許桂民

(廣州市醫(yī)藥職業(yè)學(xué)校，廣東 廣州 514300)

錯誤分析理論是英國應(yīng)用語言學(xué)家Corder 于1967 年提出的.對此理論的研究主要建立在行為主義理論基礎(chǔ)上.行為主義理論把語言看做為一套習(xí)慣.在學(xué)習(xí)新的習(xí)慣(目的語)時，舊的習(xí)慣(母語)根深蒂固地會對其產(chǎn)生影響.這種影響被稱為“遷移.”對目標(biāo)語學(xué)習(xí)有促進作用的影響稱為“正遷移”，有妨礙作用的影響稱為“負(fù)遷移”，學(xué)生的錯誤便是“負(fù)遷移”的產(chǎn)物.但“正”“負(fù)”遷移是可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化的.錯誤如果得到及時糾正，負(fù)遷移便可轉(zhuǎn)化為正遷移，從而對語言學(xué)習(xí)起到促進作用.因此，從行為主義理論角度看，研究學(xué)生語言學(xué)習(xí)中的錯誤意義有三.第一，告知教師，如果進行系統(tǒng)的錯誤分析，就會知道學(xué)生離語言學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)還有多遠(yuǎn)，還要學(xué)哪些.第二，給研究語言是怎樣習(xí)得的、語言學(xué)習(xí)過程中中使用了哪些策略和程序的研究者們提供研究依據(jù).第三，在某種意義上也是最重要的方面，和學(xué)習(xí)者本人密不可分的，因為錯誤是學(xué)習(xí)者運用語言的一種方法，也是檢驗對他正在學(xué)的語言本質(zhì)的假設(shè)的一種方法.錯誤分析既是孩子們習(xí)得母語，也是成人習(xí)得二語所使用的重要策略.

1 中職學(xué)生的英語語法錯誤

廣州市醫(yī)藥職業(yè)學(xué)校是醫(yī)藥職業(yè)學(xué)校，學(xué)生的英語基礎(chǔ)較差，英語書面表達(dá)更是錯誤連篇，有拼寫錯誤、用詞不當(dāng)、意義表達(dá)不清、結(jié)構(gòu)不行等等，最突出和嚴(yán)重的是語法錯誤.可以說，很難找到一句沒語病的句子.為此，根據(jù)我校20 個受試學(xué)生的書面表達(dá)(Can money buy happiness?)羅列他們常犯的八類語法錯誤.需說明的是，為了錯誤歸類的順利，不少句子部分改正過了的.即使是這樣，挑出來的這些句子中有些在意義表達(dá)上存在問題，該文只就句子中的語法錯誤作分析.

1.1 詞性功能紊亂

不同詞性的詞各司其職.一般來說，名詞和代詞可作主、賓、表語，動詞作謂語，形容詞作定語、表語、補語，數(shù)詞可作定、主、賓、表語，副詞作狀語，介詞后接名詞、代詞，若把名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞作謂語，那就是詞性功能混亂不清了.

(1)Busy making money will sometimes make you tired.(Being busy......形容詞短語作主語)

(2)We must friendly to others.(be friendly，形容詞作謂語)

(3)Without money is possible.(No money，介詞短語作主語)

(4)They sure they have many friends to share happiness and sorrow.(are sure，形容詞作謂語)

(5)They are the most happiness people in the world.(happy，名詞作定語)

(6)You can very sad.(be very sad，形容詞短語作謂語)

(7)Happiness doesn't like the goods from the supermarket.(isn't like，介詞作謂語)

(8)They have no communicate with money.(communication，動詞作賓語)

(9)The little can be cured and his family can back to happiness.(be back，副詞作謂語)

(10)No one gets touch with them sincerity.(sincerely，名詞作狀語)

(11)When you relatives were sick，you can support them a good hospital.(your，代詞作定語)

1.2 不一致性

不一致性包括主謂不一致、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不一致、主從復(fù)合句時態(tài)不一致、結(jié)構(gòu)的不一致.如主語是三人稱單數(shù)時，謂語動詞要加S;可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前要加不定冠詞a(n)，復(fù)數(shù)要加S;主語和賓語或表語結(jié)構(gòu)平行、一致.

