潘萌
小糖人的平行世界
2013年2月,在第85屆奧斯卡頒獎(jiǎng)典禮上,影片《尋找小糖人》(Searching for Sugar Man)奪得最佳紀(jì)錄長片殊榮。這是一部奇特的紀(jì)錄片,講述的是南非樂迷去美國尋找精神偶像的故事。
“小糖人”是誰
“小糖人”是誰?你在南非的任何一個(gè)角落問這個(gè)問題,都會(huì)有人答上來?!靶√侨恕北久麨镾ixto Rodriguez,是美國上世紀(jì)70年代一位墨西哥裔的創(chuàng)作型歌手?!靶√侨恕敝皇撬年欠Q,取自他的第一張創(chuàng)作專輯Cold Fact里一首歌曲(“Sugar Man”)的名字。在南非,“小糖人”被奉為精神領(lǐng)袖,他的專輯銷量有幾百萬張,受歡迎程度甚至超過貓王。
上世紀(jì)70年代的南非幾乎是納粹德國的翻版,種族隔離異常嚴(yán)重,一切都被審查和禁止。南非人猶如生活在一座精神孤島上,不知道國內(nèi)正在發(fā)生什么,更不知道世界其他角落在發(fā)生什么。誰也無法確定“小糖人”的歌是如何傳到南非的?!靶√侨恕庇形昏F桿粉絲叫Stephen Segerman,在南非開普敦經(jīng)營一家音像店,江湖人稱“老糖”。據(jù)“老糖”說,一個(gè)來南非探望男朋友的美國姑娘隨身攜帶了一張Cold Fact的唱片,在與朋友的聚會(huì)中隨意播放了幾曲,不料這一不經(jīng)意的舉動(dòng)在南非引發(fā)了狂熱的“小糖人”熱潮。
Segerman: Its still a bit of a mystery how the first copy of Cold Fact actually came to South Africa. But one of the stories Ive heard is that there was an American girl and she came to South Africa to visit her boyfriend and brought a copy of the record with her. And her and him and all their friends really liked it and went out to try and buy it but you couldnt buy it. So they started taping copies and passing copies along. However it got here, however it germinated here, once it got here, it spread very quickly.
南非人也許從未聽過這樣的音樂,歌詞是如此的大膽、坦率,寫滿底層人士的生活情境和對(duì)現(xiàn)有體制的反抗。這恰恰與種族隔離時(shí)期南非人的心情相吻合,也讓他們望見了生活的另一種可能。越來越多的人開始自發(fā)地翻錄“小糖人”的唱片,抄寫歌詞。在沒有媒體和網(wǎng)絡(luò)幫助的情況下,擁有同樣反抗意志的人們因?yàn)樗母杈墼诹艘黄??!靶√侨恕钡姆劢z之一、南非音樂記者Craig Bartholomew Strydom這樣評(píng)價(jià)“小糖人”的歌。
Craig: Because we lived in a society where every means was used to prevent apartheid (種族隔離制度) from, you know, coming to an end, this album somehow had in it ... lyrics that almost set us free as oppressed peoples.
