周 維

(衡陽師范學(xué)院 外語系，湖南 衡陽 421008)

中國茶文化歷經(jīng)數(shù)朝不斷發(fā)展，到《紅樓夢》成書時(shí)期的清朝已經(jīng)接近成熟完美的地步。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，《紅樓夢》中提到茶的地方達(dá) 260多處，有一個(gè)章節(jié)竟達(dá)到11處。詠及茶的詩詞也有10多處。[1]除了介紹茶的品種，《紅樓夢》還提到了各種精致的茶具，對茶水的描寫也用了不少筆墨。

作為中國古典小說的巔峰之作，《紅樓夢》之所以能走向世界，在很大程度上是由于英文譯本的推廣。紅樓夢有兩個(gè)最有名的英譯本，分別是楊憲益譯本和霍克斯譯本。兩位譯者由于其所處不同的文化背景，譯本自然也各有千秋。用目的論來指導(dǎo)譯文的翻譯和譯文的賞析，可以解析譯者的翻譯過程，更好地賞析譯文。德國功能派翻譯代表人物漢斯·弗米爾認(rèn)為，任何翻譯活動(dòng)都是有目的的行為，最終目標(biāo)是幫助人們了解原文的主要內(nèi)容。翻譯遵循的首要法則就是“目的性法則”：任何翻譯行為都是由翻譯的目的來決定，即“結(jié)果決定方法”。[2]29隨后的克里斯汀娜·諾德又系統(tǒng)闡述了如何在原文的基礎(chǔ)上制定切合翻譯目的的翻譯策略。鑒于《紅樓夢》內(nèi)容紛繁復(fù)雜，筆者擬從目的論視角，擷取其中有關(guān)茶名、茶具和茶水等茶文化詞語的翻譯對兩個(gè)譯本進(jìn)行比較，以窺知兩位不同文化背景的譯者在傳達(dá)作品內(nèi)容時(shí)所采取的翻譯策略及其所達(dá)致的不同翻譯效果。

一、茶名的翻譯

《紅樓夢》第五回中提到的一種茶名為“千紅一窟”：

此茶處在放春山遣香洞，又以仙花靈葉尚所帶之宿露而烹，此茶名曰‘千紅一窟’。[3]34

楊憲益譯文：“This tea grows in the Grotto of Emanating Fragrance on the Mountain of Expanding Spring ,”Disenchantment told him. “Infused with the night dew from fairy flowers and spiritual leaves, its name is Thousand Red Flowers in One Cavern”[4]99

霍克斯譯文：‘The leaves are picked in the Paradise of the Full-blown Flower on the Mountain of Spring Awakening ’Disenchantment informed him. ‘It is infused in water collected from the dew that lies on fairy flowers and leaves. The name is “Maiden’s Tears”.’[5]51

此處茶名“千紅一窟”具有雙關(guān)意義，作者借用其諧音暗示賈府女主子和丫鬟的悲慘命運(yùn)。其“千紅”指代賈府的所有女性，“窟”與“哭”同音，暗含“女性之淚”以及賈府女性的悲慘結(jié)局。楊憲益直譯該茶名為Thousand Red Flowers in One Cavern，解釋為 “同一山洞里的一千朵紅花”，從目的論的角度而言，雖然給英語目的語讀者美好的遐想空間，但是譯文失去了“千紅一哭”的諧音，沒有傳達(dá)出作者在給該茶命名時(shí)暗示的深刻內(nèi)涵。而霍克斯采用意譯法，翻譯成Maiden’s Tears，解釋為“少女之淚”，從目的論的角度而言，該譯文突出了原文“千紅一哭”的諧音和暗喻意義，有利于英語目的語讀者對原文蘊(yùn)含意義的理解。

《紅樓夢》第八回寫道：

一時(shí)薛林二人也吃完了飯，又釅釅的沏上茶來大家吃了，薛姨媽方放了心。[3]57

楊憲益譯文：By this time Baochai and Daiyu had finished too and all of them drank some strong tea,after which Aunt Xue felt easier in her mind.[4]167

