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剖析2012江蘇高考英語(yǔ)任務(wù)型閱讀的解題技巧

2013-04-29 00:44:03吳濤
關(guān)鍵詞:原詞表格解析

一、題型特點(diǎn)和要求

自2005年9月1日起江蘇省開始使用譯林出版社和牛津大學(xué)出版社聯(lián)合出版的高中英語(yǔ)課標(biāo)教材,特別重視學(xué)生“綜合語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力”的培養(yǎng),“著重提高學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)獲取信息、處理信息、分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力”,“注重發(fā)展學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)的能力”。為體現(xiàn)高中英語(yǔ)課程和課標(biāo)教材采用的“任務(wù)型”教學(xué)途徑,2008年英語(yǔ)學(xué)科考試說(shuō)明對(duì)考生題型、分值以及考試要求做了適當(dāng)改革,撤下了對(duì)話填空題,而代之以讀寫相結(jié)合的任務(wù)型閱讀。在總結(jié)2008年高考命題經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,2009年英語(yǔ)學(xué)科考試說(shuō)明對(duì)任務(wù)型閱讀提出了更為明確的要求。2010年以來(lái),“考試說(shuō)明”把任務(wù)型閱讀的要求做了調(diào)整,改為“根據(jù)所讀,用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)補(bǔ)全全文提綱,概括關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容?!比蝿?wù)型閱讀提供了兩種示范——樹狀式和表格式。題例中要求考生根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格內(nèi)填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意每空一詞。其中在第二示例中特別強(qiáng)調(diào)“補(bǔ)全填空應(yīng)符合語(yǔ)法和搭配要求”。這些變化要求考生能夠順利讀懂文章,并能夠掌握大意和分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)框架。同時(shí)也要求考生擁有扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法和詞匯知識(shí),做到應(yīng)用自如。但是根據(jù)2012年江蘇高考英語(yǔ)閱卷反饋來(lái)看,任務(wù)型閱讀的平均分比較低。所以,怎樣提高解答任務(wù)型的能力是我們迫于解決的問(wèn)題。

任務(wù)型閱讀的考點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)為:信息篩選題(尋找信息),信息整合題(重組信息),信息概括題(綜合信息)三類;完成表格所填詞的特點(diǎn)為:文中原詞,文中詞的詞形、詞性、詞義的變化詞,重組信息用文外的詞表述同一意義的詞,以及常見的歸納、概括詞。常見的表示概括性的詞匯有:

1.表示意義的significance;2.表示類別的type, kind, sort;3.表示影響的effect, influence;4.表示功能作用的function, use;5.表示主題的topic, title, theme;6.表示目的的purpose, aim, goal;7.表示結(jié)果的result, consequence;8.表示重要性的importance, significance, value;9.表示特征的feature, characteristic;10.表示贊成和反對(duì)的pros and cons;11.表示異同的similarity, difference;12.表示原因的cause (of), reason (for);13.表示評(píng)述的comment, assessment;14.表示利弊的advantage, disadvantage;15.表示地點(diǎn)的place, location, where (ver);16.表示過(guò)程的process, procedure, routine;17.表示概括的summary, outline, conclusion;18.表示建議的suggestion (for / about / on), tip (of / on), advice (on);19.表示觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的opinion (of), view (on / about), attitude (to / towards);20.表示簡(jiǎn)介某個(gè)現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題brief / general introduction, phenomenon, problem;21.表示方法的way(of + 名詞 / doing / to do sth.), method (of + 名詞),means (of + 名詞),approach (to + 名詞)。

在復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)程中,速記這類詞匯對(duì)我們解決這類概括性的問(wèn)題非常有好處。

二、解題思路

任務(wù)型閱讀題以填空的形式考查學(xué)生捕捉與處理文章與表格所示信息的能力,即綜合應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言的能力。試題由文章和圖表兩部分組成??忌枰鶕?jù)文章內(nèi)容和圖表要求填空。文章多為說(shuō)明文或議論文,一般篇幅較長(zhǎng),通常在400詞以上。表格則形象地展現(xiàn)了文章的框架與結(jié)構(gòu)。圖表中的題目可分為三類:捕捉信息題、組織信息題和歸納信息題。任務(wù)型閱讀通常需要在經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)信息的理解、判斷、推理、概括和總結(jié)等處理后,才能按要求準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)材料的內(nèi)容,填寫恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~完成表格。這就要求我們:

1.掌握快捷解題步驟。

通常做法是:第一步,理解材料的大意。第二步,分析文章的框架和所列表格的命題特征。第三步,找準(zhǔn)信息定位,規(guī)范所填單詞形式。

2.把握主干信息和有效細(xì)節(jié)信息。

文章的開頭和結(jié)尾,以及每一段的第一句是重點(diǎn)閱讀的地方,有助于我們把握文章的主旨大意,把握文章的觀點(diǎn)、作者的態(tài)度等信息。

3.分析表格線索:通過(guò)分析表格的項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容和提示,分清表格的概括欄與細(xì)節(jié)欄,確定表格的設(shè)計(jì)線索。

4.對(duì)照原文、比照同一欄目,清晰準(zhǔn)確填詞:定位所填詞匯與文章對(duì)應(yīng)語(yǔ)句,分析與原文的表達(dá)差異,確定所填單詞的類型。

