycol)dendritic triazine block copolymer[J].J Polym Sci:Part A:Pol Chem,2005,43:28-41.
[21] CHOUAI A,SIMANEK E E.Kilogram-scale synthesis of a second-generation dendrimer based on 1,3,5-triazine using green and industrially compatible methods with a single chromatographic step[J].J Org Chem,2008,73:2357-2366.