霍克斯譯文：After that, when Bao-chai and Dai-yu had finished eating, he drank several cups of very strong tea. At this point Aunt Xue felt sure that he would be all right.[5]83

對于這里釅釅的“茶”，霍克斯在譯文中采用意譯法翻譯成“very strong tea”，而楊憲益翻譯該茶名為strong tea。在此兩者譯文差別不大，只是茶的限定語不同，霍克斯譯文中的茶味道更濃一些。他們基本是按照原文翻譯的，似乎跟原文沒有差異，但是細(xì)心的讀者可能會問：此處這濃茶到底是指什么茶呢？也就是說兩者的譯文并沒有使英語目的語讀者理解透徹明白，因此從目的論角度而言，兩者的譯文在此都沒有達(dá)到翻譯的最終目的。

實(shí)際上此處這釅釅的茶是指“香片”，即茉莉花香片，也叫茉莉花茶，出產(chǎn)于福州，是中國獨(dú)特的一種茶。茉莉花茶香氣清醇，味濃耐泡，北京百姓普遍習(xí)慣飲這種茶，統(tǒng)名叫“香片”，這種習(xí)慣在清代就已形成?！都t樓夢》中所寫的日常生活中常喝茉莉花香片，講究酒足飯飽來壺花茶，講究滾開的水沏茶，講究沏好后悶一會兒再喝等。此處寶玉在薛姨媽家吃酒后，又釅釅的沏上的茶正是香片，因此為了讓目的語讀者更好地理解，此處香片最好翻譯成jasmine tea。

《紅樓夢》第八回中提到了另一種茶，即楓露茶：

接著茜雪捧上茶來。寶玉因讓“林妹妹吃茶?！北娙诵φf：“林妹妹早走了，還讓呢?！睂氂癯粤税胪氩瑁鲇窒肫鹪缙鸬牟鑱?，因問茜雪道：“早起沏了一碗楓露茶，我說過，那茶是三四次后才出色的，這會子怎么又沏了這個(gè)來？”茜雪道：“我原是留著的，那會子李奶奶來了，他要嘗嘗，就給他吃了?！睂氂衤犃?，將手中的茶杯只順手往地下一擲，豁啷一聲，打了個(gè)粉碎，潑了茜雪一裙子的茶。又跳起來問著茜雪道：“他是你那一門子的奶奶，你們這么孝敬他？不過是仗著我小時(shí)候吃過他幾日奶罷了。如今逞的他比祖宗還大了。如今我又吃不著奶了，白白的養(yǎng)著祖宗作什么！攆了出去，大家干凈！”[3]58

楊憲益譯文：At this point Qianxue brought in tea and Baoyu said, “Do have some tea, Cousin Lin.”

The maids burst out giggling, “She’s gone long ago. Yet you offer her tea.”

After drinking half a cup himself he remembered something else and asked Qianxue, “Why did you bring me this tea? This morning we brewed some maple-dew tea, and I told you its flavor doesn’t really come out until after three or four steepings.”

“I did save that other tea,” she replied, “But Nanny Li insisted on trying it and she drank it all.”

This was too much for Baoyu. He dashed the cup to pieces on the floor, spattering the maid’s skirt with tea. Then springing to his feet he stormed:

“Is she your grandmother, that all of you treat her so respectfully? Just because she suckled me for a few days when I was small, she carries on as if she were more important than own ancestors. I don’t need a wet-nurse any more, why should I keep an ancestress like this? Send her packing and we’ll all have some peace and quiet.”[4]170-171

霍克斯譯文：Snowpink came in carrying some tea on a tray. Bao-yu invited Dai-yu to have some, to the great merriment of the maids, who pointed out that she had slipped away some minutes before.