三、解題技巧

1.獲取信息:信息的理解;文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和層次等。

2.處理信息:信息的分層:時(shí)間順序;空間順序;邏輯層次;共性與差異等。

3.加工信息:信息的分類:事物的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)、要求等;問(wèn)題的原因、解決方法、行為動(dòng)機(jī);就某事出現(xiàn)的多種觀點(diǎn)、看法以及建議;作者的寫作態(tài)度和目的等。

4.應(yīng)用信息:(1)詞性的一致:名詞性表達(dá)、動(dòng)詞性表達(dá)、形容詞性表達(dá)等;(2)詞形的正確使用:名詞的性、數(shù)、格;動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞;形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)等;(3)詞和詞語(yǔ)的靈活運(yùn)用。

①前綴和后綴:He was not fit for his job. / He was unfit for his job.

After that many people lost their houses. / After that many people became homeless.

②同義詞和反義詞:Most people are for the proposal. / Most people are against the proposal.

Most people are in favour of the proposal. / Most people support the proposal.

③常用句型:It is said that he is honest. / He is said to be honest.

She spends an hour working out every day. / It takes her an hour to work out every day.

④詞語(yǔ)搭配:He saw something strange over there. / He caught sight of something strange over there.

Hu Jin Tao visited Europe last month. / Hu Jin Tao paid a visit to Europe last month.

四、高考真題和解析

1.高考真題(2012年江蘇卷)

第四部分:任務(wù)型閱讀(共10小題:每小題1分,滿分10分)

請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意:請(qǐng)將答案寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號(hào)的橫線上。每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。

“Happiness Advantage” Effect

In July 2010 Burts Bees, a personal-care products company, was going through enormous change as it began a global expansion into 19 new countries. In this kind of high-pressure situation, many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings or flood their in-boxes with urgent demands. In doing so, managers lift everyones anxiety level, which activates the part of the brain that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex (大腦皮層), which is responsible for effective problem solving.

Burts Beess then-CEO, John Wolfgang, took a different approach. Each day, hed send out an e-mail praising a team member for work related to global marketing. Hed interrupt his own presentations to remind his managers to talk with their teams about the companys values. He asked me to further a three-hour session with employees on happiness in the course of the expansion effort. As one member of the senior team told me a year later, Wolfgangs emphasis on developing positive leadership kept his managers actively involved and loyal as they successfully transformed the company into a global one.

That outcome shouldnt surprise us. Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set (思維模式), performance on nearly every level—productivity, creativity, involvement—improves. Yet happiness is perhaps the most misunderstood driver of performance. For one, most people believe that success comes before happiness. “Once I get a promotion, Ill be happy,” they think. Or, “Once I hit my sales target, Ill feel great.” But because success is a moving target—as soon as you hit your target, you raise it again—the happiness that results from success does not last long.

In fact, it works the other way around: People who have a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the “happiness advantage”—every business outcome shows improvement when the brain is positive. Ive observed this effect in my role as a researcher and lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between employee happiness and success. And Im not alone: In an analysis of 225 academic studies, researchers found strong evidence of cause-and-effect relationship between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes.

Another common misunderstanding is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an impact. But ones general sense of well-being is surprisingly unstable. The habits you form, the way you interact with colleagues, how you think about stress—all these can be managed to increase your happiness and your chances of success.

2.答案及解析:

71. bother / annoy?!窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)第一段第二句話中...many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings or flood their in-boxes with urgent demands,屬于使用文章中的原詞。

72. anxiety / concern / worry?!窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)第一段第三句話中In doing so, managers lift everyones anxiety level...。還是屬于使用文章中的原詞。

73. aware / considerate / conscious?!窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)文章第二段第一句“Burts Beess then-CEO, John Wolfgang, took a different approach.”他用了不同的方法。他了解助手的那種感覺。be aware of 意識(shí)到,了解到。

74. loyal / faithful / devoted / committed?!窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)文章第二段第五句中..., Wolfgangs emphasis on developing positive leadership kept his managers actively involved and loyal as they successfully transformed the company into a global one. 和71以及72題相同,屬于使用文章中的原詞。

75. difference?!窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)文章第三段和第四段可知Wolfgang和上面第一段提到的那些負(fù)責(zé)人的做法不同,他的這種方法很有區(qū)別,故填的是make a difference有區(qū)別,有影響。

76. positively?!窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)文章第四段第一句中...People who have a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge利用原詞,但修飾動(dòng)詞think時(shí)要變?yōu)楦痹~。

77. success / achievements?!窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)文章第三段最后一句...“the happiness that results from success does not last long.已經(jīng)是第四道利用原詞的題目。

78. strongly。【解析】根據(jù)文章第四段第四句“...researchers found strong evidence of cause-and-effect relationship between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes.” 利用原詞,但修飾分詞proved時(shí)要變?yōu)楦痹~。

79. determined / decided?!窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)文章第五段第一句 “Another common misunderstanding is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are.”,實(shí)際上是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

80. chances / possibilities / opportunities?!窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)文章最后一段...all these can be managed to increase your happiness and your chances of success.在這十道題中第五次使用原詞。

(作者:吳濤,南京市第三高級(jí)中學(xué))

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