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英語中的倍數(shù)比較句型

2013-04-29 00:44:03張滿勝
新東方英語 2013年8期
關鍵詞:比較級倍數(shù)形容詞

張滿勝

現(xiàn)如今,中國有很多人在學英語。要說中國學英語的人比美國人口還多,這恐怕一點也不為過。但在中國,真正能熟練用英語進行交流的人并不多。具體來說,能夠大致看懂英文的人較多,而能夠流利地說英文和寫英文的人較少。我們拿上面“中國學英語的人比美國人口還多”這個中文句子為例,請讀者將之譯成英文。翻譯這句話時,要用到英語中的比較句型。下面筆者提供三種不同版本的譯文。

1. The number of people learning English in China is larger than the population of the United States. (“主—系—表”句型)

2. There are more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States. (There be句型)

3. More people learn English in China than live in the United States. (“主—謂—狀”句型)

上面三個句子中,例1最簡單,相信很多讀者都會這么翻譯,例2相對較難,例3是最難的。讀者要想譯出例2、例3這樣結(jié)構(gòu)的比較句,需要在英語比較句方面有較深厚的功底。本期筆者就與大家探討一下比較句中的倍數(shù)比較句型,希望對讀者有所啟發(fā)。

問題導入

上文使用的例句都是than比較句,現(xiàn)在我們將例2改為“as … as”比較句,請看原句和改寫后的句子。

4. a. There are more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.

b. There are as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.

我們知道,改寫后得到的b句含義是“中國學英語的人與美國人口一樣多”,與原句的含義不一樣?,F(xiàn)在,我們在a句和b句的基礎上分別添加諸如three times這樣的倍數(shù)詞來進行比較,即能得出下面兩個句子。

5. a. There are three times more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.

b. There are three times as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.

現(xiàn)在問題來了:這里a句和b句的含義是否相同?如果我們將例5兩個句子的three times替換成分數(shù)a third,又可以得出下面兩個句子。

6. a. There are a third more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.

b. There are a third as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.

問題又來了:這里a、b兩句的含義是否相同呢?

以上兩個問題涉及英語中的倍數(shù)比較。帶著這兩個問題,我們下面一起來探討倍數(shù)比較句型的結(jié)構(gòu)與含義。

倍數(shù)比較結(jié)構(gòu)及其衍生句型

倍數(shù)比較結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種,一種是“倍數(shù)/分數(shù)+形容詞”,一種是“倍數(shù)/分數(shù)+名詞”。下面筆者來進行具體闡述。

結(jié)構(gòu)一:倍數(shù)/分數(shù)+形容詞

因為形容詞的比較結(jié)構(gòu)主要是“than比較”和“as … as比較”這兩類,所以,最核心的倍數(shù)比較句型有兩個:一個是“倍數(shù)/分數(shù)+形容詞比較級+ than”,另一個是“倍數(shù)/分數(shù)+ as +形容詞+ as”。我們把倍數(shù)(以three times為例)與分數(shù)(以a third為例)分開列舉,于是便有了下面的倍數(shù)比較句型。

① A is three times bigger than B. (倍數(shù)+形容詞比較級+ than)

② A is three times as big as B. (倍數(shù)+ as +形容詞+ as)

③ A is a third bigger than B. (分數(shù)+形容詞比較級+ than)

④ A is a third as big as B. (分數(shù)+ as +形容詞+ as)

值得注意的是,twice (兩倍)不能用在“倍數(shù)+形容詞比較級+ than”結(jié)構(gòu)中,只能用在“倍數(shù)+ as +形容詞+ as”結(jié)構(gòu)中。也就是說,我們不能說“A is twice bigger than B”,而應該說“A is twice as big as B”。英語中有個使用比較結(jié)構(gòu)的俚語為“as large as life and twice as natural”(出自劉易斯·卡羅爾的《愛麗絲夢游仙境》),字面意思是“和真人一樣大而且有真人的兩倍那么自然”,真正含義是“正是其人,如假包換”。當某人激動地告訴別人自己遇到了某個名人時就會用到該俚語。比如你和別人提起自己在乘飛機時遇見了某位電影明星,就可以這樣強調(diào):“Its him as large as life and twice as natural.”這里的“twice as natural”不能說成“twice more natural”。