After drinking about half a cupful, Bao-yu suddenly thought of the tea he had drunk early that morning.

‘When you made that Fung Loo this morning, ’he said to Snowpink, ‘I remember telling you that with that particular brand the full flavor doesn’t come out until after three or four watering. Why have you given me this other stuff? This would have been just the time to have the Fung Loo.’

‘I was keeping it for you, said Snowpink, but Nannie Li came and drank it all.’

With a lick of the wrist Bao-yu hurled the cup he was holding onto the floor, where it smashed noisily,breaking into innumerable pieces and showering Snowpink’s skirt with hot tea. He jumped angrily to his feet.

‘Is she your mistress that you should all treat her with such reverence? Merely because I drank her milk for a few days when I was a baby she is as spoiled and pampered as though she were some sort of divinity.Let’s get rid of the old woman now and have done with it. ’[5]84

為了直觀表達(dá)“楓露茶”的意思，楊憲益采用了歸化法，直譯為maple-dew tea，解釋為“楓樹露水茶”。而霍克斯采用的是音譯法，翻譯為Fung Loo。實(shí)際上此處“楓露茶”是楓露點(diǎn)茶的簡稱。相傳蘇東坡曾做詩：“妙供末香露，珍烹具大官。揀芽分雀舌，賜茗出龍團(tuán)。曉日云淹暖，春風(fēng)浴殿寒。聊將試道眼，莫作兩般看?！边@里提到的香露即香露茶，是用植物露水所沏的茶，包括荷葉露茶和楓露茶等。楓露茶的制法是取香楓的嫩葉，入甑蒸后，滴取它的露水，泡出來的茶呈紅色，帶楓葉的清香。將楓露點(diǎn)入茶湯中，即成楓露茶。由此可見楓露茶制作工藝復(fù)雜，是一種名貴難得的茶，也難怪后來寶玉聽說李奶奶喝了之后突然發(fā)怒，將手中的茶杯只順手往地下一擲，豁啷一聲，打了個(gè)粉碎，還潑了茜雪一裙子的茶，甚至說了一番針對李奶奶的難聽的話。另外，《紅樓夢》第八回脂硯齋批注中提到：“楓露茶”與“千紅一窟”遙映。楓葉色紅，秋露著之，點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴皆成血淚，以呼應(yīng)日后寶玉祭晴雯時(shí)提到“楓露之茗”時(shí)的血淚之悲。[6]由此可以看出，從目的論角度而言，霍克斯的音譯譯文無法讓英語讀者明白到底Fung Loo是什么，而楊憲益的譯文相對而言更能夠讓英語目的語讀者理解原文的意思，傳達(dá)出原文的美學(xué)效果與文化蘊(yùn)含。從他的譯文中英語讀者至少可以明白楓露茶與楓露有關(guān)，而且其顏色應(yīng)該跟楓葉一樣是紅色。

《紅樓夢》第八十二回中寶玉到瀟湘館看黛玉：

黛玉微微的一笑，因叫紫鵑“把我的龍井茶給二爺沏一碗”。[3]592

楊憲益譯文：With a faint smile Daiyu told Zijuan, “Brew a cup of myLongjingtea for the second master.”[4]1783

霍克斯譯文：A faint smile crossed Dai-yu’s face.

