齊紅杰
情態(tài)動詞對過去推測的虛擬表達即“情態(tài)動詞+have +過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)是英語語法中的一個難點,也是歷屆高考試題考查的一個重點,然而,許多考生并未掌握這一結(jié)構(gòu)的特點和用法。下面筆者結(jié)合近年來相關(guān)高考試題,就“情態(tài)動詞+have +過去分詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)的五種基本用法作如下小結(jié)和分析,也許對考生有所幫助。
一.“must + have + v-ed”用于肯定句當中,表示對過去所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)十分肯定的一種推測,意為“一定……”、“想必……”。
例1. The teacher __ have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn't have wasted time on him, I suppose. (2007安徽)
A. should B. can C. would D. must
簡析: 答案為D。本題考查“must +have + -ed”結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去的十分肯定推測用法。句意為:我想,老師過去一定認為約翰遜值得一教,不然,她不會在他身上浪費時間。
例2(2007上海)--- Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.
--- Great! You ______ read widely and put a lot of work into it.
A. must B. should C. must have D. should have
簡析: 答案為A。上句句意是:——我學(xué)期論文得了A。 ——太好了!你一定廣泛閱讀并投入大量工作。,表示一種很肯定的推測。
例3(2007江蘇)——She looks very happy. She ______ have passed the exam.
--- I guess so. Its not difficult after all.
A. should B. could C. must D. might
簡析;答案是:C。上句句義是:她看上去很高興,——她一定通過了考試。 ——我想也是,考試根本不難。
二 “can/could + have+-ed”表示對過去某情況的可能性的判斷,意為“過去可能已經(jīng)做了某事”。
例1. (2008山東卷 24)Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we ______ it without you.
A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed
簡析:答案是:B。上句句義是:我認為,如果沒有你,我們過去不可能做好這工作。
例2.(2008天津卷 06)She ______ have left school, for her bike is still here.
A. cant B. wouldnt C. shouldnt D. neednt
簡析:答案是A.上句句義是:她不可能離開學(xué)校,因為她的自行車還在這兒。
例3(2007福建)My MP4 player isnt in my bag. Where I have put it?
A. can B. must C. should D. would
簡析:答案是:A.上句句義是:我的MP4播放機不在我的書包,我可能把它放在哪里?
三.“may/might + have +-ed”用于肯定句或否定句中,表示對過去發(fā)生某事的可能性的推測,意為“或許(已經(jīng))……”或“或許還沒有……”。語氣最弱。
例1.(08江西卷26)What a pity. Considering his ability and experience, he ____ better.
A. need have done B. must have done C. can have done D. might have done
簡析:答案是 D.上句句義是:太遺憾了,考慮他的能力和經(jīng)驗,他原本或許把那件事做得更好。
例2.(2008重慶卷 30) ---I cant find my purse anywhere. ---You have lost it while shopping.
A. may B. can C. should D. would
簡析: 答案為A。may+ have -ed表示過去有可能做某事,對過去不確定的推測,語氣最弱。上句句義是:你有可能購物時丟了。
四.“should/ought to + have +-ed”,用于肯定句中,表示對過去沒有做某事得遺憾,意為“本來應(yīng)該……的(但實際上卻沒有……)”,往往含有責備的意思;用于否定句當中,表示對做過的事的責備,意為“本來不該……的(但實際上卻已經(jīng)……了)”。
例1(2008江蘇卷 35) —Im sorry. I ______ at you the other day.—Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
A. shouldnt shout B. shouldnt have shouted C. mustnt shout D.mustnt have shouted
簡析:答案是:B.上句句義是:對不起,前幾天我不該對你大喊——忘掉它吧,我也有的不能自控。
例2(NMET 2007湖南)--- My cats really fat.
--- You ______ have given her so much food.
A. wouldnt B. couldnt C. shouldnt D. mustnt
簡析: 答案為C。couldnt + have +-ed表示對過去的否定性推測, 意為“不可能”;“must + have + -ed”的否定式推測用cant +have +-ed”,而不用mustnt + have +-ed; wouldnt +have +-ed結(jié)構(gòu)常用于虛擬語氣當中,均不符合題意。shouldnt +have + -ed表示對做過的事的責備,意為“本來不該給貓?zhí)嗟氖澄锏模ǖ珜嶋H上卻已經(jīng)給了它太多的食物了,以致于貓?zhí)至耍?。故C正確。
例3. ( NMET 1999上海)There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You _______ come, but why didnt you?
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
簡析: 答案為D。must +have +-ed結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去可能性的肯定推測;need 表示推測常用于否定句當中;should+動詞原形表示(現(xiàn)在)應(yīng)該那么做;ought to +have+-ed表示本來應(yīng)該做而沒有做,意為“昨天的宴會上有許多有趣的事,你理應(yīng)來的,但你為什么沒來呢?”。故D正確。
(陜西省洋縣中學(xué))