(1)Many people with a lot of possession don't live a happy life.(possessions)

(2)A rich couple is quarrelling every day.(are)

(3)It should depend on how he spend money.(spends)

(4)To such question，my answer is that money can buy happiness.(a question)

(5)The rich person want to buy the poor person's health.(wants)

(6)Every coin has two side.(sides)

(7)The stress become more and more.(becomes)

(8)There are no smile.(smiles)

(9)I firmly believe that happiness exist in my mind.(exists)

(10)The man who are kindhearted and hardworking can get it.(is)

(11)He think his life is miserable.(thinks)

(12)Money are not everything.(is)

(13)Some of them did not have a real friends.(real friends)

(14)He said he will go home soon.(would)

(15)To see is believing.(Seeing 或to believe)

(16)Knife should be taken away from babies.(knives)

1.3 動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)

時態(tài)是表示動作發(fā)生的時間.動詞時態(tài)是中職學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)的最難點，也是出錯率最高的地方.動詞時態(tài)共有16種，語態(tài)只有主動和被動2種，主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的發(fā)出者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的對象.但是語態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)中，學(xué)生要記住，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài).

1)時態(tài)

(1)The time will never came back.(come)

(2)It's do great harm to health.(does)

(3)Happiness is really exist in our life.(exists)

(4)The only thing after he open his eyes is to think about how to earn money.(opens)

(5)He have hear the story twice.(has heard)

(6)These men didn't had much money.(didn't have)

(7)She saw me twice.(has seen)

(8)They go shopping yesterday.(went)

(9)We sit here now.(are sitting)

(10)We are liking rabbits.(like)

(11)Li Bai is the famous poet of ancient China.(was)

(12)The king give him money to stay in the palace.(gave)

(13)As we all known，money is very important.(know)

2)語態(tài)

(1)The beggar was died at the roadside.(died，vi)

(2)The car accident was taken place at the junction of two highways.(took place，vi)

(3)The story was happened long long ago.(happened，vi)

(4)I watched him until he was disappeared.(disappeared，vi)

(5)New bicycles must keep inside.(be kept)

(6)The money has to return to the bank someday.(be returned)

(7)The food has cooked.(has been cooked)

(8)The book is sold well.(sells，此句為vi)

(9)I seated beside her.(was seated)

(10) Happiness can't buy with money.(be bought)

(11)When you feel sad，you could have someone to be listened to you.(listen)

1.4 成分殘缺或混亂

句子成分殘缺指的是句子缺主語、謂語、賓語、表語或引導(dǎo)詞等.

(1)As I have found much evidence to prove that money can't buy happiness.(只有從句，缺主句，應(yīng)將As 去掉)

(2)When you shopping，you are happy.(are shopping，缺謂詞)

(3)Even if you have much money is meaningless.(it is，缺主語)

(4)There is a story is about money.(去there is或去后一個is，一句兩謂)

(5)There are some people do not have much money.(一句雙謂，去There are 或在do 前加引導(dǎo)詞who)

(6)Money just a requirement.(缺謂語，just 前加is)

(7)We also can happy.(be happy，謂語不全)

(8)A person who have nothing but health.(只有主語，去掉who 后把have 改為has 或另補全謂語部分)

(9)So why people nowadays seeking for richness?(缺助動詞，在why 后加are)

(10)A family，their happiness comes from harmony.(主語混亂，A family's)

(11)It easy to see that money is not the whole thing in our life.(缺謂語，is easy)

(12)We living in the world.(缺謂語，are living)

(13)We need money buy things.(一句雙謂，to buy)

(14)They still living an unhappy life.(缺謂語，are still living)

(15)We can become rich depend on our own efforts.(一句雙謂，by)

(16)Always compare with others.(缺主語，加復(fù)數(shù)人稱主語)

1.5 搭配不當(dāng)

搭配不當(dāng)包括詞、詞組或短語搭配不當(dāng)，如單位詞、情態(tài)動詞、動賓詞組、介賓詞組、動詞短語、介詞短語、than 前用比較級等搭配不當(dāng)?shù)?