“Nightingale, would you make Master Bao a cup of Dragon Well tea?”[5]917

龍井茶，出產(chǎn)于杭州西湖龍井村一帶，故名龍井茶。它屬于綠茶的一種，其特點(diǎn)是“色綠，香郁，味甘，形美”。龍井茶位列中國十大名茶之首，自宋代以來充作貢品，是我國綠茶中的絕品。清乾隆游覽杭州西湖時(shí)，盛贊龍井茶，并把獅峰山下胡公廟前的十八棵茶樹封為“御茶”。龍井茶得名于產(chǎn)地龍井村。龍井位于西湖之西翁家山的西北麓，也就是現(xiàn)在的龍井村。龍井原名龍泓，是一個(gè)圓形的泉池，該井大旱不涸，傳說有神龍盤踞，因而得名龍井泉。龍井村盛產(chǎn)一種茶葉，也因此被命名為龍井茶。對于該茶名楊憲益采用了音譯法，翻譯為“Longjing”，從目的論角度而言，如果目的語讀者對于中國茶文化有一定了解，則能清楚理解原文；如果目的語讀者對中國茶文化不了解，就無法理解該茶的名貴以及茶名中蘊(yùn)含的文化因素。而霍克斯采用的是直譯法，翻譯為“Dragon Well tea”，從目的論的角度而言，該譯文給目的語讀者傳遞了茶名中蘊(yùn)含的傳說，即“有神龍盤踞”的井，翻譯目的明確，有利于目的語讀者的理解。

《紅樓夢》第六十三回中寫道：

寶玉忙笑道：“……今兒因吃了面怕停住食，所以多頑一會子?！绷种⒓业挠窒蛞u人等說：“該沏些普洱茶喝。”襲人晴雯二人忙笑說：“熬了一吊子女兒茶，已經(jīng)吃過兩碗了?！盵3]444

楊憲益譯文：Baoyu promptly agreed, “…… But today after eating noodles I was afraid of getting indigestion; that is why I’ve stayed up a bit.”

Mrs Lin advised Xiren and Qingwen to brew him somepuertea.

We have made him nuer tea and he has drank two bowls……”[4]1327-1328

霍克斯譯文： ‘……The reason I’ve stayed up today is because I’ve had such a lot of noodles to eat. I was afraid that if I went to bed now I’d get indigestion. ’

Lin Zhi-xiao’s wife transferred her smiling attention to Aroma.

‘You want to give him some good, strong Pu-er tea to drink. ’

Aroma and Skybright answered her together.

‘We made him a big pot of herbal tea-wutongtips. He ’s already had two cupfuls of it. ……’[5]669

對于普洱茶，霍克斯采用音譯法翻譯成 Pu-er tea，而女兒茶霍克斯采用意譯法翻譯成herbal teawutong-tips。楊憲益也采用音譯法把普洱茶翻譯成Pu’er tea，采用直譯法把女兒茶翻譯成daughter of Tea。

普洱茶屬于黑茶，因產(chǎn)地舊屬云南普洱府(今普洱市)而得名?，F(xiàn)在主要出產(chǎn)于云南南部的普洱、思茅、西雙版納一帶。普洱茶是以公認(rèn)普洱茶區(qū)的云南大葉種曬青毛茶為原料，經(jīng)發(fā)酵后加工成的散茶和緊壓茶。該茶外形色澤褐紅，內(nèi)質(zhì)湯色紅濃明亮，滋味醇厚回甘，葉底褐紅，馥郁清香，茶性溫和，消食化痰，清胃生津，藥效顯著，久藏不變，深受人們喜愛。在清朝普洱茶由于具有顯著的消食健脾作用而深得滿族統(tǒng)治者的喜愛，皇宮中飲普洱茶成為時(shí)尚。除了皇宮自用之外，普洱茶還被大量賞賜給皇親國戚或有功之臣，擁有普洱茶成為滿清顯貴的一種標(biāo)志。賈家作為貴族皇親，喝普洱茶也暗示了家族的尊貴地位。在現(xiàn)代，普洱茶也是中國的名茶。從目的論的角度而言，楊憲益和霍克斯采用音譯法翻譯該茶，對于目的語國家的讀者而言，如果目的語讀者對于中國茶文化有一定的了解，應(yīng)該能清楚理解原文，并且體會到喝普洱茶背后暗含的象征賈家尊貴地位的意味；如果目的語讀者對中國茶文化不了解，就無法理解該茶的名貴以及其中蘊(yùn)含的文化因素，包括該茶擁有消食化痰、清胃生津的藥效。