結(jié)構(gòu)二:倍數(shù)/分數(shù)+名詞

在“倍數(shù)/分數(shù)+形容詞”的倍數(shù)比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,有些形容詞可以替換成名詞,這樣便有了“倍數(shù)/分數(shù)+名詞”這一倍數(shù)比較結(jié)構(gòu)。以上文結(jié)構(gòu)一中的句型①~④為例,例句中的形容詞big對應的名詞是size,于是我們可以把結(jié)構(gòu)一中的比較句型改寫成以下兩個句型。

⑤ A is three times the size of B. (倍數(shù)+名詞)

⑥ A is a third of the size of B. (分數(shù)+名詞)

結(jié)構(gòu)一中的形容詞與結(jié)構(gòu)二中的名詞的常見轉(zhuǎn)換包括以下幾組:big→size、long→length、wide→width、deep→depth、many→number、much→amount。

以上筆者只是列舉了六種倍數(shù)比較的句型結(jié)構(gòu),并沒有說明這六種句型如何翻譯。比如在上面①~⑥這六種句型中,A與B的大小該如何判斷呢?如果我們假設B=1,那么上面六個句型中的A分別等于多少呢?在答案公布之前,讀者可以先自己判斷一下。

倍數(shù)比較句型的含義

上文所說的六種句型的倍數(shù)關系如下所示。

①“A is three times bigger than B”的倍數(shù)關系:B=1,A=3

②“A is three times as big as B”的倍數(shù)關系:B=1,A=3

③“A is a third bigger than B”的倍數(shù)關系:B=1,A=1

④“A is a third as big as B”的倍數(shù)關系:B=1,A=

⑤“A is three times the size of B”的倍數(shù)關系:B=1,A=3

⑥“A is a third of the size of B”的倍數(shù)關系:B=1,A=

你都答對了嗎?如果都答對了,那你真是牛人!如果你沒有都答對,那太正常了,因為英語畢竟是你的外語。

關于倍數(shù)比較的問題,人們在翻譯時一直存在誤解。比如對于句①“A is three times bigger than B”,許多人都認為這句話應該翻譯為“A比B大三倍”,但這樣翻譯的話,就意味著“B=1,A=4”,這與原句意思不符,所以這樣翻譯是錯誤的,這句話只能譯成“A是B的三倍大”。也就是說,句①與句②的含義是一樣的。此外,句⑤與句①、句②兩個句子的含義也是一樣的。

從上面的答案我們看出,句③和句④意思不同,這兩個句子與句①、句②的區(qū)別在于倍數(shù)詞不同。也就是說,當倍數(shù)詞小于1時,“as … as”比較句與than比較句的含義不同。

句③“A is a third bigger than B”意思是“A比B大三分之一”,所以,若B=1,則A=1 。

句④“A is a third as big as B”意思是“A是B的三分之一”,所以,若B=1,則A= 。

從上面的倍數(shù)關系我們看出,句④與句⑥意思相同,即句⑥“A is a third of the size of B”可譯成“A是B的三分之一”。

綜上所述,英語中的倍數(shù)比較句型有六種,如下表所示。

問題解答

根據(jù)上述結(jié)論,我們可知,文章開頭例5中的a句(There are three times more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.)和b句(There are three times as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.)的含義一樣,都表示“中國學英語的人是美國人口的三倍”。同時我們還可以采用上文表格中的句型三“倍數(shù)+名詞”來對其改寫,即寫成:“The number of people learning English in China is three times the population of the United States.”

然而,上文例6中的a句(There are a third more people learning English in China than there are people in the United States.)和b句(There are a third as many people learning English in China as there are people in the United States.)的含義不同。a句的含義是“中國學英語的人比美國人口還要多三分之一”,而b句的含義為“中國學英語的人是美國人口的三分之一”。同時,我們可以用表格中的句型六來將b句改寫成如下形式:“The number of people learning English in China is a third of the population of the United States.”

JOKE

Where Do Babies Come From?

On the way back from a cub scout meeting, my grandson innocently said to my son, “Dad, I know babies come from mommies tummies, but how do they get there in the first place?” After my son hemmed and hawed a while, my grandson finally spoke up in disgust, “You dont have to make up something, Dad. Its okay if you dont know the answer.”

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