(1)Money can brings all.(bring)

(2)You need not to worry about your basic living.(don't need to worry 或needn't worry)

(3)You can enjoy the happiness of help others.(helping)

(4)I want to be superior than others.(more superior)

(5)Money can add happiness but can not create happiness.(add to)

(6)They cares nothing unless earn money.(care for nothing but)

(7)In our daily life we can always heard somebody complaint about his money is not enough.(hear)

(8)She smiled at first，then burst out cry.(crying)

(9)The parents are busy with making money.(in)

(10)I have no money for take part in activities.(taking)

(11)My teacher explained me the text very carefully.(explained......about)

(12) God endows us healthy body.(endows......with)

1.6 中國式英語

由于受母語的干擾，學(xué)生們常常會寫出high 3(高三)，表妹(watch sister)這樣令人啼笑皆非的中國式英文表達(dá).學(xué)生在這方面的錯誤主要是根據(jù)中文思維逐詞逐句地翻譯，以下錯句同出一轍.

(1)The money came from all directions standed for Chinese warm heart.(錢來自各方代表了 中國人的熱心)

(2)It can't represent money can buy everything.(它不能代表錢能夠買一切)

(3)Love stands for pay off.(愛代表付出)

(4)They have a good body.(他們有個好身體)

(5)Our food，clothes，house，car，all need money to buy.(我們的食物、衣服、房子、車子所有的需要錢買)

(6)Happiness is not only need money.(幸福是不僅需要錢)

(7)He thinks people around him is want to cheat him.(他認(rèn)為他周圍的人是想欺騙他)

(8)I think money can't buy happiness.(英語里think 賓語從句的否定必須前置)

(9)He work often very busy.(他工作經(jīng)常很忙)

(10)I know money smells bronze.(我知道錢散發(fā)著銅臭味)

1.7 過度規(guī)則化

規(guī)則要學(xué)，但任何規(guī)則都有其例外.如果把規(guī)則擴大到例外的情況上，那就是過度歸納或過度規(guī)則化.如形容詞比較級，動詞的過去式和過去分詞，名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)，動詞的三人稱單數(shù)等.

(1)When you wear beautiful clothes，you will be look like more pretty.(prettier)

(2)He was writting a letter to his parents.(writing)

(3)Money can send his childs to college.(children)

(4)We boys like to be policemans.(policemen)

(5)He drinked bottled water.(drank)

(6)It makes people to crime.(crime)(由ask sb.to do sth.類推)

(7)I insist to say money can't buy happiness.(on saying)(由hope to do sth.類推)

(8)She suggested us to go to the park.(going)(由tell sb.to do sth.類推)

(9)He is more cleverer than his classmate.(cleverer)

1.8 引導(dǎo)詞用錯

(1)You can do anything what do you want to do.(that)

(2)Although they have a lot of money，but it can't buy happiness.(Although 和but 只能留一個)

(3)How do you know they love your money or wealth?(they 前加whether)

(4)Even they have a lot of money，the money cannot buy the time they wasted.(Even if)

(5)Many people can easily find it，many people can't see it.(第二分句前加but)

(6)Happiness is something need to be created by ourselves.(that needs)

以上對語法錯誤的總結(jié)主要歸為八類，事實上語法方面的錯誤還不止這些方面，如虛擬語氣錯誤，代詞所指不一致和代詞的格混用，幾個動詞堆一塊，成分多余等.另外在錯誤分類中，有時即可以列為這一類，又可列為那一類，主要根據(jù)錯誤的特點來的，如They parents are busy with making money和A family，their happiness comes from harmony 兩句，既可以說是Chinglish，又可以說是詞性功能紊亂，還可以說主語成分混亂不清.鑒于篇幅，只歸為其中一類.