女兒茶屬普洱茶中的珍品，大約在清雍正年間開始生產(chǎn)，是由云南上貢滿清皇室的貢茶之一。在云南茶區(qū)，勤勞的各族婦女自古至今都是茶葉生產(chǎn)勞作的主力軍，她們常常迎朝露、頂烈日、冒風(fēng)雨、踏夕陽，早出晚歸，采茶制茶。茶葉融入了她們的情感，茶葉寄托了她們的希望，她們采制的茶葉也常常被稱為女兒茶。該茶因?yàn)槭枪媚锊烧⒆鳛榧迠Y錢用的，故名“女兒茶”。也有想象豐富者傳說，是由未婚少女采摘春茶先放入懷中，而得名“女兒茶”。

對于女兒茶，還有一種說法認(rèn)為是泰山女兒茶，該茶產(chǎn)于泰山景區(qū)，由于當(dāng)?shù)睾０胃?，晝夜溫差大，茶葉品質(zhì)上乘，是泰安一大特產(chǎn)。泰山女兒茶得名于一個(gè)傳說。相傳乾隆皇帝到泰山封禪，要品當(dāng)?shù)孛?。由于泰安沒有茶樹，于是官吏們選來美麗的少女，到泰山深處采來青桐芽，以泰山泉水浸泡，用體溫暖熱，獻(xiàn)給皇帝品嘗，取名女兒茶。由此看出泰山女兒茶并不是真正意義上的茶，而是青桐芽。根據(jù)霍克斯的譯文herbal tea -wutong-tips，可以看出他把女兒茶理解為泰山女兒茶，想必也是煞費(fèi)苦心，查閱了不少資料文獻(xiàn)，所以才采用了意譯法翻譯女兒茶，把它譯為herbal tea -wutong-tips，即一種草本茶類——梧桐芽。在此筆者并不贊同霍克斯的譯文。這里提到的女兒茶，應(yīng)該也是一種普洱茶。首先，從上下文語境來說，之前林之孝家的提到該燜些普洱茶喝，隨后襲人晴雯二人忙回答燜了一茶缸女兒茶，所以女兒茶應(yīng)該是普洱的一種，其次，從茶的功能來看，普洱茶具有消食化痰、清胃生津的功能，寶玉應(yīng)為吃面怕停食，喝普洱正好消食。所以從目的論的角度而言，楊憲益的譯文daughter of Tea比霍克斯譯得準(zhǔn)確，更能夠讓英語目的語讀者理解原文的意思，更能體現(xiàn)女兒茶的美學(xué)效果與文化蘊(yùn)含。

二、茶具的翻譯

茶文化除了講究茶的品種和質(zhì)量，還注重茶杯、茶壺和茶盤等茶具?！都t樓夢》中就提到了不少精致的茶具。比如在王夫人起居休息的三間耳房里，茗碗瓶茶齊全，等等。從目的論的角度對比分析楊憲益和霍克斯兩個(gè)英譯本中茶具的翻譯，也深有趣味。

《紅樓夢》第三回“賈雨村夤緣復(fù)舊職，林黛玉拋父進(jìn)京都”拜見王夫人時(shí)，在其居坐宴息的三間耳房內(nèi)見到：

左邊幾上文王鼎匙箸香盒，右邊幾上汝窯美人觚——觚內(nèi)插著時(shí)鮮花卉，并茗碗痰盒等物。地下面西一溜四張椅上，都搭著銀紅撒花椅搭，底下四副腳踏。椅之兩邊，也有一對高幾，幾上茗碗瓶花俱備。其余陳設(shè)，自不必細(xì)說……本房內(nèi)的丫鬟忙捧上茶來。黛玉一面吃茶，一面打量這些丫鬟們，妝飾衣裙，舉止行動(dòng)，果亦與別家不同。