每一場(chǎng)革命都必然有自己的圣歌,就像東德的樂迷們想方設(shè)法偷聽Beastie Boys和Public Enemy的歌,南非的年輕人高唱著“小糖人”的歌展開了轟轟烈烈的反種族隔離運(yùn)動(dòng)。滾石、貓王、披頭士……這些風(fēng)靡全球的流行樂大拿在南非人心中全是“小糖人”的手下敗將。他的音樂成為70年代南非家庭的背景音樂。當(dāng)今南非流行樂壇的歌手和樂隊(duì)無不自稱師承“小糖人”。
可是,即便人手一張“小糖人”的專輯,南非樂迷們卻完全不知道在美國的他是怎樣一個(gè)人。世間遍尋不到關(guān)于他的任何信息,甚至他的模樣也被帽檐和墨鏡遮擋,影影綽綽地印在專輯封面上。這個(gè)神秘的精神領(lǐng)袖引領(lǐng)了南非的一代人,甚至開啟了一個(gè)時(shí)代,但他在南非人心中卻始終是個(gè)謎。
尋找“小糖人”
當(dāng)南非人開始尋找“小糖人”的時(shí)候,他們確信他已經(jīng)死了:或許是自己對(duì)著腦袋轟了一槍,或許是全身澆滿汽油把自己點(diǎn)燃……總之,他的死必定是萬千矚目、轟轟烈烈的。
尋找“小糖人”的隊(duì)伍中有兩個(gè)核心人物。一個(gè)是發(fā)起人“老糖”。他最初萌生這一想法是因?yàn)橐晃粡拿绹鴣淼哪戏且崤笥颜f,在美國沒有一個(gè)地方賣“小糖人”的唱片,甚至沒人聽說過他。“老糖”對(duì)此驚詫不已,他的偶像在美國應(yīng)該更紅才對(duì)啊。這件事更增添了“小糖人”的神秘和詭異氣息,也讓“老糖”產(chǎn)生了尋找“小糖人”、揭開其神秘身世的想法。于是,借“小糖人”第二張專輯Coming from Reality在南非第一次以CD形式發(fā)布的時(shí)機(jī),“老糖”親自為這張專輯撰寫了文案,并在其中廣發(fā)“英雄帖”,請(qǐng)音樂“偵探”幫忙,與他一起尋找“小糖人”。
Segerman: If ever there is an air of intrigue and mystery around a pop artist, it is around the artist known as Rodriguez. Theres no air of intrigue and mystery around him anywhere else in the world because his two albums, Coming from Reality and Cold Fact were monumental flops (失?。?everywhere else. There were no concrete cold facts about the artist known as Rodriguez. Any musicologist detectives out there?
這個(gè)“英雄帖”的最后一句話起到了關(guān)鍵性的作用,尋找“小糖人”的第二號(hào)核心人物Craig由此登場(chǎng)。Craig是個(gè)音樂記者,在看到這句話時(shí),他感覺這就是對(duì)自己的召喚。Craig彼時(shí)剛剛出道,正需要寫一篇“爆炸性”的文章來奠定地位,于是他毫不猶豫地“揭了榜”。Craig和“老糖”都是“小糖人”最忠實(shí)的粉絲,他們都非常想知道偶像的真實(shí)生平。
尋找的過程遠(yuǎn)比紀(jì)錄片所能展示的繁雜、漫長。他們先是拜訪南非發(fā)行“小糖人”唱片的公司,追查唱片收益的去向;然后又逐一排查出現(xiàn)在“小糖人”專輯歌曲中的每一個(gè)地名,試圖找出“小糖人”居住的地方;甚至還建立起“尋找小糖人”的網(wǎng)站,不放過與“小糖人”有關(guān)的任何蛛絲馬跡。然而,所有的線索都沒有進(jìn)展,他們?cè)趯ふ业倪^程中四處碰壁。畢竟,他們也是和你我一樣的普通人,若不是出于對(duì)“小糖人”音樂的熱愛,他們很難十年如一日地堅(jiān)持下來。直到有一天,他們通過“小糖人”一首歌曲中的地名Dearborn找到了Mike Theodore——“小糖人”第一張專輯的制作人,這時(shí)才知道:他們的偶像還活著。
偶像尚在人間這個(gè)消息足以讓“老糖”和Craig心滿意足了。Craig為此寫了一篇總結(jié)性文章,他本以為尋找偶像之旅就此結(jié)束,不想這篇文章卻又開啟了另一個(gè)故事:文章漂洋過海來到一位美國女士手中,而她正是“小糖人”的大女兒Eva Rodriguez,她登錄“尋找小糖人”的網(wǎng)站,留下了一段話。
Eva: Rodriguez is my father. Im serious. Do you really want to know about my father? Sometimes the fantasy is better left alive.
尋找之旅進(jìn)行至此,“老糖”和Craig終于等來了令人驚喜的一刻?!袄咸恰辈粌H聯(lián)系上了Eva,還接到了偶像親自打來的電話。“小糖人”的生平之謎也隨之被揭開。然而,讓“老糖”和Craig無法想象的是,他們的偶像雖然沒有死,卻早已被美國流行樂壇淘汰,成了一個(gè)平凡的屋頂維修工!他在南非家喻戶曉的兩張專輯在美國的銷量只有六張。世間竟有這樣的事情!對(duì)此想不通的不止是這兩個(gè)南非人,還有美國大唱片公司的老板和音樂制作人?!靶√侨恕钡谝粡垖]嫷闹谱魅薓ike至今都不明白為什么“小糖人”沒有成功。
Mike: Rodriguez, at that time, had all the machinery in place. Big names, big money behind it. Circumstances were right. Why didnt it make it? Thats the big question that today still haunts me. Did he get enough promotion? Did he do enough performances? Was he too political? Was there this or was there that? Should it have been green instead of orange? Should it have been a violin instead of an oboe (雙簧管)? On and on you can go. But the end of the day is, if you listen to the stuff now, youd say, “I dont understand it. Hes right-on (好極了).”