2 原因分析

2.1 語際錯誤—母語的干擾

自出生起，母語就在腦袋里扎了根.當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)外語單詞時，學(xué)生總要依靠其中文意思才能領(lǐng)會和記住它.學(xué)英語句子時，學(xué)生也總喜歡把它和中文的語法規(guī)則加以比對.由于語言的共性和差異性，當(dāng)中英兩種語言的規(guī)則一致時，這種比對會生成正確的句子，這就是前文所說的正遷移，對語言學(xué)習(xí)有促進作用;但當(dāng)兩種語言的規(guī)則不一致時，這種比對就會生成不合英語語法的Chinglish 句子，這就是負(fù)遷移，對語言學(xué)習(xí)有干擾作用.中文里，動詞沒時態(tài)之說，名詞沒有單復(fù)數(shù)形式，主語是三人稱單數(shù)時動詞也沒變化，同一個詞的名詞和動詞都是一個形式，而在英語里英語時態(tài)16種之多，名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)之分(datum，data)，動詞的三人稱單數(shù)后加S(He thinks...)，同一意義而不同詞性有不同的詞形(originate，original，originality)等等.正因為學(xué)生對語言的差異性掌握不夠，所以才生成不合語法的句子來.

語際錯誤，說白了，是中西兩種思維模式的差異.所以，教師要提醒學(xué)生養(yǎng)成用英語思維的習(xí)慣.

2.2 語內(nèi)錯誤—規(guī)則的放大

學(xué)習(xí)者經(jīng)過一段時間的學(xué)習(xí)，對目標(biāo)語獲得了一定的知識積累.在語言產(chǎn)出的過程中，往往根據(jù)邏輯推陳出新，但是任何規(guī)則都有例外，由于沒掌握規(guī)則中的例外，于是犯了放大規(guī)則的語內(nèi)錯誤.這就是語言學(xué)中所說的過度規(guī)則化(overgeneralization).例如:(1)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，由two rooms，two cars 推出two sheep，two fish，two knifes(2)形容詞、副詞比較級，more nicer(把用于多音節(jié)形容詞比較級的more 用到了單音節(jié)形容詞比較級前)，more pretty(prettier，prettiest)雙音節(jié)形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級，有部分隨單音節(jié)形容詞和副詞，有部分隨多音節(jié)形容詞和副詞的.(3)動詞過去式和過去分詞，由worked 推出teached(taught)，shooted(shot)，sitted(sat);由blow(blew，blown)推出flow(flew，flown).(4)由tell sb.to do sth./ ask sb.to do sth.推出make sb.to do sth./ let sb.to do sth./ suggest sb.to do sth./ remind sb.to do sth./ mind sb.to do sth.

以上分析的是語內(nèi)干擾、語際干擾兩大主要原因，實際的語言學(xué)習(xí)中，也可能由于別的因素的干擾而寫出不合語法的句子，這就有待進一步的研究和挖掘.

3 結(jié)語

對于學(xué)生中出現(xiàn)的這些語法錯誤，教師應(yīng)該持寬容的態(tài)度，告知他們犯錯是語言學(xué)習(xí)中很自然和難免的，不要一出現(xiàn)錯誤就厭煩，盯著不放，責(zé)備學(xué)生這個知識點沒掌握，給學(xué)生造成心理壓力.同時也要告知學(xué)生重視這些錯誤，努力糾正他們.另外老師教學(xué)中也要積極地采取委婉的糾正策略，如面批時，帶著微笑重復(fù)這個句子“A rich couple is quarrelling everyday.”并將is 重讀予以暗示，學(xué)生自己就可能將錯誤糾正過來，嘗到成就感.

總之，語法錯誤是任何語種學(xué)習(xí)面臨的大問題，只有不斷地糾正錯誤，學(xué)習(xí)者才能不斷取得進步，才能產(chǎn)出地道的目標(biāo)語句子和篇章來，教師教學(xué)也才更具針對性.

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