……寂然飯畢，各有丫鬟用小茶盤捧上茶來。[3]19-20

楊憲益譯文：On the left-hand table were a tripod,spoons, chopsticks and an incense container; on the right one, a slender-waisted porcelain vase from the Ruzhou Kiln containing flowers then in season, as well as tea-bowls and a spittoon. Below the kang facing the west wall were four armchairs, their covers of bright red dotted with pink flowers, and with four footstools beneath them. On either side were two tables set out with teacups and vases of flowers. The rest of the room need not be described in detail…….The maids in attendance served tea, and as she sipped it she studied them, observing that their make-up,clothes and deportment were quite different from those in other families.

…….

The meal was eaten in silence. And immediately after, tea was brought in on small trays.[4]56-59

霍克斯譯文：On the left-hand one was a small,square, four -legged ding, together with a bronze ladle,metal chopsticks, and an incense container. On the right-hand one was a narrow-waisted Ru-ware imitation gu with a spray of freshly cut flowers in it.In the part of the room below the kang there was a row of four big chairs against the east wall. All had footstools in front of them and chair-backs and seat-covers in old rose brocade sprigged with flowers.There were also narrow side-tables on which tea things and vases of flowers were arranged, besides other furnishings which it would be superfluous to enumerate…….. The maids in charge of the apartment served tea, and as she sipped it Dai-yu observed that their clothing, makeup, and deportment were quite different from those of the maids she had seen so far in other parts of the mansion

……When they had finished eating, a maid served each diner with tea on a little tray.[5]27-29

王夫人居坐的房間里的茶具有三種被提及，分別是茗碗痰盒、茗碗瓶茶和小茶盤。

從以上譯文可看出，楊憲益主要采用的是直譯法，他把茗碗痰盒中的茗碗翻譯成tea-bowls；把茗碗瓶茶直譯成teacups and vases of flowers；把小茶盤翻譯成small trays，以上譯文簡單明白，讓讀者能夠清楚地了解原文，達(dá)到了翻譯的目的?；艨怂箘t對于原文多處采用了省譯法和意譯法，對于茗碗痰盒也采用了省譯法，沒有翻譯。從目的論的角度來說，此處省譯導(dǎo)致譯文與原文內(nèi)容不合，王夫人房間里的擺設(shè)平白被霍克斯刪去了一些，沒有達(dá)到忠實(shí)于原文的翻譯目的。對于茗碗瓶茶霍克斯將之翻譯成tea things and vases of flowers，即茶具和花瓶。從目的論的角度而言，這里的茗碗應(yīng)該翻譯成teacups，而不應(yīng)該籠統(tǒng)地用tea things替代。從另外一個(gè)方面來說，也可以看出作為一名英國翻譯家霍克斯在翻譯《紅樓夢》的時(shí)候，必然遇到很多文化沖突，包括此處提到的茗碗痰盒和茗碗瓶茶?？赡茉诨艨怂顾幠甏奈鞣郊彝サ臄[設(shè)中，根本沒有這些痰盒和碗瓶之類的家庭用品。由于沒有見過這些器皿，無法用準(zhǔn)確的言語進(jìn)行翻譯，所以他在翻譯的時(shí)候采用了省譯法和意譯法，要么不翻譯，要么籠統(tǒng)地翻譯。對于小茶盤霍克斯將它翻譯成 little tray，與原文相符，該譯文達(dá)到了翻譯的目的。

三、茶水的翻譯

陸羽曾說過“名茶還需好水泡”。泡茶的水質(zhì)優(yōu)劣影響著茶的味道?！都t樓夢》第四十一回櫳翠庵茶品梅花雪一節(jié)就提到用雨水和雪水泡茶。妙玉在櫳翠庵給賈母喝的茶是“舊年蠲的雨水”。給黛玉、寶玉、寶釵喝的茶便是用她五年前在玄墓蟠香寺居住時(shí)收的梅花上的雪水，用鬼臉青花甕裝著貯藏在地下五年，一直舍不得喝，現(xiàn)在是第二回拿出來，特意與寶玉三人一起品嘗。梅花高潔不畏寒，雪水也是白而高潔，梅花雪水泡茶，顯示了文人品茶的雅趣。原文如下：