對(duì)于“小糖人”音樂的遭遇,音樂制作人大惑不解并憤憤不平,但“小糖人”本人卻是淡然視之。他也從未想到,在美國市場(chǎng)遭受冷遇的自己居然在另一個(gè)世界得到了如此不凡的禮遇。南非的記者前來采訪他,發(fā)現(xiàn)他住在一所破舊的老房子里,依舊戴著墨鏡,留著及肩長發(fā),謙遜地說著自己對(duì)生活的態(tài)度。
Interviewer: In the 70s and 80s, did you ever get any contact from South Africa?
Rodriguez: Uh ... no, I didnt. Maybe they didnt have a contact number or something but, no, I didnt.
Interviewer: How does that feel? You werent aware of something that would have changed your life completely. I mean, probably to the better.
Rodriguez: Well, I dont know if it would have been for the better, but its certainly a thought, you know.
Interviewer: But wouldnt it have been nice to know that you were a superstar?
Rodriguez: Uh, well ... I dont know how to respond to that.
Interviewer: After Coming from Reality, did you wanna continue making albums?
Rodriguez: I would have liked to have continued but nothing beats Reality. So I pretty much went back to work.
Interviewer: What did you do?
Rodriguez: Well, Id do hired labour: demolition (拆毀), renovation of buildings, of homes, you know. Restoration.
Interviewer: Did you enjoy that?
Rodriguez: I do. It keeps the blood circulating, keeps you fit, yeah.
Interviewer: But its quite far away from music.
Rodriguez: Yeah, quite a bit, quite a different contrast, yeah.
Interviewer: Did you continue making music on your own?
Rodriguez: I do. I play guitar. I love playing guitar. But I do love to listen. I like to go see the shows and things. But I do get about (各處走走).
看得出來,與很多因執(zhí)著而“放不下”的藝術(shù)家不同,“小糖人”對(duì)音樂的態(tài)度是愛到深處無怨尤。
在默默無聞地做了幾十年泥瓦匠后,“小糖人”受邀來到南非開演唱會(huì)。演唱會(huì)的消息鋪天蓋地,所有南非歌迷都以為這是詐騙。但大家還是來了,擁擠的看臺(tái)上滿是那些早已不再年輕的曾經(jīng)的革命青年,還有那些正年輕的穿得五顏六色的十幾歲的孩子們,他們高喊著Rodriguez的名字,哼著再熟悉不過的前奏。等到“小糖人”站在舞臺(tái)中央一開口,所有聽眾的靈魂瞬間被點(diǎn)燃。沒錯(cuò),不可能是別人,就是他。這場(chǎng)跨了半個(gè)地球的首場(chǎng)演唱會(huì)真可謂是南非人和“小糖人”之間的久別重逢。“小糖人”在從未踏足過的南非熱土上受到萬千粉絲的頂禮膜拜,但他卻只是站在舞臺(tái)上認(rèn)真歌唱,沒有慟哭,沒有咆哮,鞠很長時(shí)間的躬,微笑著說:“Thanks for keeping me alive.”就像他的二女兒Regan Rodriguez和“老糖”所說,他平靜地接受這一切,似乎早就知道自己會(huì)來到這個(gè)舞臺(tái)。
Regan: I think to go from being the outcast (流浪的人) to being, uh, who he really was. Because it was as though it was him again ... and that was who he was, a musician on stage, playing for his fans.
Segerman: I thought I would see him being bewildered at all these people staring up at him. I saw the opposite. I saw this absolute tranquility (寧靜). There was absolute serenity on his face. Total. Its like he had arrived at that thing, at that place hed tried to find his whole life. Home is acceptance. Heres a guy whod lived somewhere else, on the other side of the earth, and it was almost as if he had found his home.
