郭曉麗
賓語從句在初中英語語法中有著相當重要的地位,幾乎每年的中考都有對賓語從句不同角度的考查。筆者認真研讀了近年來有關賓語從句的中考題,發(fā)現(xiàn)其考查的重點一般都集中在以下幾個方面:
一、考查賓語從句的連接詞
(1)由陳述句充當賓語從句時,用that引導,that無實在意義,在口語和非正式文體中常省略。
例.Miss Liu said ____ she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk. 【A】
A.that B.where C.which D.what
(2)由一般疑問句充當賓語從句時,用if或whether引導,意為“是否”。
例.I don't know ____ he still lives here. 【D】
A.where B.what C.when D.whether
應試規(guī)律:當if和whether(表示“是否”)引導賓語從句時,應注意以下幾種情況:
a.介詞之后的賓語從句,只能用whether連接,而不用if。
b.在具有選擇意義又有or或or not時,尤其是直接與or not連用時,往往用whether;
c.動詞不定式之前,只能用whether。
(3)由特殊疑問句充當賓語從句時,只需用原來的特殊疑問詞來引導。
例:—Be careful! Don't break the bottles. Do you hear ____ I said, Jim?
—Yes, mum. 【A】
A.what B.that C.why D.if
例:—Do you know ____miss Gao will leave?
—Tomorrow morning. 【A】
A.when B.what C.who D.where
二、考查賓語從句的語序
總的來說,無論原句是陳述句還是疑問句,賓語從句都應用陳述語序。即:“連接詞+主語+謂語+其他”。根據(jù)連接詞在從句中所擔任的成分不同,可分為:
(1)連接詞在從句中作主語時,其語序為:“連接詞+謂語+其他”。常見的連接詞有:who, what等。
例:Could you tell me ____?【B】
A.where is the post office B.who knows the answer
C.what are they doing D.when does the shop open
例:Can you tell me ____? 【A】
A.what's wrong with the bike
B.what wrong is with the bike
C.what the bike is wrong with
D.what wrong is the bike with
考題分析:what's wrong with…?是一個特殊疑問句。而同學們在學習賓語從句時,老師反復強調(diào)從句部分應用陳述句語序,所以許多同學在閱讀后,常迅速排除A項。殊不知,此處what在從句中充當主語,what's wrong with the bike正是陳述句語序,故正確答案為A項。
(2)當連接詞在從句中充當賓語、狀語或表語時,其語序為:“連接詞+主語+謂語+其他”。常見的連接詞有:what, where, which, how many, how far, why等。
例.The students are studying hard, for they know ____. 【C】
A.what are they studying for
B.what are they studying
C.what they are studying for
D.why they are studying for
例:You must remember ____.【A】
A.what your teacher said
B.what did your teacher say
C.your teacher said what
D.what has your teacher said
例:I don't know ____. 【C】
A.which room I can live
B.which room can I live
C.which room I can live in
D.which room can I live in
考題分析:如果連接詞在賓語從句中充當不及物動詞后介詞的賓語,并被放到從句句首時,不及物動詞后的介詞不能少。
(3)當連接詞在從句中作賓語的定語時,其語序為“連接詞+賓語+主語+謂語+其他”。常見的連接詞有:what, which等。
例:—I hear we'll have a new teacher this term.
—Really? Do you know ____? 【D】
A.what subject does he teach B.what subject will he teach
C.what subject is he going to teach D.what subject he teaches
三、考查賓語從句的時態(tài)
在賓語從句中,從句的動詞時態(tài)要與主句的動詞時態(tài)相呼應,其主要考點包括以下三點:
(1)如主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的謂語動詞可根據(jù)需要選用相應的任何時態(tài)。
例:—Do you know ____? I'm going to see him.
—Sorry, I don't know. 【C】
A.where does Mr Li live
B.where did Mr Li live
C.where Mr Li lives
D.where Mr Li lived
(2)如主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時,從句的謂語動詞應根據(jù)需要,選擇相應的過去時態(tài)。
例:He asked me ____. 【C】
A.who did kick the first goal in the World Cup
B.when was the APEC meeting held
C.when China became a member of the WTO
D.where the 2008 Olympics will be held
(3)如果賓語從句所表示的是客觀事實、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象或習慣性動作等,不管主句是什么時態(tài),從句的時態(tài)都用現(xiàn)在時。
例:When I was young, my grandfather told me that the moon ____ around the earth. 【A】
A.goes B.to go C.went D.had gone
例:The teacher told us that light ____ much faster than sound. 【A】
A.travels B.travelled C.would travel D.had traveled
四、注意幾個事項
(1)由陳述句變成賓語從句時,要注意人稱的變化。
例:She said: “I have been to England before.”
—She said that she had been to England before.
例:She asked me: “Do you like maths?”
—She asked me if I liked maths.
(2)賓語從句與簡單句的交換。
由連接代詞和連接副詞引導的賓語從句,如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個人時,可以用“疑問詞+不定式”做賓語的簡單句結構。
例:I dont know what I should do next.
—I dont know what to do next.
例:He didnt know where he would live.
—He didnt know where to live.
(3)Could you tell me…是用來征詢對方的意見,語氣委婉,并不表示過去。
例:Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?
五、考查兩個易混點
在復合句中,when和if不但可以引導賓語從句,也可引導狀語從句,因此要分析整句話所表達的意義,特別要注意分清是賓語從句還是狀語從句。
(1)if引導賓語從句時(意為“是否”),其時態(tài)應和主句時態(tài)相呼應。當它引導條件狀語從句時(意為“如果”),如主句時態(tài)是將來時,從句時態(tài)應用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。
例.Do you know if ____ back next week? If he ____ back, please let me know. 【C】
A.he comes;will come
B.will he come;comes
C.he will come;comes
D.will he come;will come
(2)when引導賓語從句時(意為“何時”),其時態(tài)應和主句時態(tài)相呼應。當它引導時間狀語從句時(意為“當……時候”),如主句是將來時,從句時態(tài)應用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。
例:—Do you know when he ____ back? 【C】
—Sorry, I don't. When he ____ back, I'll tell you.
A.comes;comes B.comes;will come
C.will come;comes D.will come;will come
總之,關于賓語從句的語法知識雖然繁多,但各地中考對該考點的考查都集中體現(xiàn)在以上幾點上,所以只要讓學生復習時多加注意,自然會收到預期的效果:①抓準考點,對其逐一歸納,形成知識的網(wǎng)絡。②考前進行適當?shù)膶m椨柧殻鰪娊忸}能力。③緊扣易混知識點進行對比記憶和練習,提高復習的效率。