妙玉冷笑道：“你這么個(gè)人，竟是大俗人，連水也嘗不出來。這是五年前我在玄墓蟠香寺住著，收的梅花上的雪，共得了那一鬼臉青的花甕一甕，總舍不得吃，埋在地下，今年夏天才開了。我只吃過一回，這是第二回了。你怎么嘗不出來？隔年蠲的雨水那有這樣輕浮，如何吃得。”[3]279

楊憲益譯文：Miaoyu smiled disdainfully.

“Can you really be so vulgar as not even to tell the difference? This is snow I gathered from plum-blossom five years ago while staying in Curly Fragrance Nunnery on Mount Xuanmu. I managed to fill that whole dark blue porcelain pot, but it seemed too precious to use so I’ve kept it buried in the earth all these years, not opening it till this summer. Today is only the second time I’ve used it. Surely you can taste the difference? How could last year’s rain-water be as light and pure as this?”[4]831

霍克斯譯文：Adamantina looked scornful.

‘Oh! Can you really not tell the difference? I am quite disappointed in you. This is melted snow that I collected from the branches of winter-flowering plum-trees five years ago, when I was living at the Coiled Incense temple on Mt Xuan-mu. I managed to fill the whole of that demon-green glaze water-jar with it. For years I couldn’t bring myself to start it; then this summer I opened it for the first time. Today is only the second time I have ever used any. I am mod surprised that you cannot tell the difference. When did stored rain-water have such buoyant lightness? How could one possibly use it for a tea like this?’[5]434-435

此處提到了一種茶水，即雪水。古代文人雅士喜歡將樹枝頭的新雪掃下煮沸沏茶，認(rèn)為這樣的天然茶水具有一定的保健作用。他們還偏愛收集梅花枝頭的積雪，裝進(jìn)甕后貯藏在地窖中，等待夏季再取出來飲用，主要用來解暑。在此，楊憲益把梅花上的雪翻譯成snow I gathered from plum-blossom，意思是從梅花收集的雪?；艨怂狗g成melted snow that I collected from the branches of winter-flowering plum-trees，意思是從冬天開花的梅花枝頭上收集來的雪水。梅花是冬天開花，雪是從梅花枝頭上收集來的，而且已經(jīng)融化成雪水了。從目的論的角度而言，霍克斯的譯文相對來說比楊憲益的更加細(xì)致，有利于目的語讀者理解。此段文章提到的另外一種茶水是隔年蠲的雨水。此處的隔年是今年和去年隔的這段時(shí)間，也就是一年的意思。楊憲益翻譯成last year’s rain-water，意思是去年的雨水，跟原文一致。霍克斯翻譯成stored rain-water，意思是貯藏的雨水，與原文有一定的差距，因?yàn)橘A藏的雨水不一定就是去年的，也許是今年的或者前些年的。從目的論的角度而言，楊憲益的譯文更加忠實(shí)于原文，有利于讀者的正確理解。

[1]任 彤，張慧琴.從目的論談《紅樓夢》霍譯本的茶文化翻譯[J].文學(xué)教育(上)，2011(1)：101-103.

[2]Nord，Christinae.Translating as a Purposeful Activity[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2001：29.

[3]曹雪芹，高 鄂.紅樓夢[M].長沙：岳麓書社，2004.

[4]Yang Xianyi，Cladys Yang.A Dream of Red Mansions[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Press，1994.

[5]Hawkes，David，John Minford.The Story of the Stone[M].London: Penguin Books Ltd.，1973.

[6]曹雪芹.脂硯齋批評本紅樓夢[M].長沙：岳麓書社，2006：48.