最讓人慨嘆的是巡回演唱會(huì)結(jié)束之后,創(chuàng)下多項(xiàng)南非流行音樂紀(jì)錄的他又回到了底特律。他把演唱會(huì)的大部分收入都送給了家人和朋友,自己則繼續(xù)住在破舊的老房子里,從事著他日常的工作,幫別人修理破損的屋頂和地板。人世間的起起落落似乎都與他無關(guān),他真正地做到了寵辱不驚。
小糖人的平行世界
《尋找小糖人》的導(dǎo)演是36歲的瑞典人Malik Bendjelloul。他在2006年和女友一起去非洲背包旅行時(shí)在開普敦第一次聽到“小糖人”的歌,頓時(shí)驚為天人。他決定為這個(gè)在美國幾乎無人知曉的音樂天才拍一部電影,卻沒料想拍片過程異常艱難:沒有資金支持,買不起攝影器材,沒有人手幫忙……當(dāng)Malik最終完成影片的實(shí)際拍攝部分時(shí),他已經(jīng)到了彈盡糧絕、“揭不開鍋”的地步。但這部也許是史上最寒酸的紀(jì)錄片卻成就了一個(gè)傳奇:它點(diǎn)燃了摯愛音樂的人們心中的火焰,讓“小糖人”的歌聲傳遍了世界。
從2012年的圣丹斯獨(dú)立電影節(jié)開始,《尋找小糖人》乘風(fēng)破浪,拿遍國際大獎(jiǎng),越來越多的人知道了“小糖人”的故事,和當(dāng)年那些熱血的南非年輕人一樣愛上了他的音樂。就連好萊塢巨星Ben Affleck都特別買了原聲碟,民謠歌手Bob Dylan也致電索尼經(jīng)典公司,說非常欣賞這部電影。最終本片榮獲了第85屆奧斯卡最佳紀(jì)錄片獎(jiǎng),然而電影里的主人公“小糖人”卻并沒有出席頒獎(jiǎng)典禮。因?yàn)樗f不想搶了風(fēng)頭,執(zhí)意將全部榮耀歸于劇組。這也正是他的偉大之處。
當(dāng)“小糖人”的音樂在奧斯卡舞臺(tái)上響起,我忍不住想:如果Malik沒有咬牙堅(jiān)持完成《尋找小糖人》的紀(jì)錄片,如果“老糖”和音樂偵探Craig沒有足夠的運(yùn)氣找到他,如果“小糖人”至死也不知道自己在另一片土地上所受到的頂級(jí)膜拜,再進(jìn)一步假設(shè),如果當(dāng)年那個(gè)猶如天使般的美國女孩去南非度假的時(shí)候并沒有隨身攜帶Cold Fact這張唱片,如果“小糖人”的歌聲并沒有在機(jī)緣巧合下播種到南非大地,那么他是誰?他是一個(gè)失敗者嗎?
不,他還是一個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)熱愛音樂的城市游吟詩人;一個(gè)穿著整潔西裝干工友都不愿干的臟活累活的兢兢業(yè)業(yè)的金牌屋頂修理工;一個(gè)生活拮據(jù)卻盡最大努力帶著女兒們?nèi)ニ囆g(shù)展和博物館、努力給她們最好教育和最好生活的好父親。他工地的工長Emmerson對(duì)他的評(píng)價(jià)可謂一針見血。
Emmerson: What hes demonstrated very clearly is that you have a choice. He took all that torment, all that agony, all that confusion and pain, and he transformed it into something beautiful. Hes like the silk worm, you know? You take this raw material and you transform it. And you come out with something that wasnt there before. Something beautiful. Something perhaps transcendent. Something perhaps eternal. In so far as he does that, I think hes representative of the human spirit, of whats possible, that you have a choice.
每一個(gè)被這塵世拒絕過的靈魂也許都在另一個(gè)平行世界中得到了擁抱。在影片《尋找小糖人》的結(jié)尾,“小糖人”一個(gè)人背著吉他走在底特律破敗的老街上。隔夜的雪剛剛開始消融,他的腳步有些蹣跚,姿勢(shì)略微古怪地保持著身體的平衡,沉默前行。也許這就是他的人生。就這樣在世間沉默行走的他,在另一個(gè)平行世界里,獲得了上帝的冠冕。